Endoscopic grading of gastroesophageal flap valve and atrophic gastritis is helpful to predict gastroesophageal reflux

Background and Aim: The endoscopic grading of the gastroesophageal flap valve (GEFV) has been suggested to be a good predictor of reflux status. Atrophic gastritis is inversely associated with reflux esophagitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between GEFV, atrophic gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux. Methods: A total of 608 patients (252 men and 356 women; mean age 51.1 years) who underwent endoscopy, esophageal manometry and ambulatory 24‐h pH monitoring were included. GEFV was graded I through IV using Hill's classification: the GEFV was largely classified into two groups: the normal GEFV group (grades I and II) and the abnormal GEFV group (grades III and IV). Atrophic gastritis was classified into two groups by endoscopic atrophic border: closed‐type (C‐type) and open‐type (O‐type). Findings of endoscopy, esophageal manometry and ambulatory pH monitoring were compared among the groups. Results: The incidence of reflux esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease was associated with an abnormal GEFV grade and was inversely associated with open‐type atrophic gastritis. The patients with a coexisting abnormal GEFV and closed‐type atrophic gastritis showed a significantly higher incidence of reflux esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease than the patients with a coexisting normal GEFV and open‐type atrophic gastritis (OR, 20.6 [95% CI, 6.2–68.4], 11.4 [95% CI, 6.3–20.7], respectively). Conclusions: Endoscopic grading of GEFV and atrophic gastritis is simple and provides useful information on the status of gastroesophageal reflux.     

Abnormal gastroesophageal flap valve is highly associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease among subjects undergoing routine endoscopy in Taiwan

OBJECTIVE: Gastroesophageal flap valve (GEFV) grade predicts severe gastroesophageal reflux disease in Caucasians, but its role in other populations is unclear. This study evaluated the significance of endoscopic grading of the GEFV in Taiwanese subjects. METHODS: Five hundred and six consecutive patients undergoing routine check-ups at the National Taiwan University Hospital were enrolled. Symptoms of upper gastrointestinal disease and endoscopic severity of esophageal mucosal injury were correlated to GEFV grades according to the Hill classification. RESULTS: The frequency of abnormal valves (Hill grades III or IV) was 27.3%. Of these, 42.7% had erosive esophagitis (EE). The majority of patients with EE were classified as Los Angeles grades A and B (79.7 and 16.9%, respectively). The prevalence of EE, hiatal hernia and, to a lesser degree, non-erosive reflux disease, increased with altered GEFV. Patients with abnormal valves were younger and more likely to be male, overweight, and to have atypical and extraesophageal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Taiwanese patients with abnormal GEFVs share similar characteristics and risk factors with the patients who have EE. Endoscopic grading of the GEFV is highly associated with GERD, and in particular EE, in subjects undergoing routine endoscopy.     

Endoscopic grading of gastroesophageal flap valve helps predict proton pump inhibitor response in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

Abstract

Objective. Limited information is available on predictors of the response to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Endoscopic grading of gastroesophageal flap valve (GEFV) is simple and reproducible, and can provide useful information on patients with suspected reflux undergoing an endoscopy. The aim of this study was to prospectively identify predictors, including endoscopic findings such as GEFV, for PPI treatment outcomes in patients with GERD. Material and methods. One hundred and fifty consecutive patients with GERD were enrolled. All patients were treated with pantoprazole 40 mg daily for 8 weeks. Treatment response was defined as greater than 50% reduction in symptom scores between the two symptom assessments (i.e., over 4 or 8 weeks). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses between responders and non-responders were performed to identify variables predicting response to pantoprazole treatment. Results. Of the 150 consecutive patients considered for this study, 31 were excluded based on exclusion criteria and/or refusal to participate, leaving 119 eligible patients. After 4-week pantoprazole treatment, 70 of 119 (58.8%) patients were classified as responders. Patients with obesity and Helicobacter pylori infection demonstrated a higher response rate to 4-week pantoprazole treatment (odds ratio (OR) 5.28, p = 0.008; OR 3.76, p = 0.023, respectively). Patients with abnormal GEFV showed a lower response rate to 4-week treatment (OR 0.17, p = 0.016). After 8-week treatment, 86 of 119 (72.3%) patients were classified as responders. Abnormal GEFV and aspirin intake were associated with a lower response rate to 8-week treatment (OR 0.17, p = 0.021; OR 0.11, p = 0.020, respectively). Conclusions. Abnormal GEFV was a significant independent factor predicting poor response to both 4-week and 8-week pantoprazole treatment. Endoscopic grading of GEFV provides useful information for predicting the response to PPI treatment in patients with GERD.     

