DR与MSCT检查诊断小儿寰枢椎病变的比较研究

目的比较寰枢椎X线DR(X-RayDigital Roentgenography)检查与螺旋CT(SpiralCT)检查对诊断小儿寰枢椎半脱位的临床应用价值。方法分别对12例小儿患者进行寰枢椎X线DR检查和螺旋CT检查及重建。结果 7例X线DR检查诊断为小儿寰枢椎半脱位,而通过CT检查和重建4例诊断为小儿寰枢关节半脱位,3例为正常;2例X线DR检查误诊为齿状突骨折、寰枢椎半脱位,CT重建清楚显示为寰枢椎畸形,分别为齿状突后弓缺如1例,齿状突发育不良1例;3例小儿在拍摄颈椎张口位时不配合,寰枢椎显示欠清,CT检查清晰显示为寰枢椎半脱位。结论螺旋CT检查和重建技术较X线DR检查更易显示小儿寰枢椎半脱位征象,有助于提高临床诊断率。     

多层螺旋CT薄层扫描重建对寰枢椎骨折脱位的诊断和临床应用

目的:采用多层螺旋CT薄层扫描及三维重建(3D)和多平面重建(MPR)技术诊断寰枢椎骨折脱位并进行术后效果评价.方法:回顾性分析69例寰枢椎骨折脱位患者的手术前后X线片与多层螺旋CT薄层扫描及3D和MPR重建图像,其中男54例,女15例,年龄17～73岁,平均46.5岁.结果:运用CT薄层扫描及重建技术诊断全部准确,其中齿状突骨折49例(Anderson Ⅱ型35例,Ⅲ型14例);C1,2联合骨折(Jeffson骨折联合Hangman骨折合并C1,2不稳)9例;寰椎爆裂骨折合并枕颈不稳6例;枢椎椎体骨折5例.而X线片诊断准确38例(38/69),漏诊23例,6例未能作出诊断,2例误诊.术后69例CT图像均清楚显示金属内固定的准确位置,其中2例螺钉螺纹轻微穿破寰枢椎侧块(椎弓根)外侧骨皮质,3例螺钉螺纹轻微穿破寰椎后弓上侧骨皮质.结论:多层螺旋CT薄层扫描及重建能够直观清晰地显示寰枢椎骨折脱位的部位、类型及术后金属内固定位置,为临床确定骨折分型、选择合适的治疗方案和术后疗效评价提供了可靠而直观的依据,可作为寰枢椎骨折脱位的诊断和术后评价的影像学首选检查方法,应该常规使用.     

小儿寰枢关节半脱位伴寰椎后弓部分缺如1例报告

患儿男，6岁。因枕颈部疼痛不适，头颈歪斜2d,来我院门诊就诊。摄颈椎正侧位及开口位X线片示颈椎生理弧度变直，略右侧弯，枢椎齿状突与寰椎侧块间隙右窄左宽。以“寰枢关节半脱位”收入院。体格检查：枕颈部以C2右侧压痛明显，头颈歪斜，颈椎旋转活动受限，未发现阳性神经体征。     

数字断层融合技术在儿童寰枢关节检查中的应用价值

目的:探讨X线数字断层融合技术(Digital Tomosynthesis,DTS)在儿童寰枢关节检查中的应用价值.方法:选择我院50例临床怀疑寰枢椎半脱位的儿童患者,张口位摄片不能达到临床诊断要求,经患儿家长同意后行DTS检查.结果:所有患儿寰枢椎形态结构显示完整,寰椎侧块及寰枢关节间隙显示清晰,无周围组织结构干扰.其中14例寰枢椎半脱位,显示齿状突与两侧块间隙不对称.结论:X线数字断层融合技术在儿童寰枢关节检查中具有价格低廉、图像成像清晰,诊断准确率较高等优势,且患儿接受辐射量较CT检查低,值得推广应用.     

