桂林高校大学生观点采择与共情对艾滋病污名的影响

目的了解桂林地区高校大学生艾滋病污名现状,探讨实施观点采择及共情对艾滋病污名的影响,为后续其他地区、人群开展艾滋病污名研究提供参考。方法采用分层抽样法选取桂林地区4所高校大学生,在层内随机将研究对象分为对照组(410名)和试验组(396名),并采用艾滋病污名及共情自评量表对其进行采择前后测试,比较测试结果。结果两组研究对象的艾滋病污名问卷各维度得分与总分在采择前差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为0.80,0.35,-0.62,-0.10,P值均>0.05),采择后差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为3.53,2.21,2.30,3.98,P值均<0.05);采择前共情水平认知共情和情感移情维度得分与总分差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为0.10,-0.27,-0.08,P值均>0.05),采择后情感移情得分与总分差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.15,-3.06,P值均<0.05)。共情在观点采择与艾滋病污名之间起到14.08%的中介作用。结论艾滋病污名存在于桂林地区高校大学生中,而观点采择可有效降低其艾滋病污名,共情在其中具有中介作用。     

巴西流落街头青少年性行为对艾滋病的影响

在全球范围内，流落街头的青少年普遍存在ＨＩＶ感染的危险。本资料显示了在巴西一所大城市流落在各个角落９～１８岁青少年“性化”观的现况。结果表明这些儿童及青少年从事性行为活动并受性传播疾病的威胁，ＨＩＶ／ＡＩＤＳ。在这个高危人群中，性是具有一种复杂和顽固的行为，改变他（她）们的行为必须实际；即作为换取生存的手段，寻找安慰、快乐，以致涉及整个青少年时期的心理等复杂的社会心理环境因素。     

重庆市校外青少年预防艾滋病干预效果研究

目的评价重庆市校外青少年社区预防艾滋病综合干预效果。方法采用随机整群抽样方法,抽取重庆市区4个社区的校外青少年,对其进行预防艾滋病干预,并在干预前后进行问卷调查,了解干预前后艾滋病相关知识和态度的变化情况。结果干预对象对“艾滋病不可治愈”和“看似健康的人体内可能有艾滋病病毒”的知晓率均从干预前的不足40％提高到干预后的71％以上;对艾滋病传播途径的知晓率干预后均超过84．0％,高于干预前的知晓率（P〈0．01）。调查对象对患者同情理解并采取完全正确的态度的比例从干预前的46．9％提高到干预后的72．0％,其差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。校外青少年从宣传资料获得艾滋病知识的比例从干预前的43．0％提高到干预后的56．5％。结论在社区采取预防艾滋病综合干预措施,能够明显提高社区校外青少年的艾滋病认知水平。     

校外青少年艾滋病网络干预效果研究

目的评价校外青少年艾滋病网络干预效果。方法建立15个QQ群和一个宣传网页,开展为期1年的在线健康教育,干预前后分别采用面对面询问和在线调查的方式对605人和500人进行了问卷调查。结果干预前后接受调查的人群在性别、年龄和文化程度等特征方面无明显差异。与基线比较,干预后研究对象对基本知识及传播途径、个人防病风险意识及行为意向的正确认知均有所提高（P〈0．05）。结论网络干预在校外青少年中开展艾滋病健康教育可行、有效,值得推广。     

宝鸡市青少年学生艾滋病知识、态度和行为的调查研究

造成艾滋病流行的危险因素在我国较为广泛存在,而且呈上升趋势.过去20多年与艾滋病作斗争的实践表明,开展有关艾滋病的行为监测、行为干预已成为目前世界上许多国家预防艾滋病的主要策略[1,2].世界卫生组织将青春期界定为10～19岁,我国大约有3亿多人,开展青少年人群艾滋病流行的潜在危险因素的监测,为制定干预措施提供依据,无疑已成为当前预防控制艾滋病工作的重点.为此,我们对2003年宝鸡市青少年学生艾滋病危险因素进行了调查,现报告如下.     

