The Effects of Local Anesthetics on Postoperative Pain

This study was performed to determine if intraoperative local anesthesia improved control of postoperative pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy and to compare the effects of two commonly used local anesthetics on pain management. The Gate Control Theory of Pain formed the theoretical basis for this study. A retrospective nonexperimental study in an ex post facto design was used. Data were collected from 1990 through 1997 on 120 patient charts. The use of local anesthetic intraoperatively significantly decreased patients' lengths of stay postoperatively (P = 0.00) and need for postoperative narcotics (P = 0.00). Bupivacaine was found to be superior to lidocaine in decreasing the need for postoperative narcotic analgesia. Researchers concluded that many patients would benefit from intraoperative injection of local anesthesia. This information can affect patient care outcomes through decreasing recovery time, reducing postoperative pain, and reducing health care costs.     

低浓度罗哌卡因腰麻在高龄患者下肢手术中的可行性研究

目的评价高龄患者骨科下肢手术低浓度罗哌卡因应用的可行性。方法择期骨科下肢手术的高龄病人46例，临床观察随机分为腰麻（sA）A组和连续硬膜外阻滞组（CEA）B组，两组均选L2-3或L3-4间隙行椎管内麻醉；A组蛛网膜下腔穿刺成功后，注入0．375％罗哌卡因重比重液2ml，B组行硬膜外穿刺置管注入2％利多卡因试验量3ml，然后追加1．O％利多卡因和O．25％罗哌卡因混合液6～8ml，术中根据阻滞平面追加上述局麻药，观察两组在麻醉前（TO）和给予首剂量麻醉药后5min（T1）、15min（T2）、30min（T3）、lh（T4）、术毕（T5）相关指标，比较两组感觉阻滞平面，改良的Bromage评分，观察下肢运动恢复情况，术中及术后24h心动过缓、低血压、恶心、呕吐、头痛、神经系统并发症的发生率。结果与TO比较，A组平均动脉压（MAP）在Tl-T5降低，B组MAP在T2-T5降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）：与B组比较，A组术中低血压的发生率及术后寒战，恶心，呕吐发生率均降低（P〈0．05）；与B组比较，A组患者感觉阻滞平面降低，改良Bromage评分升高（P〈0．05）。结论sA较CEA感觉运动神经阻滞完善，血流动力学平稳，并发症少，用于高龄骨科下肢手术病人是可行的。     

Hypoalgesic Effect of the Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Following Inguinal Herniorrhaphy: A Randomized,Controlled Trial

We investigated the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for inguinal herniorrhaphy postoperative pain control in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Forty patients undergoing unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy with an epidural anesthetic technique were randomly allocated to receive either active TENS or placebo TENS. Postoperative pain was evaluated using a standard 10-point numeric rating scale (NRS). Analgesic requirements were also recorded. TENS (100 Hz, strong but comfortable sensory intensity) was applied for 30 minutes through 4 electrodes placed around the incision twice, 2 and 4 hours after surgery. Pain was assessed before and after each application of TENS and 8 and 24 hours after surgery. In the group treated with active TENS, pain intensity was significantly lower 2 hours (P = .028), 4 hours (P = .022), 8 hours (P = .006), and 24 hours (P = .001) after the surgery when compared with the group that received placebo TENS. Active TENS also decreased analgesic requirements in the postoperative period when compared with placebo TENS (P = .001). TENS is thus beneficial for postoperative pain relief after inguinal herniorrhaphy; it has no observable side effects, and the pain-reducing effect continued for at least 24 hours. Consequently, the routine use of TENS after inguinal herniorrhaphy is recommended.PerspectiveThis study presents the hypoalgesic effect of high-frequency TENS for postoperative pain after inguinal herniorrhaphy. This may reinforce findings from basic science showing an opioid-like effect provided by TENS, given that high-frequency TENS has been shown to activate δ-opioid receptors.     

