老年脑卒中偏瘫患者的早期康复疗效观察

目的观察早期主动性康复治疗对老年脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能恢复的影响。方法选择符合研究条件的老年脑卒中患者62例,康复组32例,对照组30例。在残损和残疾两个水平上评测患者功能,比较康复治疗后两组间的功能。结果初次评测的各主要指标两组间无明显差别(P>0.10);末次评测:Fugl-Meyer测评(FMA)上肢、FMA下肢和反应运动功能(FIM运动)等项目,两组间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论早期主动性的康复治疗可以促进老年脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能的改善。     

偏瘫患者手肿胀的早期康复训练疗效观察

目的观察早期康复对脑卒中偏瘫患者患侧手肿胀的疗效。方法将 2 2例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为康复治疗组 (康复组 )和常规治疗组 (对照组 ) ,康复组在药物治疗同时进行康复训练 ,对照组进行常规药物治疗。根据患手肿胀的程度 (体积 )、掌指关节活动度及简易手功能检查 (STEF)评分评定疗效。结果康复组患者较对照组患者手肿胀的程度明显减轻 ,掌指关节活动度能较好保持 (P <0 .0 1) ,STEF量表提示上肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力较对照组有明显改善 (P <0 .0 1)。结论患侧手肿胀的早期训练对偏瘫患者上肢功能的恢复有重要意义。     

急性脑卒中偏瘫患者65例早期康复干预效果观察

目的:探讨急性脑卒中偏瘫患者早期康复干预的效果.方法:将130例急性脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为康复组和对照组各65例,均接受常规药物治疗、基础护理,康复组患者同时应用必要的康复治疗及护理,治疗4周后肢体功能按Fugl-Meyer测评,日常生活活动能力(ADL)用Barthel(BI)指数进行评价.结果:治疗后两组Fugl-Meyer、BI积分与治疗前比较有显著性差异(P＜0.01),康复组明显优于对照组(P＜0.01).结论:早期康复干预有利于急性脑卒中患者偏瘫功能的恢复,能明显提高其运动功能及日常生活活动能力.     

早期主动性康复对脑梗死偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响

目的:观察早期主动性康复治疗对脑梗死偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响。方法 :在两所二级医院选择符合研究条件的脑卒中患者61例 ,分为康复组37例 ,对照组24例。比较发病4周后两组的下肢功能。结果 :初次评测两组无明显差别(P>0.05) ;末次评测下肢瘫痪程度(用FMA的下肢评分表示)康复组和对照组分别为20.68±8.92和11.42±8.20 ,P值为0.000。步行功能恢复和上下楼梯的功能 ,康复组和对照组间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论 :早期主动性的康复治疗可以明显改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的恢复。     

早期康复治疗对急性脑卒中运动功能恢复的影响

探讨早期康复治疗对急性脑卒中偏瘫患者发病1个月时运动功能恢复的影响。方法:将57例脑卒中患者随机分为康复组和对照组。于发病后7—23天,对康复组30例脑卒中患者,用以Bobath为主的运动疗法进行康复训练,至病后1个月时结束,对照组27例脑卒中患者不接受康复训练。两组药物治疗基本相同。用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定法(FMA)评定患者的运动功能;用脑卒中患者临床神经功能缺损程度评分标准(ND)评定患者的病情严重程度。结果:康复治疗前后康复组与对照组比较肌张力差异均无显著性(P>0.05);康复治疗前、后ND的差值康复组与对照组比较差异有显著性(P=0.01),康复治疗后,康复组神经功能缺损程度明显减轻;康复治疗前、后FMA评分的差值,康复组与对照组比较,上肢差异有显著性(P<0.05),下肢差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:脑卒中发病1个月内,早期短期的康复治疗,可降低临床神经功能缺损积分,提高患者的上肢运动功能。     

