四溴双酚A对斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性和神经毒性研究

目的 研究四溴双酚A (Tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)对斑马鱼胚胎的发育毒性和神经毒性.方法 采用斑马鱼胚胎模型,利用胚胎暴露实验分析剂量效应和畸形表观等发育毒性指标;利用胚胎自主运动、接触反应和仔鱼游泳运动,分析神经毒性指标.结果 TBBPA对斑马鱼胚胎的发育具有中度毒性,在受精后48 h(Hours Post Fertilization,hpf)的半数致死量(Concentration that led t0 50％ mortality,LC50)和半数致畸量(Concentration that led t0 50％ malformations,EC50)分别是7.9和4.7 μmol·L-1,以及在120 hpf的LC50和EC50分别是5.3和1.9 μmol·L-1.发育毒性效应具体表现为(1)在48,60,72,96 hpf均表现为低浓度促进孵化,高浓度抑制孵化;(2)引起胚胎发生尾部弯曲、未吸收卵黄囊、心包囊肿、卵黄囊水肿、游囊关闭等畸形现象;(3)胚胎畸形率和死亡率均具有剂量依赖效应,即与暴露浓度成正比.TBBPA对斑马鱼的神经毒性表现为(1)增加胚胎在19～26 hpf的自主运动频率;(2)降低胚胎在27,36,48 hpf时的接触反应能力;(3)降低胚胎在120 hpf的行为运动速度.结论TBBPA对斑马鱼胚胎具有发育毒性和神经行为毒性.     

吡嗪酰胺对斑马鱼胚胎发育和氧化应激效应的影响

目的 本文研究吡嗪酰胺(PZA)对斑马鱼胚胎的发育毒性及其产生机制。方法 采用受精后4h的斑马鱼胚胎进行吡嗪酰胺不同浓度的暴露,分别于暴露后24、48、72和96h进行死亡率、孵化率的统计。给药96h后进行斑马鱼幼鱼形态评分、行为学分析、活性氧簇(ROS)和氧化应激指标检测。结果 表明吡嗪酰胺显著抑制斑马鱼胚胎孵化,导致斑马鱼幼鱼发育畸形(如卵黄囊吸收迟滞、鱼鳔缺失、心包水肿和体节模糊等),同时吡嗪酰胺的暴露造成斑马鱼幼鱼运动行为能力的降低。吡嗪酰胺的暴露能够引起斑马鱼体内ROS、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)水平的变化。结论 吡嗪酰胺对斑马鱼胚胎有明显的发育毒性,并呈剂量和时间依赖性,氧化应激在吡嗪酰胺发育毒性中起着重要的作用。     

斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性评价方法的建立

目的以致胚胎毒性阳性药物全反式维甲酸（ATRA）及丙戊酸钠进行斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性试验,建立有效的斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性评价方法。方法采用水浴染毒法,将受精后2h（2hpf）的斑马鱼胚胎暴露于不同浓度梯度的阳性约物。分别在24、48、72和144hpf观察并记录畸形及死亡的胚胎数目。统计阳性药物的EC50和LG50,计算致畸指数（TI=LC50／EG50）。结果两种阳性药物所致斑马鱼胚胎发育早期（24～48hpf）与发育后期（72～144hpf）的畸形表现不同。在72hpf,两种阳性药物对胚胎孵化率均有明显抑制作甩144hpf可见ATRA（≥1．6×10^-3mg／L）和丙戊酸钠（≥1．25×10^2mg／L）严晕致畸作用,T1分别为10.35和5．72。两种阳性药物胚胎敛畸率及死亡率均呈明显的浓度依赖关系,且与已有动物试验及体外试验结果相符。结论以两种阳性药物建立有效的斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性评价方法,可进行进一步的验证。     

牛黄镇惊丸对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响

目的 研究牛黄镇惊丸对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响。方法 以斑马鱼胚胎为实验对象,体视光学显微镜下观察牛黄镇惊丸不同给药浓度（40、200、400、800、1 200 μg/mL）时斑马鱼胚胎的发育情况,包括胚胎致畸、致死检测。结果 给药浓度不高于200 μg/mL时,未见胚胎发育异常。浓度高于200 μg/mL（约相当于成人用量30倍,远超出正常有效剂量）时对胚胎发育具有一定的毒性,胚胎出现头和眼发育较小,瞳孔无色;心脏畸形、心率较弱、血池充血-回心血流不畅;腹部透明度较差、尾干扭曲,卵黄囊延伸结构变粗,脊索变细,无正常胚动,体长变短;撤药后畸形表型未见恢复,且毒性呈浓度相关性;半数致畸浓度（TD₅₀,受精后3 d）约373 μg/mL,半数致死浓度（LD₅₀）约为485 μg/mL。浓度为1 200 μg/mL时,胚胎在受精后1 d之内全部死亡。结论 牛黄镇惊丸给药浓度大于200 μg/mL时影响斑马鱼胚胎发育。其毒性作用发生在胚胎器官形成期,主要对胚胎的神经系统、心血管系统和骨骼等发育有影响。     