1087名青少年学生艾滋病健康教育效果评价

青少年是预防艾滋病的主力军，探索对青少年如何加强防治艾滋病健康教育的方式，使他们正确了解艾滋病相关知识，有效预防艾滋病，社会意义深远。为此，于2002年56月份对某市的15所中学、1所大学的一年级学生．共1087人进行了艾滋病知识的健康教育并对效果进行了评价。1087名学生，年龄15～21岁，平均年龄182岁，最小的15岁，最大的21岁，其中男生626人(57．6％)，女生461人(42．4％)，高中生852人(78．4％)，大学一年级学生235人(21．6％)，     

乌鲁木齐市校外青少年艾滋病预防知识干预效果评价

目的了解校外青少年艾滋病健康教育的效果。方法利用大学生爱心大使队伍,采取参与式方法向校外青少年传播艾滋病预防知识。并于干预前后进行问卷调查。结果干预后校外青少年艾滋病预防知识知晓率显著提高,总知晓率由干预前的19.0%,提高到干预后的55.0%(P0.01)。其中对"共用注射器可能感染"、"不使用安全套性行为增加风险"、"母婴会传播艾滋病"在干预后知晓率均达到90%以上。干预后"提供艾滋病病毒自愿咨询检测服务地点"、"可以得到免费安全套地点"显著提高,分别由9.0%提高到22.0%(P0.01)和由8.0%提高到70.0%(P0.01)。结论利用爱心大使向校外青少年传播预防艾滋病知识具有明显效果,应予以借鉴。需加强艾滋病相关服务的的宣传,提高利用度。     

平顶山市青少年学生艾滋病相关知识的调查分析

目的　调查平顶山地区部分青少年学生对艾滋病 (AIDS)基本知识的了解情况、相关知识的来源途径。　方法　按照分层抽样和整群抽样的方法 ,采用问卷调查的方式 ,对调查结果进行整理分析。　结果　大多数学生对 AIDS基本知识有所了解 ,获得知识的主要途径是电视广播。　结论　本地区对 AIDS知识的宣传教育需进一步加强。并提出了由社会、学校、家庭共同进行 AIDS知识教育的建议     

不同因素对农村校外青少年艾滋病知识水平的影响

目的:探讨不同因素对农村校外青少年艾滋病知识水平的影响.方法:选取河南省2个县13-18岁的430名农村校外青少年作为研究对象,采用有序多分类变量的logisti.回归分析家庭因素和个人因素对农村校外青少年艾滋病知识水平的影响.结果:农村校外青少年艾滋病相关知识平均知晓率为47.09%,联合国大会艾滋病特别会议(UN-GASS)艾滋病传播途径5个具体指标全部答对率为32.60%a ;logistic回归分析显示,父母文化程度和工作类型对农村校外青少年艾滋病知识得分影响不明显(P>0.05),农村校外青少年艾滋病知识得分随年龄升高而升高(P<0.05),业余爱好广泛者比爱好单一者艾滋病知识得分高(P<0.05).结论:农村校外青少年艾滋病知晓率较低,年龄和业余爱好是影响农村校外青少年艾滋病知识水平的主要因素.     

农村校外青少年艾滋病不同干预方法效果评价

目的探讨提高农村校外青少年艾滋病知识水平的有效干预方法。方法选取河南省2个县13~18岁430名农村校外青少年为研究对象,采用不同健康教育方式干预,在干预前、后进行问卷调查以评价干预效果。结果干预前后校外青少年艾滋病相关知识平均知晓率分别为47.09%和85.22%,蚊虫叮咬不会传染艾滋病知晓率分别为21.9%和87.1%,与艾滋病病人共餐不传染艾滋病知晓率分别为28.4%和81.0%;不同方法干预后艾滋病知识得分均高于干预前(P<0.001);不同干预方法比较差异有统计学意义(F=2.140,P<0.05);综合干预、同伴教育和专题讲座3组平均得分提高值较明显,分别为45.72,42.33和35.56分。结论本研究中采用的干预方法均能提高校外青少年艾滋病知识水平,综合干预、同伴教育和专题讲座干预效果较好。     

HIV/AIDS and intersectional stigmas: Examining stigma related behaviours among medical students during service delivery

ABSTRACT

HIV/AIDS stigma remains a major global health issue with detrimental consequences for people with HIV/AIDS (PWHA), especially when manifested by health professionals. Research on HIV/AIDS stigma has documented negative attitudes towards PWHA among health professionals. However, fewer studies have examined how HIV/AIDS stigma is manifested behaviourally during clinical interactions and how it interacts with other stigmas (i.e. drug use, sexism, homophobia). This study aimed to: (1) examine behavioural manifestations of HIV/AIDS stigma among medical students during clinical interactions, and (2) explore HIV/AIDS stigma intersectionality with other stigmas. We implemented an experimental design using Standardised Patient (SP) simulations, observational techniques, and quantitative questionnaires. A total of 237 medical students engaged in SP encounters with three experimental scenarios: (1) PWHA infected via illegal drug use, (2) PWHA infected via unprotected heterosexual relations, (3) PWHA infected via unprotected homosexual relations. They also interacted with a person with common cold (control condition). Results evidenced statistically significant differences between the experimental and control simulation, with higher number of stigma behaviours manifested towards experimental conditions. Results also evidence higher HIV/AIDS stigma towards MSM when compared to the drug user and heterosexual woman SP’s. We discuss the implications of these findings for training of medical students.     