Comparison Trial of Four Injectable Anesthetics for Laceration Repair

Objectives: To compare four injectable anesthetics (buffered 1% lidocaine, buffered 1% lidocaine with epinephrine, plain 1% lidocaine with epinephrine, and 0. 5% diphenhydramine with epinephrine) for pain of infiltration and effectiveness of anesthesia during suturing of minor lacerations. Methods: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, comparison trial of the above agents was performed in an urban ED; adults with simple linear lacerations without vascular compromise were enrolled. Physicians and patients ranked the pain of injection and suturing according to a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). Fisher's exact and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare demographic data, and Kruskal-Wallis and Newman-Keuls tests were used in analysis of VAS rankings. The power of the study was 0. 8 to detect a 1. 4-cm difference in VAS readings, and 0. 9 to detect a 1. 7-cm difference. Results: Seven of 200 enrolled patients were excluded due to improper data collection and 13 were removed from final statistical analysis due to need for additional anesthetic (treatment failures), leaving 180 subjects for final analysis. Demographic data were similar for the four groups (p > 0.05). Diphenhydramine with epinephrine was significantly more painful to inject than was buffered lidocaine or buffered lidocaine with epinephrine, according to both the patients (p = 0.0003) and the physicians (p = 0.0037). The two buffered compounds were slightly less painful to inject than was lidocaine with epinephrine, but statistical comparisons did not reach significance. For anesthesia effectiveness, lidocaine with epinephrine and buffered lidocaine with epinephrine were statistically better than buffered lidocaine or diphenhydramine with epinephrine (p = 0.0001 for the patients and the physicians). Conclusions: Buffered lidocaine with epinephrine and lidocaine with epinephrine were more effective anesthetics during suturing, according to both the physicians and the patients. There was a tendency toward less pain with infiltration in buffered solutions, compared with plain lidocaine with epinephrine, but the comparisons did not reach statistical significance. Diphenhydramine with epinephrine was more painful to inject than were buffered lidocaine with epinephrine and lidocaine with epinephrine, and was less effective anesthetically than the other three solutions.     

不同脊麻药对术后持续输注镇痛和尿潴留的影响

目的 观察不同的脊麻药对脊椎-硬膜外腔联合麻醉后硬膜外镇痛的尿潞留的影响。方法 60例下肢择期手术患，选择脊椎-硬膜外腔联合麻醉，以布比卡因和罗哌卡因行脊麻，然后以布比卡因 吗啡行术后硬膜外镇痛，观察其视觉模拟镇痛评分和对尿潴留的影响。结果 两组病人镇痛效果均好，无明显差别；以0．5％罗哌卡因重比重液行脊麻，尿潴留发生率明显比以0．5％布比卡因重比重液行脊麻低，有显性差异。结论 蛛网膜下隙-硬膜外腔联合麻醉后硬膜外镇痛，脊麻选择0．5％罗哌卡因重比重液镇痛效果好，尿潴留发生率较低，值得临床推广应用。     

硬膜外辅助全麻与静吸全麻下100例消化道肿瘤患者的麻醉可行性对比

目的比较硬膜外辅助全麻与静吸全麻下消化道肿瘤患者手术的临床疗效和不良反应,为今后手术患者提供更好的麻醉方法。方法选取本院就诊行手术治疗的消化道肿瘤患者100例,按照随机原则分为静吸全麻组和硬膜外辅助组。2组均使用气管内插管进行全麻,硬膜外辅助组在全麻的基础上使用利多卡因进行硬膜外阻滞,比较2组在手术完毕后拔管时间,以及术后的恶心呕吐、心律失常、血压升高的不良反应情况,综合评定2种麻醉方法的疗效。结果硬膜外辅助组麻醉后的拔管时间明显比静吸全麻组短,术后发生并发症的情况少于静吸全麻组。结论对消化道肿瘤患者采用静吸全麻复合利多卡因硬膜外麻醉取得了满意的麻醉效果。     

不同剂量左布比卡因腰硬联合麻醉用于剖宫产术的临床观察

目的探讨左布比卡因腰硬联合麻醉用于剖宫产的最佳剂量。方法选择足月初产妇行剖宫产手术患者160例随机分为四组,分别给予等比重0.5%左布比卡因1 ml复合硬膜外2%利多卡因3 ml(A组)、等比重0.5%左布比卡因1.5 ml(B组)、2 ml(C组)、2.5 ml(D组)进行腰硬联合麻醉,每组40例。术中连续监测生命体征并记录麻醉前(T0)及麻醉后1 min(T1)、5 min(T2)、10 min(T3)、15 min(T4)、30 min(T5)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)值;观察并记录给药后的麻醉效应,并发症的发生率及新生儿Apgar评分情况。结果痛觉消失时间、痛觉恢复时间和运动阻滞恢复时间B、C、D组与A组分别比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05)。与T0时比较,B组平均动脉压(MAP)在T2、T3时,C、D组HR、MAP在T1、T2、T3、T4时均降低(P<0.05)。与A组比较,B组MAP在T2、T3时,C、D组MAP、HR在T1、T2、T3、T4时均降低(P<0.05)。术中四组产妇的SpO2除D组在T2、T3时有所降低外,均维持在98%以上,四组新生儿出生后各时间点Apgar评分均>8分。A组与B、C、D组比较,患者术中低血压、恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制、追加2%利多卡因例数、麻黄碱用量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论剖宫产手术行0.5%左布比卡因1.0 ml蛛网膜下腔阻滞复合硬膜外追加2%利多卡因3 ml对剖宫产患者循环影响最小,并能最大限度减少不良反应的发生。     