雷公藤红素对斑马鱼胚胎心脏毒性的初步研究

目的研究雷公藤红素对斑马鱼胚胎的心脏毒性。方法以发育48 h的斑马鱼胚胎为心脏毒性模型,以不同浓度的雷公藤红素处理上述胚胎,分别于处理后6、12、24 h观察胚胎心脏形态和功能变化。结果1μmol.L-1雷公藤红素作用24 h未引起胚胎心脏中毒。而2、3、4μmol.L-1雷公藤红素均导致胚胎心脏中毒,出现心脏线性化、心膜出血、血细胞在心区堆积等现象,而且心率也随着浓度的升高和作用时间的延长而明显下降,引起心率下降的EC50(24 h)约为1.78μmol.L-1。结论雷公藤红素对斑马鱼胚胎具有心脏毒性作用。     

敌敌畏对斑马鱼的遗传毒性和生殖毒性作用表现

目的考察敌敌畏对斑马鱼遗传和生殖毒性作用表现。方法 斑马鱼成鱼分别暴露于敌敌畏0,0.95,2.85和4.65 mg.L-1溶液中,在持续染毒7和14 d后,测定斑马鱼性腺指数,显微镜下观察雄鱼精子质膜完整性;血细胞微核实验测定微核率。结果 染毒7 d后,与正常对照组相比,敌敌畏4.65 mg.L-1组斑马鱼的雌鱼性腺指数、雄性精子数量和精子质膜完整性百分比显著降低(P<0.01),血细胞微核率显著增高(P<0.01);敌敌畏2.85 mg.L-1组雄性斑马鱼精子质膜完整性百分比也显著下降(P<0.01)。染毒14 d后,与正常对照组相比,敌敌畏0.95,2.85和4.65 mg.L-1组斑马鱼的雌鱼性腺指数,雄鱼精子数量和精子质膜完整性百分比显著减少(P<0.01),敌敌畏4.65和2.85 mg.L-1组血细胞微核率显著增高(P<0.01)。敌敌畏4.65和2.85 mg.L-1染毒14 d组的雌鱼性腺指数、雄鱼精子数量和精子质膜完整性百分比及血细胞微核率显著高于同浓度7 d染毒组(P<0.01)。结论 敌敌畏对斑马鱼的遗传和生殖毒性作用及其表现说明斑马鱼有望成为遗传和生殖毒性评价模型。     

冰片对斑马鱼胚胎发育的安全性评价

目的:研究冰片对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响。方法:以斑马鱼胚胎为模型,二甲基亚砜为助溶剂,制备冰片溶液(33.6、67.1、134.3、268.5、537.0、1 074.0μmol/L,即冰片①、②、③、④、⑤、⑥组),并且设空白对照组,以受精后小时(hpf)为时间段,对3hpf胚胎进行暴露染毒处理,每24 h更换1次冰片溶液,分别在8、24、48、72、96 hpf时间点以显微镜观察班马鱼胚胎发育形态,测定24 hpf斑马鱼胚胎自主抽动次数、48 hpf心率、孵化率、畸形率和死亡率。实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应法检测斑马鱼胚胎Sepn1基因表达的情况。结果:与空白对照组比较,冰片④、⑤、⑥组斑马鱼胚胎48 hpf出现脊柱弯曲、心囊水肿、卵黄囊水肿,游泳异常的毒性症状;冰片②、③、④、⑤、⑥组斑马鱼胚胎24 hpf自动抽动次数减少;冰片④、⑤、⑥组斑马鱼胚胎24 hpf心率减少;在48 hpf时,冰片①、②、③、④、⑤、⑥组斑马鱼胚胎孵化率降低;在72 hpf时,冰片②、③、④、⑤、⑥组斑马鱼胚胎孵化率降低;在96 hpf时,冰片⑤、⑥组斑马鱼胚胎孵化率降低;冰片④、⑤、⑥组斑马鱼胚胎96 hpf畸形率增加;24 hpf后,冰片④、⑤、⑥组斑马鱼胚胎死亡率降低;冰片④组Sepn1 mRNA表达增强,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:高剂量冰片对斑马鱼胚胎发育有明显影响,且呈现一定的时间依赖性。建议婴幼儿、孕妇和哺乳期的妇女长时间或大剂量使用含冰片的药物均应谨慎。     