高分辨CT在寰枢椎外伤中的诊断价值

目的分析高分辨CT在寰枢椎损伤中的影像学特点和对临床的应用价值。方法收集2011年12月至2013年5月寰枢椎外伤病例90例,均行普通x线检查及CT扫描,采用高分辨CT轴位扫描,并行MPR、VR后处理及3D重建,分别分析这几种成像方法对寰枢椎外伤性改变的灵敏度及特异性。结果90例寰枢椎外伤病例中,通过高分辨CT轴位检查、MPR、VR后处理及3D重建相结合,诊断为寰椎骨折10例,齿状突骨折40例,枢椎骨折25例,单纯性寰枢关节脱位15例。寰枢关节脱位合并寰枢椎骨折患者30例。行高分辨CT扫描及后处理后诊断全部正确,x线片正确诊断为54例,占60％,其余均为误诊或漏诊。高分辨CT对寰枢椎外伤性改变的灵敏度及特异性高于普通X线片。结论高分辨cT成像可以清楚显示寰枢椎各部位外伤性改变,特别是隐蔽性创伤,能对寰枢椎损伤作出全面而准确的评价,其独特的影像学特点可做为寰枢椎外伤的首选检查方法。     

寰枢椎骨折的多排螺旋CT扫描及后处理评价

目的　回顾性分析寰枢椎骨折的多排螺旋CT扫描及后处理重建的诊断价值。方法　收集寰枢椎骨折患者4 4例 ,其中寰椎骨折脱位 2 0例 ,枢椎骨折 2 4例 ,所有患者经多排螺旋CT扫描后 ,经MPR与 4D -Angio后处理重建 ,分析不同处理后图象的应用价值。结果　多排螺旋CT及后处理技术可显示骨折部位与类型 ,其MRP与 4D -Angio重建不仅显示寰齿间隙的变化 ,寰齿前间隙的增宽提示横韧带的损伤 ,更可显示齿状突骨折移位的状况。结论　MSCT可清晰评价寰枢椎骨折部位、程度、脱位与否以及骨折类型。     

寰枢椎固定融合术治疗小儿寰枢椎旋转伴纵向脱位1例报告

患儿女，4．5岁。因颈部倾斜、疼痛、活动受限10d。于2005年12月13日收入院。入院时查体：方颅畸形，双眼斜视，头面部向左侧倾斜，枕颈部有压痛，头部左右旋转活动受限，吞咽和发音正常，四肢感觉、运动功能正常。颈椎侧位X线片示寰椎前移旋转脱位，Chamberlain氏征阳性（图1）。CT扫描示寰齿前间隙8mm，齿状突左右间隙不对称。CT三维重建示枢椎体进入寰椎内，     

齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位的手术治疗

目的评价几种手术方法治疗齿状突骨折合并寰枢椎脱位的临床应用效果。方法回顾性分析了采用手术治疗的24例齿状突骨折合并寰枢椎脱位的病例,其中齿状突Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型14例,采用前路齿状突加压螺钉内固定8例;椎板间ATLAS钛缆系统固定或Apofix椎板夹固定、后路寰枢椎融合10例;改良后路Magerl联合Gallie内固定、寰枢椎融合6例。结果术后随访3～30个月,颈椎活动度的保持以齿状突螺钉固定最佳,后路椎板间固定和Magerl联合Gallie内固定病例颈椎旋转度丧失较多;7例出现不完全性四肢瘫患者的术前脊髓功能Frankel分级C级4例、D级3例,术后D级5例、E级2例,无一例发生脊髓损伤加重及术后感染;术后3个月X线片显示所有内置物无松动、脱落及断裂,无复位丢失。结论前路齿状突螺钉技术是治疗齿状突骨折合并寰枢椎脱位的首选,只有在齿状突螺钉禁忌时才考虑采用寰枢椎融合;坚强内固定是后路寰枢椎融合的有力保障,改良Magerl联合Gallie三点内固定具有较好的生物力学性能,是实施后路寰枢椎融合的理想内固定技术。     

