单硝酸异山梨酯定时脉冲控释片的研究

目的制备单硝酸异山梨酯定时脉冲控释片(ISMN-5-PRT)并考察体外释药的影响因素和家犬体内药动学。方法采用压制包衣技术制备ISMN-5-PRT,考察体外影响因素、释药机理,并进行家犬体内药动学和生物利用度研究。结果硬度、包衣层用量、溶出介质粘度对时滞影响显著。药物除少部分通过扩散释放外,主要是通过包衣层的不断溶蚀、破裂后释放。体外ISMN-5-PRT在约3h后开始释药,4h内释药大于80%;家犬体内定时脉冲释放片和普通片的Tmax分别为5.3±0.4、1.4±0.5h,Camx分别为288±47、302±69ng·ml-1,相对生物利用度为111.5%±8.6%。结论ISMN-5-PRT在体内外均具有脉冲释药特征。     

茶碱脉冲式控释微丸的制备

目的：探讨茶碱脉冲式控释微丸的处方组成和制备工艺。方法：采用多层包衣的方法,以体外释药时滞和释药速率为指标,经正交试验设计,筛选较佳的处方组成和工艺。结果：制得的脉冲控释微丸体外释药时滞为６ｈ左右,在６－９ｈ内释药在７５％～９５％,稳定性良好。结论：采用多层包衣的能够制香合适的茶碱脉冲式控释微丸。     

均匀设计在芦丁控释片研究中的应用

目的 研究芦丁控释片的制备及体外释药特性。方法 以羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、可压性淀粉(pregelatlnizedstarch)、微晶纤维素(MCC)为辅料，采用粉末直接压片法制备缓释骨架片，以均匀设计法进行处方的筛选，并考察优选处方体外溶出特性。结果HPMC用量越大，芦丁释放速率越慢，优化后处方体外释药符合Higuchi方程，控释片10h体外释药90％左右，不同时间的释药参数分别为t0．5=4．23h，t0．9=10．86h。结论 该片剂处方合理，制备工艺简单易行，适合工业化生产。     

制片工艺对芦丁缓释骨架片释药机制影响研究

目的：考察制片工艺对芦丁缓释骨架片释药机制的影响情况。方法：以羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)为骨架材料制备缓释骨架片，利用Peppas经验式释放指数n值，评价制片工艺对芦丁缓释骨架片体外释药机制的影响。结果：干法制片的释药比湿法快。结论：干法制片与湿法制片有相同的释药机制。     

双氯芬酸钠脉冲释药微丸在人体内γ-闪烁显像示踪研究

目的研究双氯芬酸钠脉冲释药微丸的体内过程。方法采用γ-闪烁显像示踪技术观察脉冲释药微丸在胃肠道转运和崩解释药的情况。结果本研究制备的口服脉冲释药微丸在人体内实现了3h时滞后的脉冲释药。结论双氯芬酸钠脉冲释药微丸在人体内具有脉冲释药特征。     

基于普朗尼克双配体修饰的载药纳米靶向聚合物胶束制备工艺的筛选及靶向性评价

目的 优选载多柔比星(阿霉素,DOX)纳米靶向聚合物胶束的制备工艺,并对其体外释放行为和体外靶向性进行考察.方法 以琥珀酰亚胺法合成靶向聚合物材料,以包封率、载药量和总评归一化值为评价指标,利用星点设计-响应面法优化薄膜水化法设计考察投药量、有机溶剂体积、水化体积对纳米胶束制备的影响,并优选处方.以与羟基磷灰石(HA)和离体骨片共同孵育考察骨靶向性;以乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-231)为模型做体外细胞摄取考察肿瘤细胞靶向性.结果 成功合成靶向聚合物材料P123-ALN和P123-DP-8,优选纳米胶束最佳制备工艺为:DOX投药量5.48 mg,有机溶剂体积7.28 ml,水化体积8.58 ml.根据筛选出的最佳制备工艺,确定混合载体材料的比例为4∶1时,制备的双配体修饰的纳米靶向聚合物胶束P123-ALN/P123-DP-8@DOX符合纳米制剂的制备要求,包封率为76.97％,载药量3.70％,粒径122.97 nm,ζ电位-12.60 mV,缓释和体外靶向性良好.结论 用最优处方制备的纳米靶向聚合物胶束可为后续骨靶向给药奠定基础.     

粉末直接压片法制备川芎嗪骨架片最佳工艺研究

目的：研制持续释药12h的磷酸川芎嗪骨架片。方法：根据预实验结果，采用正交设计进行处方设计和工艺优化，并用中国药典(2000年版)释放度测定方法测定骨架片的体外释放度。结果：直接压片可得到理想的片型，缓释片体外释药1h释放度为25．0％左右，12h在90．0％以上。12h内释药特性符合Higuchi方程。结论：粉末直接压片法工艺简单可行，骨架片体外释放效果良好。     

载药肿瘤微血管栓塞颗粒制备及其抗肿瘤作用初探

目的 制备加载化疗药物的纳米微粒,研究其性质及体外释药特点,探讨体外对人原代肝癌细胞的毒性作用,为用于临床肿瘤微血管介入栓塞提供理论依据.方法 以盐酸吉西他滨-复方甘草酸苷共聚物为药物载体,加载化疗药物多柔比星制备载药纳米微粒.扫描电镜观察微粒形态,纳米粒度电位仪检测微粒粒径分布及电位,高效液相色谱法计算载药率及包封率,透析袋扩散法作体外释放动力学试验,体外考察纳米药物稳定性及释药性能.CCK-8法检测纳米药物在体外对人原代肝癌细胞的毒性作用.结果 本法制备的载药纳米微粒外观呈圆球形,平均粒径(62.83±5.19) nm,平均电位-17.9 mV;载药率、包封率分别为3.16％、66.27％;有良好的缓释特性,对人原代肝癌细胞生长有明显抑制作用.结论 本法制备的载药纳米微粒具有较好的药物缓释性及抗肿瘤效应,是一种具有良好应用前景的抗肿瘤纳米药物.     

盐酸环丙沙星阴道泡腾片的制备与质量控制

目的：制备盐酸环丙沙星阴道泡腾片并建立该制剂的质量控制标准。方法：采用正交设计对外方辅料进行筛选，考察制剂的稳定性及体外释药性能，建立紫外分当光度法测定盐酸环丙沙星的含量。结果：本制备工艺可行，制剂体外释药性能优于普通片和栓剂，对光，热稳定，对湿度不稳定，结论：该制剂为一新型局部外用制剂，质量控制准确可靠。     

甲氧氯普胺口溶片的处方筛选及体外溶出度特性

目的：研制甲氧氯普胺口溶片，并比较其与普通市售片的体外溶出度。方法：正交设计法优化甲氧氯普胺口溶片的处方，制备最佳工艺，进行溶出度比较研究。结果：正交试验优选的最佳工艺为A2B1C3D1。优选后制备的口溶片较普通片的溶出特征有显差异，口溶片的释放速率明显快于普通片。结论：该研究制备的口溶片能显提高甲氧氯普胺释药速率。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.