佐匹克隆及其杂质对斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性的比较研究

目的 对佐匹克隆及其主要杂质的斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性进行比较研究.方法 以斑马鱼胚胎为实验对象,在体视光学显微镜下观察佐匹克隆及其主要杂质(杂质A、B、C和2-氨基-5-氯吡啶)在不同暴露浓度时对斑马鱼胚胎发育情况的影响,包括胚胎致畸、致死情况的检测与统计.结果 佐匹克隆及其4个杂质对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性表型类似;毒性作用...     

甘脯酰阿霉素对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性评估

目的:考察甘脯酰阿霉素(Z-GP-Dox)对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性、心脏毒性及外周血液毒性。方法:以24hpf(受精后小时)斑马鱼胚胎为模型,二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂,以1.25、2.5、5、10、15、20μmol·L-1Z-GP-Dox与阿霉素(Dox)对48、72、96hpf胚胎存活率的影响考察急性毒性,以5、10μmol·L-1Z-GP-Dox与Dox对72hpf胚胎心率的影响考察心脏毒性,以对红细胞和嗜中性细胞数量的影响考察外周血液毒性,并设溶剂对照组进行比较。结果:溶剂对胚胎存活无明显影响,Dox>10μmol·L-1时,96hpf胚胎存活率小于25%,而Z-GP-Dox为20μmol·L-1时依然有70%以上的胚胎存活;与溶剂对照组比较,5、10μmol·L-1Dox明显降低胚胎的心率和嗜中性细胞数量,而5、10μmol·L-1Z-GP-Dox对胚胎心率、红细胞和嗜中性细胞数量均无明显影响。结论:Z-GP-Dox的毒性比Dox低。     

三氯异氰尿酸对斑马鱼胚胎及幼鱼的发育毒性

目的探讨新型消毒剂三氯异氰尿酸(TCCA)对斑马鱼胚胎及幼鱼的发育毒性。方法选择受精后2 h的斑马鱼胚胎进行染毒:①将胚胎置于含有TCCA 50,100,150,200,250和300 mg·L~(-1)的培养液中暴露48 h,检测半数致死浓度(LC_(50))。②将胚胎置于含有TCCA 0,10.4,20.8和41.7 mg·L~(-1)的培养液中暴露96 h,分别于暴露后48,72和96 h检测胚胎死亡率、畸形率和心率,采用羟胺法于暴露后2,4和6 h检测胚胎组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,HE染色观察暴露后7 d幼鱼头部组织病理结构。结果 TCCA暴露48 h,斑马鱼胚胎LC_(50)为166.9 mg·L~(-1)。与正常对照组相比,暴露后96 h,TCCA 41.7 mg·L~(-1)组斑马鱼胚胎死亡率和畸形率显著升高(P<0.05),TCCA各剂量组心率显著下降(P<0.05);暴露后72h,TCCA41.7mg·L~(-1)组死亡率显著升高(P<0.05),20.8和41.7mg·L~(-1)组畸形率显著升高(P<0.05),心率显著下降(P<0.05);暴露后48 h,TCCA 41.7 mg·L~(-1)组畸形率显著升高(P<0.05)、心率显著下降(P<0.05)。TCCA暴露4和6 h,20.8和41.7 mg·L~(-1)组SOD活性较正常对照组显著下降(P<0.05)。TCCA暴露7 d后,与正常对照组相比,各浓度组斑马鱼幼鱼均出现脑和眼部间隙变大及眼部视网膜分层不明显的病理改变。结论 TCCA对斑马鱼胚胎发育有毒性作用,能引起胚胎发育早期SOD活性下降,造成幼鱼视网膜组织结构损伤。     

Effects of embryonic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on zebrafish (Danio rerio) retinal development