Comparative assessment of general and regional anesthesia during total endoprosthetic operations on the knee joint

The present paper comparatively analyzes anesthetic support in 91 patients during a total endoprosthetic operation on the knee joint. All the patients were conventionally divided into 4 groups: (1) those (n=7) in whom the operation had been made under general anesthesia (nitrous oxide, ketamine, seduxen, droperidol, and fentanyl); (2) those (n=36) who had been operated on under epidural anesthesia; (3) those (n=24) who had intraoperatively received spinal (subarachnoidal) anesthesia; (4) those (n=24) whom had been intraoperatively given combined spinal and epidural anesthesia. The study established that the above-mentioned general anesthesia failed to produce a steady-state hemodynamics; the earliest postoperative period being accompanied by a significant pain syndrome, which required the use of narcotic analgesics. In Group 2, due to the specific features of the impact of epidural anesthesia itself on different innervation links (A, B, and C), susceptibility to hypotension and the adequacy of this mode of anesthesia were observed, which required the intraoperative additional administration of narcotic agents to enhance anesthesia. Group 3 was marked by a relative postoperative stability of parameters, but a significant pain syndrome is observed in the earliest postoperative period. The best results were obtained in Group 4 patients undeigone a combined spinal and epidural anesthesia. The component of subarachnoidal (spinal) anesthesia Marcaine Spinal provided a sufficient intraoperative analgesic effect and the component of epidural anesthesia induced virtually no pain syndrome under continuous epidural block.     

Anesthetics and anesthesia techniques: impacts on perioperative management and postoperative outcomes

Inhaled and intravenous anesthetic agents have diverse effects on the nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. Spinal and epidural anesthetics also produce significant physiologic changes. Some evidence points to improved immediate postoperative outcomes (in terms of cardiovascular outcomes, blood loss, and venous thromboembolism) for certain types of surgical procedures with epidural and spinal techniques relative to general anesthesia. Evidence is just beginning to emerge, however, on the relation between specific anesthetics and anesthetic techniques and long-term clinical outcomes. A proposed relationship between anesthetics, inflammation, and long-term outcomes has attracted increasing research interest but has yet to be well defined.     

Comparison of ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block versus spinal anesthesia for inguinal herniorrhaphy

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to determine the optimal anesthetic technique for use in elective herniorrhaphy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 126 inguinal hernia repairs. The patients were allocated to one of two groups: an ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block group (IHNB group, n = 63) and spinal anesthesia group (SA group, n = 63). We recorded information about perioperative and postoperative parameters. RESULTS: There were statistically significant decreases in both mean arterial pressure and pulse rate in the SA group (P < 0.001). None of the patients in the IHNB group required recovery room care. Patients in the IHNB group initiated oral intake (0.31 +/- 0.1 h) more quickly than patients in the SA group (5.74 +/- 0.1 h) (P < 0.001). The time-to-home readiness was significantly lower (14.1 +/- 1.5h) in group IHNB, compared with group SA (42.8 +/- 5.3h) (P < 0.001). First rescue analgesic time postoperatively was 3.30 +/- 0.2 hours in group SA and 2.7 +/- 0.13 hours in group IHNB (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The use of IHNB for patients undergoing herniorrhaphy resulted in a shorter time-to-home readiness, quicker oral intake post surgery, and no need for recovery room care, when compared with the use of SA.     