寰椎椎弓根与枢椎侧块关系的解剖与临床研究

目的研究寰椎椎弓根与枢椎侧块的位置关系,建立以枢椎侧块为解剖标志的寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉定位技术,并通过临床应用评价其可靠性。方法取50套干燥寰枢椎标本,测量寰椎椎弓根和枢椎侧块的内缘、中点(内、外缘中点)、外缘与正中矢状线的垂直距离,计算寰椎椎弓根与枢椎侧块的内缘间距、中点间距和外缘间距,建立寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉定位技术。临床应用该定位技术进行后路寰椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗寰枢椎不稳患者6例,男5例,女1例;平均年龄41岁。其中游离齿突1例,齿突发育不良3例,齿突陈旧性骨折2例。结果寰椎椎弓根的内缘、中点、外缘分别在枢椎侧块的内缘、中点、外缘的内侧(1.37±0.51)mm、(1.60±0.61)mm、(2.15±0.60)mm处。确定寰椎椎弓根螺钉的进钉点为:经枢椎侧块内、外缘的中点作纵垂线,与寰椎后弓上缘交点的正下方3.0mm处。6例患者共放置寰椎椎弓根螺钉12枚,术中无脊髓和椎动脉损伤等并发症,术后X线及CT扫描显示螺钉位置均良好。结论枢椎侧块与寰椎椎弓根间存在较恒定的解剖位置关系,枢椎侧块可作为术中确定寰椎后弓显露范围和判断寰椎椎弓根螺钉进钉点的解剖学标志,可简化术中繁琐的定位操作。     

寰枢椎脱位三维非线性有限元模型的建立和分析

目的:探索寰枢椎脱位有限元模型的建模方法及其在寰枢椎脱位临床治疗中的作用.方法:在正常上颈椎三维非线性有限元模型的基础上结合临床实际寰枢惟脱位病例,应用有限元软件,建立横韧带断裂而不伴有齿状突骨折的寰枢椎前脱位有限元模型,进行有限元分析,测量并比较正常上颈椎模型和寰枢椎脱位模型在屈、伸、侧屈、旋转等工况下的活动度(ROM).结果:在正常上颈椎三维非线性有限元模型的基础上结合临床实际寰枢椎脱位病例建立的横韧带断裂不伴齿状突骨折的寰枢椎前脱位有限元模型外观逼真,几何相似性好,各个工况下的活动度较正常上颈椎模型明显增大,尤其是前屈增加了17.8°,后伸增加了13.7°.结论:寰枢椎脱位非线性三维有限元模型能够较好地模拟临床实际脱位病例,可用于临床对寰枢椎脱位患者的生物力学分析,从而指导制定寰枢椎脱位的治疗策略.     

齿状突骨折的 CT三维重建分型及临床意义

目的探讨齿状突骨折的CT三维重建分型及临床意义。方法2000年9月～2004年6月,对32例寰枢椎损伤患者均行X线检查、螺旋CT薄层扫描及三维重建检查,评价CT三维重建分型及临床意义。结果X线片检查对齿状突骨折的漏诊率为28.13%(9/32),CT平扫漏诊率为6.25%(2/32),CT三维重建无1例漏诊。结论X线片对齿状突骨折易造成漏诊或诊断不确切。CT三维重建能直观、精确地显示病变的立体形态及各解剖结构的空间关系,提供分型依据,对治疗具有指导作用。     

Atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation in patients with Marfan syndrome. A report of three cases

STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective case series of three patients, ages 9 1/2, 13, and 20 years old, with Marfan syndrome treated for atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation. In the first two cases, acute torticollis was noted postoperatively, following pectus excavatum repair. The diagnosis was made in the third patient after she presented to the emergency room with a week-long history of unresolved neck pain following minor trauma. OBJECTIVE: To report and discuss the courses and clinical sequelae of atlantoaxial subluxation in patients with Marfan syndrome. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Radiographic analysis of patients with Marfan syndrome has shown that increased atlantoaxial translation, larger odontoid height, and basilar impression are more prevalent in this population compared to age-matched controls. Despite these findings, there are sparse data on injuries secondary to cervical spine instability or abnormalities in this population. To the authors' best knowledge, no report of atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation in patients with Marfan syndrome exists in the literature. METHODS: Case records of rotatory instability of the atlanto-axial level were reviewed and are presented in the following report. RESULTS: The first two patients described in this report were noted to have "cock robin" posturing of their necks following pectus excavatum repairs. The first patient's subluxation was partially reduced with halo traction, and he subsequently underwent posterior spinal fusion of C1-C2 with internal fixation. The patient was well aligned postoperatively, and had no neurologic deficits. The second patient's subluxation reduced after 20 days of halter and traction; he was immobilized in a collar following discharge and reduction was maintained. The third patient's subluxation failed to reduce with halo traction; further imaging studies revealed odontoid prominence in the foramen magnum. She underwent posterior spinal fusion, occiput to C3, with satisfactory result. CONCLUSIONS: The cervical bony and ligamentous abnormalities seen in patients with Marfan syndrome may slightly increase their risk for atlantoaxial rotatory instability. Special attention to intubation and positioning, both intraoperatively and postoperatively, may be necessary in patients with Marfan syndrome. Additionally, rotatory subluxation should be included in the differential diagnosis for Marfan patients with neck pain after injury.     