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental pollutants that affect embryonic development. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of embryonic exposure to PCBs on early retinal development in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zebrafish embryos were immediately exposed to different concentrations (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg) of PCBs per liter of medium at 28.5 °C. Embryos were assessed at 30, 48, 72 and 96 h post‐fertilization (hpf) for changes in embryonic survival rate, development, larval retinal morphology and ultrastructure of the retina. The results show that PCB exposure decreased the survival rate of embryos in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Embryos exposed to the higher concentrations of PCBs (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg l^?1) displayed obvious gross morphological deformities. At 72 hpf, the retinal layer development of zebrafish was delayed at higher PCB concentrations (1.0 mg l^?1). At 96 hpf, irregularity of photoreceptor cells arrangement and thickening of photoreceptor and ganglionic layers were observed in PCB‐treated larvae at concentrations of 0.25–1 mg l^?1. Ultrastructural examination showed signs of growth inhibition of the photoreceptor outer segment at 0.25–1 mg l^?1 PCB exposure at 72 hpf, as well as the appearance of massive vacuoles and holes inside the outer segments in the PCB exposure group at 96 hpf. These results suggest that embryonic exposure to moderate and high levels of PCBs induced developmental deficits in zebrafish retinas, particularly in photoreceptor cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of methylmercury exposure on early central nervous system development in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo

Much attention is focused on environmental contamination by heavy metals. The heavy metal mercury is found worldwide and is ranked number 3 on the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act substance list. We examined the effect of low‐level methylmercury exposure on central nervous system development of wild‐type zebrafish embryos (ZFEs) of the AB strain because methylmercury is the most common form of mercury to which humans are exposed in the environment. ZFEs were exposed to nine different concentrations of methylmercury [0 (negative control), 5, 10, 50, 80, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 parts per billion (μg l^?1)] starting at 6 h post‐fertilization, which is the time the neural tube is first beginning to form. ZFEs were exposed to 2% ethanol as positive controls (100% embryonic death). ZFEs were assessed at 30, 54, 72 and 96 h post‐fertilization for changes in embryonic development, mortality, time of hatching and morphological deformities. No abnormalities were observed in ZFEs exposed to 5 μg l^?1 methylmercury. The time of hatching from the chorion was delayed in ZFEs exposed to methylmercury concentrations of 50 μg l^?1 or higher. Significantly more ZFEs exposed to 0, 5 or 10 μg l^?1 methylmercury successfully completed hatching compared with ZFEs exposed to 50 μg l^?1 or higher methylmercury. ZFEs exposed to more than 200 μg l^?1 methylmercury exhibited 100% embryonic mortality. The rate of cell proliferation within the neural tube was significantly decreased in embryos exposed to 10, 50 and 80 μg l^?1 methylmercury and there were no differences between these doses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

17α-乙炔雌二醇对斑马鱼胚胎发育的致畸作用及其基因靶位

随着炔雌二醇临床适用范围的扩大和畜牧渔业中的滥用所导致的环境污染, 使得建立准确、简便、快速的体内检测方法和开展对雌二醇的胚胎发育毒理研究愈显重要。本文以17α-乙炔雌二醇 (17α-ethynylestradiol, EE2) 为代表化合物, 利用模式动物斑马鱼研究了EE2的致畸性、靶组织和靶基因及其对胚胎心律的影响。结果表明, EE2的半数致畸浓度 (TC₅₀) 为0.8 μg·mL⁻¹, 半数致死浓度 (LD₅₀) 为3.3 μg·mL⁻¹; 其致畸靶位涉及脑和眼、心、肌肉、骨骼、色素和内脏。EE2可导致胚胎心率异常。胚胎对EE2敏感期主要在器官形成期之前, 且具有时间积累效应。RT-PCR结果显示, EE2可抑制头部发育基因如boz, 促进躯干和尾部发育的基因如ntl、spt和成形素shh基因, 干扰多功能的Nodal信号基因cyc、sqt和oep。本研究利用斑马鱼建立了快速、有效体内检测炔雌二醇类化合物胚胎毒性的方法。     

多柔比星斑马鱼胚胎心脏发育毒性表现

目的通过观察多柔比星的斑马鱼胚胎心脏毒性表现,为其作为心脏毒性评价模型提供可靠的检测指标。方法选择发育正常的6hpf(hours post fertilization)斑马鱼胚胎暴露于多柔比星2.16～34.48μmol·L-148h。显微镜观察72hpf斑马鱼心血管系统的形态学改变。通过DVC摄像系统测定心率;测量静脉窦-动脉球(SV-BA)间距,HE染色观察斑马鱼心肌结构。结果多柔比星2.16μmol·L-1组斑马鱼心血管系统形态无改变,但心率下降,为(166±5)min-1;SV-BA间距增加,为(237±13)μm。多柔比星4.31μmol·L-1可引起斑马鱼出现心包水肿,心脏畸形,心率减低,为(166±5)min-1;SV-BA间距增加,为(268±13)μm。随着多柔比星浓度增加,斑马鱼出现体长缩短、体节发育异常、脊柱弯曲、卵黄囊水肿、出血、心脏缩小等多种表型改变。心脏组织切片显示,多柔比星8.62μmol·L-1可引起斑马鱼心包腔变大、心脏缩小、心肌层变薄和心肌细胞减少。结论多柔比星对斑马鱼胚胎心脏毒性作用的表现与对哺乳动物的毒性作用表现相同,有望成为评价药物心脏发育毒性的模型。     