Benzyl alcohol with epinephrine as an alternative to lidocaine with epinephrine

A randomized, prospective, double-blind study comparing benzyl alcohol with epinephrine, 1:100,000 (BA), and lidocaine with epinephrine, 1:100,000 (LID), as local anesthetics was carried out on adult patients with simple lacerations. The two study groups were compared for pain of infiltration (100 mm visual analog scale) and need for additional anesthesia. Pain scores were compared by a Mann Whitney Independent Rank Sum test and need for additional anesthesia by a Fishers Exact test. A total of 52 subjects (26 per group) were analyzed. The groups were similar in demographics and wound characteristics. The median pain score for BA, 7.5 mm, was less than for LID, 19.5 mm (p = 0.049). Although more patients receiving BA required additional anesthesia as compared to LID (8/26 versus 2/26), this difference did not reach statistical significance. BA is a reasonable alternative local anesthetic to LID for patients who are allergic to LID.     

Pretreatment of Lacerations with Lidocaine, Epinephrine, and Tetracaine at Triage: A Randomized Double-blind Trial

OBJECTIVE: Pretreatment of lacerations with topical anesthetics reduces the pain of subsequent anesthetic injection yet requires time. This study was conducted to determine the ability of triage nurses to identify lacerations necessitating closure and pretreat them with a topical anesthetic and to compare the pain levels of lidocaine injection in lacerations pretreated with LET (lidocaine 2%, epinephrine 1:1,000, tetracaine 2%) vs a placebo. METHODS: This was a double-blind, randomized clinical trial that included consecutive emergency department patients aged > or = 1 year with clean, non-bite lacerations < or = 6 hours old. At triage the lacerations were randomized to LET solution or a placebo containing epinephrine 1:1,000. At examination an emergency practitioner assessed the laceration edges for the presence of blanching and adequacy of anesthesia to a 27-gauge needlestick. At the practitioner's discretion, supplemental lidocaine was infiltrated through the wound and the patient (or guardian) recorded the pain of infiltration on a 100-mm visual analog scale marked "most pain" at the high end. The mean levels of pain of lidocaine infiltration were compared between groups with a t-test and the proportions of adequately anesthetized wounds were compared with a chi2 test. A sample of 40 patients had 80% power to detect a 20-mm between-group difference in the pain of injection (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: Of 43 patients enrolled (mostly children and males), 22 received LET and 21 placebo. The groups were similar for baseline characteristics. Lacerations in the LET group were more frequently adequately anesthetized (46% vs 14%, p = 0.03), and LET patients experienced less pain from injection than controls (22 mm vs 42 mm, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Application of LET by triage nurses is more effective than placebo in adequately anesthetizing simple lacerations in normal hosts and decreases the pain of local anesthetic infiltration.     

40例硬膜外阻滞联合腰麻在全子宫切除术中的应用分析

目的比较硬膜外阻滞联合腰麻与单纯硬膜外阻滞麻醉在全子宫切除术中的麻醉效果、并发症发生率。方法选择择期全子宫切除手术患者80例，随机分为试验组40例和对照组40例，试验组给予硬膜外阻滞联合腰麻，对照组给予单纯硬膜外阻滞麻醉。结果试验组与对照组比较，硬膜外阻滞联合腰麻麻醉显效时间快，麻醉平面达T6时间短，局麻药用量少．镇痛效果好、肌肉松弛率佳，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；术中低血压、恶心、呕吐、头痛等症状发生率两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论硬膜外阻滞联合腰麻为全子宫切除手术提供了一种作用迅速、阻滞完善、局麻药用量小、并发症发生率低、切实可行的麻醉方法。     

Maternal paraparesis after epidural anesthesia and cesarean section

Continuous epidural infusion of local anesthetics containing epinephrine has become increasingly popular. This technique has been associated with few, if any, complications. We have presented a case of anterior spinal artery syndrome with paraparesis after continuous lumbar epidural infusion of an anesthetic during labor and subsequent emergency cesarean section.     

