Extra-Mammary Findings Detected on Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Pictorial Essay

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast is used for various indications. Contrary to computed tomography as a staging tool, breast MRI focuses on the breast parenchyma and axilla. In spite of narrow field of view, many structures such as the anterior portion of the lungs, mediastinum, bony structures and the liver are included which should not be neglected because the abnormalities detected on the above structures may influence the staging and provide a clue to systemic metastasis, which results in the change of treatment strategy. The purpose of this pictorial essay was to review the unexpected extra-mammary findings seen on the preoperative breast MRI.     

Radiation-Induced Complications after Breast Cancer Radiation Therapy: a Pictorial Review of Multimodality Imaging Findings

The purpose of this pictorial essay is to illustrate the multimodality imaging findings of a wide spectrum of radiation-induced complications of breast cancer in the sequence of occurrence. We have classified radiation-induced complications into three groups based on the time sequence of occurrence. Knowledge of these findings will allow for the early detection of complications as well as the ability to differentiate tumor recurrence.     

MR Imaging of Central Diabetes Insipidus: A Pictorial Essay

Central diabetes insipidus (DI) can be the outcome of a number of diseases that affect the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal axis. The causes of the condition can be classified as traumatic, inflammatory, or neoplastic. Traumatic causes include postoperative sella or transection of the pituitary stalk, while infectious or inflammatory causes include meningitis, lymphocytic hypophysitis, and granulomatous inflammations such as sarcoidosis and Wegener''s granulomatosis. Various neoplastic conditions such as germinoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, metastasis, leukemic infiltration, lymphoma, teratoma, pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, Rathke cleft cyst, hypothalamic glioma, and meningioma are also causes of central DI. In affected patients, careful analysis of these MR imaging features and correlation with the clinical manifestations can allow a more specific diagnosis, which is essential for treatment.     

Imaging findings of breast augmentation with injected hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel: Patient reports and literature review

Hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) is a nonresorbable soft tissue filler that has been used as implant material for breast augmentation in some countries, particularly from the Asian continent. Many complications associated with hydrogel use have been reported in the clinical literature including inflammation, persistent mastodynia, formation of multiple lumps, poor cosmetic results, glandular atrophy, and significant spread of hydrogel into the surrounding tissue. Data on long-term toxicity is currently unavailable.The radiologic features of PAAG injection mammoplasty frequently constitute a diagnostic challenge for radiologists. Indeed, the imaging appearances of uncomplicated PAAG implants may mimic conventional implants on mammography, sonography and MRI, with some distinguishing features. The location and local spread of the injected PAAG, and the eventual detection of local inflammation, are best evaluated by ultrasonography and especially MRI, considered the most sensitive technique for assessment of PAAG mammoplasty. MRI clearly depicts the volume and the distribution of gel within the breast; contrast medium enhancement allows delineation of areas of inflammation and infection. It is important to be familiar with the spectrum of imaging findings in order to make an accurate diagnosis and offer proper management.This paper aims to review the normal and abnormal mammographic, sonographic, and MR imaging characteristics of PAAG augmentation mammoplasty through presented patient reviews of three women having undergone direct PAAG injection.     

Inflammatory Pseudotumor of the Breast: a Case Report with Imaging Findings

Inflammatory pseudotumor, also known as inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor and plasma cell granuloma, is an uncommon low-grade lesion composed of spindle cells admixed with mature plasma cells and other inflammatory cells, such as histiocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Here, we describe the mammographic and ultrasonographic findings of a case of an inflammatory pseudotumor of the breast in a 60-year-old woman. With the suspicion of malignancy, core needle biopsy and surgical excision confirmed the mass as being an inflammatory pseudotumor of the breast.     

Ultrasonography of Various Thyroid Diseases in Children and Adolescents: A Pictorial Essay

Thyroid imaging is indicated to evaluate congenital hypothyroidism during newborn screening or in cases of a palpable thyroid mass in children and adolescents. This pictorial essay reviews the ultrasonography (US) of thyroid diseases in children and adolescents, including normal thyroid gland development, imaging features of congenital thyroid disorders (dysgenesis, [aplasia, ectopy, hypoplasia], dyshormonogenesis, transient hypothyroidism, thyroglossal duct cyst), diffuse thyroid disease (Grave''s disease, Hashimoto''s thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis), and thyroid nodules. The primary imaging modalities for evaluating thyroid diseases are US and radionuclide scintigraphy. Additionally, US can be used to guide aspiration of detected nodules.     