桔梗皂苷对斑马鱼心功能及胚胎发育的影响

目的探索桔梗总苷对斑马鱼心律及胚胎发育的影响。方法从中药饮片提取桔梗总苷,用不同浓度的桔梗总苷对不同发育阶段的斑马鱼胚胎进行处理,观察该药对斑马鱼心律及心脏发育的影响。结果桔梗总苷处理后发现,斑马鱼心率减缓但未出现心律失常;心脏功能相关的离子通道基因表达水平略有降低;高浓度(10mg·L-1)的桔梗总苷处理导致斑马鱼胚胎的死亡与畸形的比例显著增加,同时干扰了斑马鱼胚胎的发育过程。结论桔梗不能引起心律失常,但高浓度用药导致心率迟缓、心功能下降以及致畸致死效应。     

Effects of soluble sulfide on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryonic development

Zebrafish embryos were used to investigate the developmental effects of sulfide. Mortality, teratogenic effects, and developmental parameters of early developmental embryos were recorded. The biodistribution of sulfide in developing zebrafish embryos and larvae were measured through fluorescence imaging. The influences of sulfide on the cardiac function and development velocity of zebrafish embryos were dependent on sulfide concentration. Heart rate and development velocity increased with exposure to lower sulfide concentrations, which may be attributed to the cardioprotective properties of H₂S. Meanwhile, heart rate and development velocity decreased, whereas pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, and trunk abnormalities occurred with exposure to higher sulfide concentrations. Sulfide accumulated in the blastoderm of early developmental embryos and was then transported to the yolk sac and yolk extension with the embryonic development. Finally, sulfide was transferred from the yolk to the eyes of zebrafish larvae. The details of mechanism of sulfide toxicity require further research.     

Silver nanoparticles affect the neural development of zebrafish embryos

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely used in commercial products. This study aims to understand the impact of AgNPs on the early developmental stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Embryos were exposed to two sizes of AgNPs at three dose levels, as well to free Ag⁺ ions, for a range of 4–96 h post‐fertilization (hpf). The acute exposure study showed that exposure to AgNPs affected the neurological development, and the exposed embryos exhibited anomalies such as small head with hypoplastic hindbrain, small eye and cardiac defects. At the molecular level, AgNPs altered the expression profiles of neural development‐related genes (gfap, huC and ngn1), metal‐sensitive metallothioneins and ABCC genes in exposed embryos. The expression of AhR2 and Cyp1A, which are usually considered to mediate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon toxicity, were also significantly changed. A size‐dependent uptake of AgNPs was observed, whereby 4 nm AgNPs were more efficiently taken up compared with the 10 nm‐sized particles. Importantly, the head area accumulated AgNPs more efficiently than the trunk area of exposed zebrafish embryos. No free Ag⁺ ions, which can be potentially released from the AgNP solutions, were detected. This study suggests that AgNPs could affect the neural development of zebrafish embryos, and the toxicity of AgNPs may be partially attributed to the comparatively higher uptake in the head area. These results indicate the potential neurotoxicity of AgNPs and could be extended to other aquatic organisms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

环磷酰胺对大鼠胚胎脑及骨骼发育的毒性作用

目的探讨环磷酰胺对大鼠胚胎脑及骨骼发育的毒性作用。方法将受孕大鼠随机分为对照组和给药组(设4个剂量:5、10、15、20mg·kg-1),自动物受孕d8开始,给药组分别给予环磷酰胺,对照组给予等量生理盐水,每日1次,连续给药3d。受孕d20处死孕鼠观察环磷酰胺对胎鼠体表、四肢形态、骨骼和脑形态发育的影响。结果给予环磷酰胺5mg·kg-1组胎鼠体表、四肢形态、骨骼和脑形态未见明显变化;10mg·kg-1体重组胎鼠中脑导水管和左右脑室增宽,大脑半球、腰椎骨、肋骨、肢掌骨发育不全;15mg·kg-1组胎鼠侧脑室扩大、大脑皮质、颞叶、双侧被盖区及结合臂发育不全,枕骨缺如,脑膨出,椎骨裂开,肋骨骨化不全,四肢远端骨未骨化;20mg·kg-1体重组未见成形胚胎。结论环磷酰胺对大鼠胚胎脑及骨骼发育有明显的毒性作用。