胃食管阀瓣与反流性食管炎的关系初步探讨

目的 探讨胃食管阀瓣（GEFV）与反流性食管炎（RE）的关系.方法 分析2007年1月至2009年12月我院内镜诊断的BE 239例,按洛杉矶标准进行食管炎分级,按Hill分类法进行GEFV的分级.通过对照分析,探讨GEFV与RE之间的关系.结果 入组的960人中,异常GEFV发生率32.9%,RE发生率24.9%.重症RE（C级、D级）发生率GEFV异常组明显高于GEFV正常组（23.1%比2.4%,P=0.000）;RE分级与GEFV级别呈正相关（r=0.308,P=0.000）.RE患者的异常GEFV发生率高于非食管炎者（65.3%比22.2%,P=0.000）.RE患者和异常GEFV组均为男性多于女性（63.6%、60.1%比36.4%、39.9%,P=0.000）.各年龄段中,随着年龄的增长,RE巳的发生率逐渐升高,年龄增长与RE发生率呈正相关,（r=0.214,P=0.000）.30岁以上,随着年龄的增长,异常GEFV的发生率逐渐升高,年龄增长与异常GEFV的发生率呈正相关（r=0.129,P=0.000）.结论 GEFV异常和RE发生存在相关性,观察GEFV可作为评估和预测患者反流状态的有效方法.     

Association between gastroesophageal flap valve,reflux esophagitis,Barrett's epithelium,and atrophic gastritis assessed by endoscopy in Japanese patients

Background. Endoscopic grading of the gastroesophageal flap valve (GEFV) is a useful predictor of gastroesophageal reflux status; abnormal GEFV was associated with reflux esophagitis. Atrophic gastritis is often found in Japanese patients and is inversely related to reflux esophagitis. The aim of this study was to examine the association between GEFV, reflux esophagitis, Barrett's epithelium, and atrophic gastritis in Japanese patients by prospective endoscopic assessment. Methods. We enrolled 548 Japanese patients (296 men and 252 women; mean age, 57.3 years). GEFV was assessed by the classification of Hill and colleagues, reflux esophagitis was assessed by the Los Angeles classification, and the degree of atrophic gastritis was scored as: none, mild, moderate, or severe. Barrett's epithelium was recognized by the endoscopic detection of an upward shift in the columnar lining. Results. Reflux esophagitis and Barrett's epithelium were found in 42 (7.7%) and 67 (12.2%) patients, respectively. An increased prevalence of reflux esophagitis and Barrett's epithelium was correlated with an increased grade of GEFV. Abnormal GEFV (grades III and IV) was a risk for reflux esophagitis (adjusted odds ratio [OR]), 13.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.08–29.25) and Barrett's epithelium (OR, 3.55 [95% CI, 2.04–6.20]), while the presence of atrophic gastritis was inversely associated with reflux esophagitis (OR, 0.15 [95% CI, 0.07–0.36]), but it was not associated with the prevalence of Barrett's epithelium (OR, 1.16 [95% CI, 0.67–2.01]). The prevalence of Barrett's epithelium and the severity of atrophic gastritis increased with age, while that of reflux esophagitis and abnormal GEFV did not change. Conclusions. Reflux esophagitis and Barrett's epithelium are associated with abnormal GEFV in Japanese patients. The presence of atrophic gastritis is inversely related to reflux esophagitis, but it is not related to Barrett's epithelium in Japanese patients. Received: June 14, 2002 / Accepted: November 22, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" Reprint requests to: Y. Fujiwara     