分娩镇痛硬膜外间隙镇痛药液用量对中转剖宫产时硬膜外麻醉效果的影响:前瞻性队列研究

  目的  探讨椎管内阻滞分娩镇痛硬膜外间隙镇痛药液用量对中转剖宫产时硬膜外麻醉效果的影响。  方法  前瞻性收集并分析2019年5月至2020年2月在首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院接受椎管内阻滞分娩镇痛且中转剖宫产产妇的临床资料。以纳入本研究的所有产妇分娩镇痛期间硬膜外间隙镇痛药液用量的算术均值(60 mL)为分界值,将其分为高容量组(硬膜外间隙镇痛药液用量≥60 mL)和低容量组(硬膜外间隙镇痛药液用量＜60 mL)。中转剖宫产时,通过原分娩镇痛置入的硬膜外导管给予试验剂量的1.5%利多卡因3 mL及1%利多卡因+0.5%罗哌卡因混合液10~20 mL进行硬膜外麻醉,比较两组产妇硬膜外麻醉失败率及麻醉效果。  结果  共36例符合纳入和排除标准的产妇入选本研究。其中高容量组17例、低容量组19例。高容量组硬膜外麻醉失败率明显高于低容量组(23.5% 比0, P=0.040)。两组产妇剖宫产术中局部麻醉药用量(P=0.057)、给予首次麻醉诱导剂量至切皮时间(P=0.290)、给予首次麻醉诱导剂量至术毕时间(P=0.748)均无显著性差异。36例产妇均顺利完成剖宫产术(4例硬膜外麻醉失败者改行腰硬联合麻醉),均无产妇和新生儿不良事件发生。Pearson相关法分析显示,给予首次麻醉诱导剂量后10 min体表感觉阻滞平面与硬膜外间隙镇痛药液用量明显相关(r=0.509, P=0.003),与单位时间镇痛药液用量无线性相关(r=0.272, P=0.125)。高容量组给予首次麻醉诱导剂量后10 min右侧体表感觉阻滞平面[T9(T6, T9)比T6(T4, T7), P=0.048]及术毕右侧运动阻滞分级[1(0, 1)比2(1, 3), P=0.034]均低于低容量组。高容量组在切皮后分离肌肉时主诉不适(23.1%比0, P=0.058)和回纳子宫并腹腔探查时主诉不适(30.8%比15.8%, P=0.401)的产妇比率与低容量组均无显著性差异。  结论  接受椎管内阻滞分娩镇痛且中转剖宫产的产妇,若硬膜外间隙镇痛药液用量增多,不仅增加后续硬膜外麻醉失败风险,且影响硬膜外麻醉效果。     

Principles of office anesthesia: part II. Topical anesthesia

The development of topical anesthetics has provided the family physician with multiple options in anesthetizing open and intact skin. The combination of tetracaine, adrenaline (epinephrine), and cocaine, better known as TAC, was the first topical agent available for analgesia of lacerations to the face and scalp. Cocaine has been replaced with lidocaine in a newer formulation called LET (lidocaine, epinephrine, and tetracaine). For analgesia to nonintact skin, LET gel is generally preferred over TAC because of its superior safety record and cost-effectiveness. EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) is perhaps the most well-known topical anesthetic for use on intact skin. EMLA can be used to anesthetize the skin before intramuscular injections, venipuncture, and simple skin procedures such as curettage or biopsy. To be fully effective, EMLA should be applied at least 90 minutes before the procedure. ELA-Max is a new, rapidly acting topical agent for intact skin that works by way of a liposomal delivery system and is available over the counter. Other delivery vehicles for topical anesthesia currently in development, including iontophoresis and anesthetic patches, may one day give patients and physicians even more flexibility.     

腰硬联合麻醉和持续硬膜外麻醉应用于二次剖宫产术效果的评价

目的比较在二次剖宫产术中,腰硬联合麻醉(CSEA)和持续硬膜外麻醉(CEA)的效果。方法 80例择期行二次剖宫产术的产妇,随机分成CSEA组42例和CEA组38例。观察两组的麻醉起效时间、麻醉操作时间、记录罗哌卡因的用药总量。由手术医师对产妇腹壁肌松作出评价,记录产妇的运动阻滞的Bromage改良评分以及术中不良反应的发生情况。结果相对于CEA组,CSEA组麻醉起效时间明显缩短(t=18.91,P<0.05),罗哌卡因用量较小(t=27.14,P<0.05),手术医师对腹壁肌松满意度高(χ2=54.55,P<0.05),Bromage改良评分达到3级的例数也明显多于CEA组(χ2=125.98,P<0.05)。但CSEA操作较为复杂,耗时较长(t=3.75,P<0.05)。两组产妇发生低血压、血压下降、心动过缓、术后头痛等不良反应相比较,差异均无统计学意义(χ2分别=6.63、7.47、0.01、0.00,P均>0.05)。结论 CSEA用于二次剖宫产术,具有麻醉起效快,腹壁肌松好,手术医师满意程度高等优点,但操作稍复杂。     