医源性颈部过度旋转性损伤

目的：报道１３例颈部推拿治疗患者,因采用“拧头”手法操作,旋转暴力过大而致寰齿关节脱位及神经功能障碍属医源性损害。方法：通过对１３例患者系统神经检查、ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ的比较和相关研究进行分类,结果：根据寰齿关节变位情况不同区分为：１寰齿关节旋转性半脱位,（１）齿突尖移位型;（２）齿突基底部移位型;（３）全齿突移位型。２寰椎前脱位。根据临床特征又区分为：１神经根型;２神经根—脊髓型;３神经根—脊髓—延髓型的临床分型。结论：对于环齿关节因旋转暴力过大而引起医源性损害尚存在一定的规律性分型,提供了对该类医源性损害的依据,提出在颈椎病推拿中应避免“拧头”这一手法操作。     

Application of CT 3D reconstruction in diagnosingatlantoaxial subluxation

To evaluate and compare the diagnosticvalue in atlantoaxial subluxation by CT three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction.     

Computed axial tomography in C1-C2 trauma

Twenty patients with C1-C2 vertebral trauma underwent computed tomographic (CT) scans to evaluate prospectively its efficiency for diagnosis and treatment. It is suggested that if standard roentgenograms are inconclusive, CT scan is recommended for further evaluation of C1 fractures and C1-C2 rotatory subluxation in preference to tomography and cineradiography. CT scans do not assess dynamic stability and may miss minimally displaced odontoid fractures. It was also concluded that they add little in the treatment of hangman's fractures, although scanning did show that the pathology was often more complex than anticipated. The clinician must be aware of the capabilities and the limitations of the specific scanner in use and work closely with the radiologist to maximize the yield of information. The CT scan is very helpful as an adjunct to standard x-ray studies, but is not recommended as a screening procedure.     

Traumatic atlantoaxial rotatory dislocation with odontoid fracture: case report and review

STUDY DESIGN: A case of traumatic rotatory dislocation associated with odontoid fracture is reported. OBJECTIVES: To report a rare case of traumatic rotatory dislocation associated with odontoid fracture, and to discuss the mechanism underlying spinal instability and management. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: This case is a cross between traumatic rotatory fixation and atlantoaxial rotatory dislocation. Classification of rotatory subluxation change after osteosynthesis of the odontoid process was undertaken. METHODS: A 24-year-old man sustained head and cervical injury after jumping. A Type 2 odontoid fracture without displacement was noted. RESULTS: Without further traumatic event, 1 month after injury, computed tomography scan showed posterior displacement of the odontoid fracture and Type 4 or B atlantoaxial rotatory luxation. After surgical fixation and reduction of the odontoid fracture, the rotatory subluxation classification changed and became Type 1 or A. Posterior C1-C2 arthrodesis was performed. The patient wore a Philadelphia cervical collar for 3 months and underwent physiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: As the pivot of rotatory subluxation changed after odontoid process osteosynthesis, posterior C1-C2 arthrodesis was performed. The patient probably could have been treated in a single-stage procedure using posterior C1-C2 transarticular fixation with bicortical interspinous graft.     

Three-dimensional spiral CT scanning in children with acute torticollis

Three-dimensional spiral CT scanning is now becoming a common investigation in children who have a history of acute torticollis. In the last year, 21 consecutive children who came to our unit with a history of acute torticollis were assessed using standard plain radiographs and a 3-dimensional spiral CT scan. Ten patients had a history of recent trauma. Spiral CT scanning revealed that 13 children had atlanto-axial rotatory subluxation (AARS). Plain radiographs had only a sensitivity of 33% and specificity of 71% in detecting AARS. Sixteen children were treated using a Halter traction. Four failed to resolve clinically and were put on a halo traction after 3-dimensional CT scanning again confirmed residual AARS. Two children remained symptomatic after halo traction, with persisting rotatory and anterior subluxation on repeat spiral CT. They both underwent a posterior in-situ fusion, with no attempt at open reduction. Plain radiography is limited in investigating acute torticollis in children. Spiral 3-dimensional CT reconstruction has an important role to play in both the investigation and management of children who present with acute torticollis.     