A prospective study of the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and confounding factors

Background The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has reportedly risen in recent years. Difficulties associated with endoscopic diagnosis mean it is not easy to determine its precise prevalence. A prospective study of the prevalence of endoscopy-positive GERD (EP-GERD) was conducted at Higuchi Hospital, a general hospital in Northwestern Kyushu, Japan. The study also correlated factors that might affect prevalence (age, sex, and functions of the gastroesophageal junction). Methods From consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic examination at Higuchi Hospital between January 2000 and April 2003, 1234 patients without severe complications were examined for the possible presence of GERD. Patients were stratified by age and sex, and the prevalence in each group ascertained. EP-GERD was defined on the four-level scale of the Los Angeles classification. Endoscopic classification of gastroesophageal flap valve ([GEFV] functional anomalie; using a four-level scale), was done as proposed by Hill et al. in 1996, to assess flap-valve morphology. Six items were evaluated: (1) symptoms and primary diseases; (2) prevalence of development of EP-GERD classified by age and sex; (3) endoscopic morphology of the GEFV as an expression of the functions of the gastroesophageal junction, and its prevalence by age and sex; (4) regression analysis and Spearman's rank correlation of GEFV and EP-GERD grades; (5) prevalence of EP-GERD and GEFV stratified by age and analyzed; and (6) multiple regression analysis of EP-GERD and explanatory variables (age, sex, and GEFV). Results The overall prevalence of EP-GERD was 5.8% (72/1234) and this patient group was dominated by men. Aging had minimal effect on prevalence in men, but the prevalence rose among women as they aged. The age-stratified prevalence of GEFV functional anomalies was similar to the age-stratified prevalence of EP-GERD in both sexes. The correlation between EP-GERD and GEFV functional anomalies was high regardless of sex. Conclusions We postulate that the mechanisms leading to the development of GEFV functional anomalies in men are different from those in women. Future evaluations of EP-GERD should also observe GEFV function.     

胃食管阀瓣与反流性食管炎的关系初步探讨

目的 探讨胃食管阀瓣(GEFV)与反流性食管炎(RE)的关系.方法 分析2007年1月至2009年12月我院内镜诊断的BE 239例,按洛杉矶标准进行食管炎分级,按Hill分类法进行GEFV的分级.通过对照分析,探讨GEFV与RE之间的关系.结果 入组的960人中,异常GEFV发生率32.9%,RE发生率24.9%.重症RE(C级、D级)发生率GEFV异常组明显高于GEFV正常组(23.1%比2.4%,P=0.000);RE分级与GEFV级别呈正相关(r=0.308,P=0.000).RE患者的异常GEFV发生率高于非食管炎者(65.3%比22.2%,P=0.000).RE患者和异常GEFV组均为男性多于女性(63.6%、60.1%比36.4%、39.9%,P=0.000).各年龄段中,随着年龄的增长,RE巳的发生率逐渐升高,年龄增长与RE发生率呈正相关,(r=0.214,P=0.000).30岁以上,随着年龄的增长,异常GEFV的发生率逐渐升高,年龄增长与异常GEFV的发生率呈正相关(r=0.129,P=0.000).结论 GEFV异常和RE发生存在相关性,观察GEFV可作为评估和预测患者反流状态的有效方法.     