The impact of HIV-related stigma on the psychological well-being of children who have been orphaned by AIDS

This study aimed to evaluate and report on the effects of HIV-related stigma on the psychological health of AIDS orphans. The study used a systematic review methodology to search electronic databases, including Academic Search Complete, SA ePublications, MEDLINE, PubMed, BioMed Central, CINHAHL and PsychARTICLES from January 2004 to September 2015. Inclusion criteria included: studies of a qualitative, quantitative or mixed methodology which focused on the effects HIV-related stigma of the psychological well-being of AIDS orphans, studies were required to be open access, peer reviewed, full text articles in English medium. The study extracted findings four systematic steps: (1) identification; (2) screening; (3) eligibility; (4) inclusion. The study used a meta-synthesis for the extraction and amalgamation of findings. Nine studies were included in the final review and showed consistent evidence of HIV-related stigma contributing to the increased level of psychological distress and poor mental functioning among AIDS orphans. This study was limited by low levels of disclosure among AIDS orphans and the omission of grey literature. However, it does shed light on the effects of HIV-related stigma on the psychological well-being of AIDS orphans.     

Homosexuality and HIV/AIDS stigma in Jamaica

This paper reports on a study of the relationship of homophobia to HIV/AIDS‐related stigma in Jamaica. Ethnography, key informant interviews and focus groups were used to gather data from a sample of 33 male and female adults during the summer of 2003. The sample included health and social service providers, HIV positive men and women, and men and women with same sex partners in urban and rural Jamaica. A strong and consistent relationship between homophobia and HIV/AIDS‐related stigma was reported, but the relationship varied according to geographic location, social class, gender, and skin colour (complexion)—to the extent that this coincided with class. Stigma against people living with HIV/AIDS and homosexuality was implicated in low levels of use of HIV testing, treatment and care services and the reluctance of HIV positive people to reveal their serostatus to their sexual partners. Data reveal a pressing need for anti‐stigma measures for both homophobia and HIV/AIDS, and for training for health and human service professionals.     

HIV-related stigma and the psychosocial well-being of children orphaned by AIDS: a systematic review

The study aimed to systematically review existing literature reporting on the effects of HIV-related stigma on the psychosocial well-being of children orphaned by AIDS. A systematic review methodology was used to search electronic databases and journals, including Academic Search Complete, AIDS Care, PsychArticles, PubMed and SA ePublications from January 2006 to December 2016. Included studies were required to be peer reviewed, full-text, English medium, embody a quantitative, qualitative or mixed methodology and focus on HIV-related stigma and its impact on the psychosocial well-being of children orphaned by AIDS. Findings were extracted in four steps: (1) identification; (2) screening; (3) eligibility; (4) inclusion. A meta-synthesis was used for the extraction and amalgamation of findings. Thirteen studies were included in the final review and consistently indicated that HIV-related stigma inhibited the psychosocial functioning and well-being of children orphaned by AIDS. This study sheds light on the impact of HIV-related stigma on the psychosocial well-being of children orphaned by AIDS, but has been limited by a culture of non-disclosure of parental HIV infection or death or failing to report on parental cause of death.     

HIV-related stigma: Impact on healthcare workers in Vietnam

Stigma has been identified as a major barrier to HIV response. While much is known about stigma directed towards people living with HIV (PLHIV), less is known about stigma experienced by health workers who treat PLHIV. This study aims to explore the perceptions and experiences of health workers regarding how stigma influences their work with HIV-positive patients. The study employed a qualitative design involving individual semi-structured in-depth interviews with 14 health workers, purposively selected from hospitals and detention centres for people who use drugs and sex workers in Hanoi, Vietnam. Findings showed that the stigma experienced by health workers may be organised around several themes: (1) lack of social prestige associated with HIV work; (2) fear of infection expressed by family members; (3) feelings of being devalued within the healthcare field; and (4) work-related stress and burnout, especially for staff working in detention centres for drug users and female sex workers. Efforts are needed to improve the public image of HIV work, scale up stigma reduction, enhance stress management and create a safe and supportive working environment for health workers.     