Elbow instability

An understanding of elbow instability is predicated on knowledge of the anatomy of the lateral collateral ligament complex and of the mechanism and kinematics of elbow subluxation and dislocation. The lateral collateral ligament complex is the key structure involved in recurrent elbow instability and it is virtually always disrupted in elbow dislocations that result from a fall. The ulnar part of the lateral collateral ligament complex (also known as lateral ulnar collateral ligament) is the critical portion of the ligament complex securing the ulna to the humerus and preventing posterolateral rotatory instability. The kinematics of elbow subluxation and dislocation are a three dimensional coupled motion referred to as posterolateral rotatory instability in which the forearm rotates off the humerus in valgus/external rotation during flexion from the extended position. Elbow instability is diagnosed on clinical examination by the lateral pivot-shift test, the posterolateral rotatory apprehension and drawer tests and on radiographic examination by performing stress x-rays. While the lateral pivot-shift test is difficult to perform, the posterolateral rotatory drawer test is much less difficult. The most sensitive test, however, is the posterolateral rotatory apprehension test. A positive apprehension test in a patient presenting with a history of recurrent painful clicking, snapping, clucking, or locking of the elbow should lead one directly to the suspected diagnosis of posterolateral rotatory instability. Treatment is surgical, by repair or reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament complex, specifically the ulnar part. Deficiencies of the coronoid and/or radial head must be addressed.     

寰枢关节多层螺旋CT旋转功能位影像学观测

目的:通过测量分析正常寰枢关节在多层螺旋CT中立位及旋转功能位的各种影像征象,为临床准确诊断寰枢关节旋转半脱位提供量化标准。方法:对51例正常志愿者进行中立位、左右尽力旋转位扫描,观察测量寰齿前间隙(atlanto-dental interval,ADI),齿突侧块间隙(lateral atlanta-dental space,LADS),齿突侧块间距差值(VBLADS)及寰枢椎相对旋转角度(rotating angle of atlas on dentate,RAAD),分析比较各影像表现及解剖学特点。将51例正常志愿者分为年龄<45岁及年龄≥45岁两组,比较不同年龄段人群VBLADS及RAAD的变化及进行相关性分析。结果:51例正常志愿者通过三维重建软件显示中立位寰枢外侧关节基本对称,齿突侧块间隙不对称者40例,占78.4%.中立位齿突偏移角度范围为(3.22±0.89)°,尽力旋转位寰枢椎(atlanto-axial joint)外侧关节面呈旋转性关节面移位,相对旋转角度范围为(33.85±2.79)°。通过配对资料相关性分析得出在一定范围内寰枢椎相对旋转角度与VBLADS无相关性。<45岁及≥45岁尽力旋转位时寰枢椎相对旋转角度之间差异有统计学意义。结论:多层螺旋CT旋转功能位能清楚显示寰枢区的解剖结构及旋转功能,为诊断寰枢关节旋转半脱位提供理论依据。     

Odontoid Lateral Mass Interval (OLMI) asymmetry and rotary subluxation: a retrospective study in cervical spine injury

The aim of the study was to evaluate the significance of odontoid lateral mass interval (OLMI) asymmetry on open-mouth view, in neck injury patients who have otherwise normal cervical spine x-rays. Thirteen neck injury patients were reviewed. Average age was 23.5 years (range, 16-30 years) and average follow-up was 15 weeks (range, 6-39 weeks). All the patients, referred from the casualty department, had computed tomography (CT) scans because of the OLMI asymmetry to rule out rotary subluxation. Clinically none of the patients had torticollis. CT scans were reported normal except for OLMI asymmetry, in 11 patients. Two patients were reported as having rotary subluxation and one was found, after normal initial plain films, to have an undisplaced lateral mass fracture of the atlas with bony avulsion of the transverse ligament. The average OLMI asymmetry was 3.1 mm (range, 2-4 mm). The authors concluded that although OLMI asymmetry has low sensitivity and specificity for true subluxation or instability, it may be a sign of significant cervical injury and should be evaluated with CT.