胃食管阀瓣与反流性食管炎的关系初步探讨

目的 探讨胃食管阀瓣(GEFV)与反流性食管炎(RE)的关系.方法 分析2007年1月至2009年12月我院内镜诊断的BE 239例,按洛杉矶标准进行食管炎分级,按Hill分类法进行GEFV的分级.通过对照分析,探讨GEFV与RE之间的关系.结果 入组的960人中,异常GEFV发生率32.9%,RE发生率24.9%.重症RE(C级、D级)发生率GEFV异常组明显高于GEFV正常组(23.1%比2.4%,P=0.000);RE分级与GEFV级别呈正相关(r=0.308,P=0.000).RE患者的异常GEFV发生率高于非食管炎者(65.3%比22.2%,P=0.000).RE患者和异常GEFV组均为男性多于女性(63.6%、60.1%比36.4%、39.9%,P=0.000).各年龄段中,随着年龄的增长,RE巳的发生率逐渐升高,年龄增长与RE发生率呈正相关,(r=0.214,P=0.000).30岁以上,随着年龄的增长,异常GEFV的发生率逐渐升高,年龄增长与异常GEFV的发生率呈正相关(r=0.129,P=0.000).结论 GEFV异常和RE发生存在相关性,观察GEFV可作为评估和预测患者反流状态的有效方法.     

胃镜下胃食管阀瓣分级与基于里昂共识的胃食管反流病证据等级及反流新参数的相关性

目的探讨胃镜下胃食管阀瓣(gastroesophageal flap valve, GEFV)分级与基于里昂共识的胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD)证据等级、平均夜间基线阻抗(mean nocturnal baseline impedance, MNBI)、反流后吞咽诱发的蠕动波指数(post-reflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave index, PSPWI)的相关性。方法收集就诊于首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院消化内科有典型胃食管反流症状且完成胃镜、24 h食管pH-阻抗监测及食管高分辨测压(high-resolution manometry, HRM)的421例患者。回顾性分析胃镜下GEFV分级与基于里昂共识的GERD证据等级、食管pH-阻抗监测常规指标,即总反流次数、pH<4时间百分比[AET4(%)]、DeMeester评分及新参数(MNBI及PSPWI)的关系。结果异常GEFV(GEFVⅢ+Ⅳ级)占所有患者的29.5%,在确定性GERD证据组比例最高(49.6%)。GEFV异常组的男性比例、糜烂性食管炎比例、AET4(%)、总反流次数显著高于GEFV正常组,而MNBI、PSPWI显著降低(P<0.05)。男性、BMI、AET4(%)、DeMeester评分、总反流次数与GEFV分级呈显著正相关,MNBI、PSPWI与GEFV分级呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结论基于里昂共识的确定性GERD证据的患者中GEFV异常比例最高,GEFV异常提示糜烂性食管炎发生率升高、更重的反流负荷、MNBI及PSPWI降低。     

胃食管反流与慢性咳嗽关系的临床观察

[目的]探讨胃食管反流(GER)与慢性咳嗽的关系,以及GER所致的慢性咳嗽——胃食管反流性咳嗽(GERC)的临床特征、诊断和治疗.[方法]50例GERC患者(病例组)和30例健康体检者(对照组)纳入研究,行24h食管pH监测来分析慢性咳嗽与GER的相关性.病例组患者随机分为2亚组,A亚组22例,给予雷尼替丁(150mg,2次/d);B亚组28例,给予奥美拉唑(20mg,2次/d)和莫沙比利(5mg,3次/d)口服;疗程均为8周.比较病例组与对照组24 h食管pH监测指标,病例组中A、B亚组疗效和治疗后24 h食管pH监测指标变化.[结果]病例组患者Demeester总积分均≥12.7,各项反流指标均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).病例组患者治疗8周后24h食管pH监测各项反流指标均较治疗前降低(P＜0.05),B亚组疗效优于A亚组(z=2.332,P＜0.05);且B亚组24 h食管pH监测各项反流指标均较A亚组降低(P＜0.05).[结论]GER与慢性咳嗽密切相关,是导致GERC的一个重要原因,对GERC患者应给予抑酸和抗反流治疗.     