左旋布比卡因复合吗啡、舒芬太尼用于剖宫产脊髓-硬膜外联合麻醉的ED50与ED95

目的：确定左旋布比卡因复合吗啡、舒芬太尼用于剖宫产脊髓-硬膜外联合麻醉（Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia,CSE）的50%和95%患者镇痛有效的左旋布比卡因剂量（ED50与ED95）。方法选择单胎、足月择期进行剖产手术患者125例,年龄19～45岁,体重60～90 kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为五组（n＝25）。拟采用CSE下行剖宫产手术,于L3～L4蛛网膜下腔穿刺成功后,分别注射左旋布比卡因6.0、8.0、10.0、12.0和14.0 mg,同时每组复合吗啡100μg、舒芬太尼2.5μg注射。采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评价切皮即刻患者疼痛程度;采用Probit法计算ED50、ED95及其95%可信区间。结果125例研究对象中,105例研究对象在15 min内达到T6感觉阻滞平面获得满意麻醉效果;20例15 min内未达到T6感觉阻滞平面的研究对象分别分次追加2%利多卡因后获得满意麻醉效果。各组麻醉总体成功率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,且呈现随着左旋布比卡因剂量的增加阻滞效果明显的特点。左旋布比卡因的 ED50为6.1 mg,95%CI 2.5～7.8;ED95为13.1 mg,95%CI 11.3～18.6。结论左旋布比卡因复合吗啡100μg、舒芬太尼2.5μg用于剖宫产CSE的ED50为6.1 mg,ED95为13.1 mg。     

全麻复合硬膜外麻醉对老年腹腔镜结肠癌根治术患者术中血流动力学的影响

目的观察全麻复合硬膜外麻醉对老年腹腔镜结肠癌根治术患者术中血流动力学的影响。方法40例60—75岁、ASAI-Ⅱ级、择期行结肠癌根治术的患者,随机分为全麻联合硬膜外组（GE组）和全麻组（G组）,每组各20例。G组患者麻醉诱导和维持均采用丙泊酚联合雷米芬太尼全静脉靶控输注。GE组先行硬膜外麻醉,麻醉平面固定后行全麻,药物及方法同G组。记录患者一般情况,入室后（TO）、全麻诱导前（T1）、气管插管后（T2）、气腹建立后15min（T3）、气腹结束后（T4）、拔管后5min（T5）的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）、呼气末二氧化碳分压（PetCO2）、脑电双频指数（BIS）,麻醉过程中麻醉药和血管活性药的使用量。结果两组患者的一般情况无统计学差异,组内比较,各时间点的MAP和HR有显著性差异,但均在正常范围内;组间比较,GE组r13时间点的MAP较G组显著降低,差异有显著性（P=0．011）。GE组乌拉地尔的使用量较G组明显减少,差异有显著性（P=0．020）。GE组患者丙泊酚（P=0．021）和罗库溴铵（P=0．038）的使用量明显少于G组。结论硬膜外联合全身麻醉能有效地调控气腹产生的应激反应和循环改变,维持血流动力学的稳定,有利于病人平稳的度过围术期,是适合老年人腹腔镜结肠癌根治术的麻醉方法。     

Transient radiculopathy after 5% lidocaine or 0.75% bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in 3 surgical positions

The present study was conducted to compare the incidence of transient radicular irritation (TRI) after spinal anesthesia with 5% lidocaine or 0.75% bupivacaine in the supine, prone, and lithotomy surgical positions. A non-rAndomized survey approach was used. The convenience sample consisted of 243 adults receiving spinal anesthesia for elective surgery at 1 of 3 hospitals. Patients were questioned by telephone postoperatively to determine whether they had experienced TRI. Statistical analysis using the Fisher exact test revealed no significant difference in TRI incidence between local anesthetics in the supine or prone position groups. In the lithotomy position group, the incidence of TRI was significantly higher in patients receiving 5% lidocaine. Further, chi 2 testing revealed no significant difference in TRI incidence between surgical position groups when position alone was considered. The findings suggest that TRI after spinal anesthesia occurs more frequently with 5% lidocaine than with 0.75% bupivacaine only when patients undergo surgery in the lithotomy position. Providers need to consider the risks and benefits of 5% lidocaine when selecting an agent for spinal anesthesia, especially with patients undergoing surgery in the lithotomy position. When lidocaine is used, providers should discuss TRI as a risk of spinal anesthesia with patients during preanesthetic counseling.