强制性运动治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能及日常生活活动能力的影响

目的探讨强制性运动治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能障碍的疗效及其相关治疗机制。 方法将40例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成强制性运动治疗组（治疗组）与常规康复训练组（对照组），每组20例，治疗组行强制性运动疗法加常规康复治疗，对照组仅行常规康复治疗。治疗4周后用Wolf运动功能试验（WMFT）和Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分法(FMA)评测上肢运动功能，用Barthel指数（BI）评测ADL能力。 结果治疗组患者WMFT、FMA、BI评分均明显优于对照组，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论强制性运动治疗是一种有效的康复治疗方法，可用于改善脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能，与常规康复治疗同时应用，可促进和加快偏瘫侧上肢运动功能的恢复，并能显著提高患者的ADL能力。     

早期康复对脑卒中后肩-手综合征患者上肢功能的影响

目的探讨早期综合康复治疗对脑卒中后肩 手综合征患者患侧上肢临床症状、关节活动度和运动功能的影响。方法将 47例脑卒中后肩 手综合征患者分为早期康复组和非早期康复组 ,两组患者均给予综合康复治疗 ,观察其临床表现 ,并采用Fugl-Meyer评定法评定康复治疗前后偏瘫侧上肢的关节活动范围、疼痛程度和运动功能。结果①对脑卒中患者予早期预防性康复措施 ,在并发肩 手综合征时 ,其患侧上肢关节活动范围减小程度和疼痛程度均较非早期康复组轻。②经综合康复治疗后 ,脑卒中后肩 手综合征患者患侧上肢的临床症状、关节活动度和运动功能均有改善 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,早期康复治疗效果更佳。结论早期康复干预可以预防和减轻脑卒中患者肩 手综合征的发生 ;发病后更易为综合康复治疗所逆转     

下肢矫形器疗法对脑卒中重度偏瘫患者功能恢复的影响

目的 :研究下肢矫形器疗法对脑卒中重度偏瘫患者功能恢复的影响。方法 :脑卒中重度偏瘫患者 6 5例随机分为下肢矫形器疗法康复组 34例和常规方法康复组 31例 ,下肢矫形器疗法康复组采用膝踝足矫形器 (KAFO)与运动疗法紧密结合的治疗方法 ,常规康复组采用常规运动疗法治疗。在康复治疗前后分别用Fugl-Meyer评测法(FMA)和功能独立性评定法 (FIM )来评测患者的残损水平和残疾水平。结果 :两组在康复治疗前评测的各主要指标间无明显差别 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;康复治疗后评测的下肢FMA、平衡FAM、与运动功能有关的FIM、FIM总分、每周FIM增加值和步行自立度的结果 ,两组间有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 :下肢长矫形器疗法可以促进脑卒中重度偏瘫患者运动功能的改善     

脑卒中偏瘫患者自我康复训练的临床疗效

目的:观察脑卒中偏瘫患者自我康复训练的临床疗效。方法:脑卒中偏瘫患者72例,随机分为2组各36例,2组患者均给予常规内科治疗,以及低频电疗,针灸、电针治疗等。对照组由患者或家属自行行功能训练;康复组则在此基础上早期即开始进行系统的自我康复训练指导。2组治疗前后分别采用Barthel指数(BI)和简式Fugl-Meyer(FMA)肢体运动功能评分评定疗效。结果:治疗20d后,2组FMA及BI评分均较治疗前明显提高(均P<0.01),且康复组较对照组提高更明显(均P<0.01)。治疗后2组临床疗效比较,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:自我康复训练对脑卒中患者的功能恢复具有显著促进作用,且简单易行,具有推广应用价值。     

综合康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能障碍的影响

目的探讨综合康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能障碍的影响。 方法随机将67例脑卒中患者分为综合康复治疗组(康复组)35例和对照组32例。康复组患者实施神经发育疗法（NDT）结合运动再学习疗法(MRP)的综合康复治疗，对照组仅采用神经内科常规治疗或加针刺、推拿。 结果经治疗后，2组患者（下肢部分）Brunnstrom分级与日常生活活动（ADL）能力评分、Fugl-Meyer运动功能（FMA）下肢部分积分、偏瘫侧下肢步行能力的Barthel指数（BI）均有显著提高，2组结果比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。康复组患者的下肢功能障碍得到显著的恢复，提高了生活质量。 结论早期综合康复治疗可明显提高脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体功能及日常生活自理能力。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.