胃食管反流相关性慢性咳嗽并咽喉反流患者的反流特征

目的探讨胃食管反流相关性慢性咳嗽（GERC）并伴喉咽反流（LPR）患者的反流特征。 方法选取2019年1月至2019年6月间在新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院住院收治的60例慢性咳嗽患者。对所有患者进行反流症状指数（RSI）问卷调查，分析咳嗽症状评分以及高分辨率食管测压和24 h pH监测。 结果按照食管24 h pH监测反流次数、酸暴露时间百分比及DeMeester评分，对患者进一步分为非酸性GERC组（n=32）和酸性GERC组（n=28）。在非酸性GERC组中，RSI评分25.00（8.00）显著高于酸性GERC组16.00（6.50），且差异有统计学意义（Z=-3.105，P＜0.05）。此外，非酸性GERC患者的“持续清嗓”和“呼吸困难或窒息发作”比酸性GERC患者更明显。 结论LPR与GERC部分重叠，RSI评分较高的非酸性GERC患者可能表现出更多的非酸性反流和呼吸困难。     

Tolerance to H2 receptor antagonist correlates well with the decline in efficacy against gastroesophageal reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The attenuated antisecretory activity of H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) during continuous administration is known as the tolerance phenomenon. The authors recently clarified that presence or absence of Helicobacter pylori infection influences the occurrence of the tolerance phenomenon. The aim of this study was to clarify whether tolerance to H2RA is correlated with attenuation of the inhibitory effect against gastroesophageal acid reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS: Ten male patients with GERD symptoms and abnormal gastroesophageal reflux were investigated by pH monitoring on days 1 and 15 of continuous oral famotidine administration at 20 mg twice daily, and H. pylori infection was examined using the urea breath test. RESULTS: Intragastric and intraesophageal acidity were significantly decreased on the first day of famotidine administration, but then increased during the 15-day administration period in seven patients who were negative for H. pylori. In contrast, the efficacy of famotidine against gastric acid secretion and gastroesophageal acid reflux was not attenuated in three H. pylori-positive patients. The changes in GERD symptoms were correlated with the change in the degree of gastroesophageal reflux. CONCLUSION: The presence or absence of tolerance to H2RA during 15-day administration is correlated with the efficacy for inhibition of gastroesophageal acid reflux.     

胃黏膜下层食管胃黏膜单层吻合法的抗反流效果观察

目的观察经胃黏膜下层食管胃黏膜单层吻合法的抗反流效果。方法采用经胃黏膜下层食管胃黏膜单层吻合法施行食管癌、贲门癌手术305例。术后行X线吞钡、胃镜和食管pH检查。结果术后无1例早期死亡,未发生吻合口瘘,2例出现轻度胃食管反流。结论经胃黏膜下层食管胃黏膜单层吻合法具有明显的抗反流优势,且效果确切、可靠。     

反流性疾病问卷表在军人胃食管反流病中的诊断价值

[目的]探讨反流性疾病问卷表(RDQ)在军人胃食管反流病(GERD)中的诊断价值。[方法]采用多阶段、分层、整群随机抽样的方法对驻闽某部军人进行反流性疾病问卷调查,记录被调查者过去4周内烧心、非心源性胸痛、反酸和反流4种症状出现的频率和程度积分,以RDQ评分≥12分作为GERD的诊断标准,计算军人中GERD的患病率,同时分析经电子胃镜检查证实为反流性食管炎(RE)患者的RDQ评分情况。[结果]研究得出军人GERD的患病率为6.77%,经胃镜检查420例中明确诊断为RE 60例(RE组)和内镜检查正常360例(非RE组)的RDQ评分差异有统计学意义(P0.01),说明评分与发生RE之间有较大关联。[结论]RDQ评分量表可以作为初步诊断军人GERD的一个良好的筛选试验。     

Extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms are not more frequently associated with proximal esophageal reflux than typical GERD symptoms