广西医护人员对艾滋病认识程度和接受态度的初步研究

  目的  了解中国医务人员（HCPs）艾滋病污名现状,为向HCPs开展减少艾滋病污名干预活动提供科学依据。  方法  检索中国知网数据库、万方数据库和PubMed数据库,并辅以文献追溯法收集2001年1月 — 2017年6月公开发表的关于中国HCPs艾滋病污名现状的相关文献,应用R 3.3.1软件对纳入的文献行meta分析。  结果  共纳入43篇中、英文文献（中文文献40篇和英文文献3篇）,累计研究对象21 335人。meta分析结果显示,有37.59 %（95 % CI = 22.55 %～53.96 %）和47.02 %（95 % CI = 34.41 %～59.83 %）的HCPs分别对艾滋病感染者/患者（PLWHA）存在负性刻板印象和恐惧心理;有31.43 %（95 % CI = 18.72 %～45.73 %）的HCPs认为有权拒绝为PLWHA提供医疗服务;有22.20 %（95 % CI = 12.23 %～34.11 %）的HCPs拒绝为PLWHA提供一般诊疗/护理服务;有37.96 %（95 % CI = 20.64 %～57.01 %）的HCPs拒绝提供侵入性诊疗/护理服务;有54.44 %（95 % CI = 45.05 %～63.67 %）的HCPs赞成对PLWHA实行就医隔离;有59.39 %（95 % CI = 32.13 %～83.85 %）的HCPs认为应对PLWHA实行强制检测;有37.40 %（95 % CI = 20.08 %～56.57 %）的HCPs认为可未经PLWHA同意擅自将其病情告知他人。敏感性分析结果显示,本研究结果较为稳定;Egger’s检验和漏斗图结果均显示,除“拒绝提供侵入性诊疗/护理工作”指标外,其余指标存在发表偏倚的可能性均较小。  结论  中国HCPs艾滋病污名严重,亟需针对此人群开展干预工作。     

Gendered aspects of perceived and internalized HIV-related stigma in China

Although studies have demonstrated that females experience more HIV-related stigma than males do, questions remain regarding the different dimensions of the stigma (i.e., perceived versus internalized) in China. The present study investigated gender differences in perceived and internalized HIV-related stigma, taking into account the potential influence of education. The study was conducted between October 2011 and March 2013. A total of 522 people living with HIV (PLH) were recruited from Anhui Province, China. The PLH participated in a survey using the Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) method. The gender differences in perceived and internalized HIV-related stigma were calculated with and without stratifying by education level. Female participants had significantly less education than the male participants. No significant difference was observed between females and males with respect to perceived stigma. However, females reported significantly higher internalized stigma than males did (p < .001). When socio-demographic characteristics were controlled, the gender difference in internalized stigma remained significant among educated participants (p = .038). The findings suggested that gender differences in HIV-related stigma were primarily found for internalized stigma. Heightened intervention efforts are encouraged to reduce internalized HIV-related stigma, particularly among female PLH in China and other regions with similar gender dynamics.     

HIV-related stigma and NGO-isation in India: a historico-empirical analysis

In response to World Bank critiques in 2007, the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare declared that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐related stigma was a barrier to the participation of non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) in the implementation of HIV prevention targeted interventions. Taking a deeper view of HIV‐related stigma as a historically inflected process of devaluation, this article details the history and transformation of NGO involvement in the HIV epidemic from 1986 through economic liberalisation in the 1990s up to the Second National AIDS Control Programme (NACP II 1999–2006). It additionally examines findings from interviews and participant observation of NGO workers (N = 24) from four targeted intervention NGOs in Delhi funded under NACP II. Analysis reveals that a second wave of HIV‐related NGO involvement has mushroomed in the past two decades, affording NGO workers multiple pathways to credibility in the Indian response to the epidemic. Contradictions embedded in the overlap of these pathways produce stigma, reflecting ‘adverse incorporation’ of the NGO workers. Drawing upon noteworthy exceptions to this trend from the first wave of Indian HIV‐related NGOs, the article calls for NGO participation as an explicitly political project of addressing the social inequalities that shape stigma as well as vulnerability to illness writ large.     

大学生性观念及AIDS相关态度健康教育干预效果评价

目的:了解南京市大学生性观念及艾滋病相关态度的现状,评价健康教育效果。方法:采用整群随机抽样方法,对某高校662名大学生进行健康教育干预前后问卷调查。结果:部分大学生对"在校发生性行为、宿舍留宿异性、多性伴"等不因健康教育而有所纠正(P>0.05)。59.8%的大学生对艾滋病病人持同情和关爱态度,78.2%的大学生认可在性行为中使用安全套,与干预前比较均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,大学生的性观念及艾滋病相关态度得分与性别有关(P<0.01)。结论:干预前后,大学生的正确性观念和对艾滋病的态度由于受到宣传、教育和社会影响已形成。但是在大学生中开展艾滋病健康教育仍有必要,这有助于一部分大学生树立正确的性观念和正确认识艾滋病,对预防艾滋病性病有着积极的意义。