Extraesophageal (EE) symptoms such as cough and throat clearing are common in patients referred for reflux testing, but are less commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Patients with reflux associated EE symptoms often lack typical GERD symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation. Our aim was to compare the frequency of proximal esophageal reflux between esophageal (typical) symptoms and EE (atypical) symptoms. Combined multichannel intraluminal impedance‐pH (MII‐pH) tracings were blinded by an investigator so that symptom markers were relabeled with a number without disclosure of symptom type. We selected 40 patients with at least five reflux‐related symptom events for one of four symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation, cough, or throat clearing). A blinded investigator analyzed all 200 reflux episodes, reporting the proximal esophageal extent of the reflux for all symptoms. The percentage of symptom‐related reflux extending proximally to 17 cm above the LES was similar among all four symptom types. At least 50% of all symptoms were associated with proximal esophageal reflux to 17 cm, with regurgitation having the highest frequency at 60%. Our data indicate that EE symptoms are not more frequently associated with proximal esophageal reflux than typical esophageal symptoms.     

Intestinal metaplasia at the gastroesophageal junction is associated with gastroesophageal reflux but not with Helicobacter pylori infection

Abstract

Objective: Studies of the etiology of intestinal metaplasia (IM) at a normal appearing gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) are conflicting as associations with both H. Pylori (HP) infection and gastroesophageal reflux has been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate whether IM at the GEJ is associated with gastroesophageal reflux or HP infection.

Material and methods: Fifty asymptomatic volunteers and 149 patients with reflux symptoms underwent endoscopy with biopsies obtained from the gastric antrum and the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ). All subjects underwent wireless 48?h pH monitoring with the electrode placed immediately above the SCJ and a fecal antigen test for HP infection. Clinical characteristics and the pattern of reflux were compared in subjects with and without IM.

Results: Three asymptomatic volunteers and 35 patients who had clearly irregular SCJs with short extensions of columnar mucosa were excluded from the study. In the remaining 47 asymptomatic volunteers and 114 patients, variables that reached a significance level of 0.1 or less on univariate analyses were used in a binomial regression analysis to assess their relative importance for the finding of IM. IM at the GEJ was significantly associated with abnormal distal esophageal acid exposure (5.5 (1.2–24.6), p?=?.026), the frequency of reflux episodes/hour (1.5 (1.1–2.2), p?=?.031), and an endoscopic appearance of the SCJ corresponding to ZAP grade I (4.6 (1.4–15.6), p?=?.013). There was no association with HP infection.

Conclusion: The finding of IM at an endoscopically normal-appearing GEJ is associated with gastroesophageal reflux but not with HP infection.     

Utility of baseline impedance level measurement in patients with gastroesophageal reflux symptoms

Objective. Twenty-four-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) and pH monitoring is used for detecting reflux episodes in patients with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) disease. However, the clinical significance of baseline impedance levels (BILs) has not been well studied. We aimed to evaluate whether BILs are related to various reflux events or acid-related parameters and to determine whether BILs during specific intervals could be substituted for 24-h BILs. Material and methods. One-hundred forty-two patients GER symptoms underwent 24-h pH/impedance monitoring. We measured pH [(5 cm above the low esophageal sphincter (LES)] and BILs from three sites (3, 5, and 15 cm above the LES). Results. Eighty-one subjects (57.0%) were diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease, and 53 (37.3%) had acid reflux and 28 (19.7%) had nonacid reflux. The 24-h BILs at distal sites were lower in the “reflux” group than in the “no reflux” group (p < 0.001) and lower in the “acid reflux” group than in the “nonacid reflux” group (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in 24-h BILs at the proximal site among the “no reflux”, “acid reflux”, and “nonacid reflux” groups. The interclass correlation coefficient value of 24-h BILs with daytime 6-h BILs was 0.916 (95% CI 0.882–0.940) and that with nighttime 6-h BILs was 0.909 (95% CI 0.871–0.935). Conclusion. BILs are related to GER, especially acid reflux. Location and duration of assessment for BILs needs to be standardized. Six-hour BILs could be substitutes for 24-h BILs. During analysis of MII-pH, more attention should be paid to BILs in the lower esophagus.