Diagnostic Performance of Breast-Specific Gamma Imaging (BSGI) for Breast Cancer: Usefulness of Dual-Phase Imaging with 99mTc-sestamibi

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI) with dual-phase imaging for increasing diagnostic performance and interpreter confidence.

Methods

We studied 76 consecutive patients (mean age: 49.3 years, range: 33–61 years) who received 925 MBq (25 mCi) ^99mTc-sestamibi intravenously. Craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique planar images were acquired for all patients. Delayed images were obtained from all patients 1 h after tracer injection, except for patients with no definite abnormal uptake. All images were classified into four categories: group 1 (definite negative) = no definite abnormal uptake; group 2 (possible negative) = symmetrically diffuse and amorphous uptake; group 3 (possible positive) = asymmetrically mild and nodular uptake; group 4 (definite positive) = asymmetrically intense and nodular uptake. To evaluate diagnostic performance, the BSGI studies were classified as positive (group 3 or 4) or negative (group 1 or 2) for malignancy according to a visual analysis. The final diagnoses were derived from histopathological confirmation and/or imaging follow-up after at least 6 months (range: 6–14 months) by both ultrasonography and mammography.

Results

The patients’ ages ranged from 33 to 61 years, with an average of 49.3 years. Thirteen patients were diagnosed with malignancy, and 63 patients were diagnosed as negative for malignancy. Using early images, 43 patients were classified as group 1, 12 as group 2, 10 as group 3 and 11 as group 4. Based on early images, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of BSGI were 77 %, 83 %, 48 %, 95 % and 82 %, respectively. Dual-phase BSGI had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of 69 %, 95 %, 75 %, 94 % and 91 %, respectively. The BSGI specificity was significantly higher with dual-phase imaging than with single-phase imaging (p = 0.0078), but the sensitivity did not differ significantly (p = 1.0). Based on dual-phase imaging, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of BSGI for the evaluation of US BI-RADS 4 lesions were 60 %, 86 %, 67 %, 83 % and 78 %, respectively.

Conclusion

Dual-phase imaging in BSGI showed good diagnostic performance and would be useful for increasing interpreter diagnostic confidence, with higher specificity, positive predictive value and accuracy for breast cancer screening as well as the differential diagnosis of breast disease compared with single-phase imaging.     

乳腺专用磁共振成像、乳腺X线摄影及超声检查对乳腺癌诊断价值的对照研究

目的回顾性比较研究乳腺专用磁共振成像(dedicated breast magnetic resonance imaging,DBMRI)、超声(ultrasound,US)及乳腺X线摄影(mammography,MG)3种检查方法对乳腺癌的诊断价值。方法搜集我院行手术治疗并于术前同时行DBMRI、MG及US 3种检查的患者共612例,剔除36例于检查时已行新辅助化疗的患者,共576例患者纳入本研究,所有入组患者均以病理学结果作为金标准。数据分析与统计采用SPSS 13.0统计软件。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 DBMR对乳腺癌病灶检出的敏感性为97.1%,高于MG(77.6%)(χ2=53.904,P=0.000)及US(91.0%)(χ2=10.370,P=0.001);MG对乳腺癌病灶检出的特异性为88.8%,高于DB-MR(82.8%)(χ2=3.925,P=0.048)及US(82.5%)(χ2=4.383,P=0.036)。对于导管内癌,DBMRI检出的敏感性为97.9%,高于US(77.8%)(χ2=29.445,P=0.000)及MG(71.1%)(χ2=9.680,P=0.002)。在致密型乳腺中,DBMRI诊断灵敏度高为96.0%,高于MG(66.7%)(χ2=35.806,P=0.000);US诊断敏感性为92.1%,高于MG(66.7%)(χ2=24.812,P=0.000)。在非致密型乳腺中,DBMR诊断敏感性为97.9%,高于MG(85%)(χ2=19.684,P=0.000)及US(90.4%)(χ2=19.684,P=0.002)。DBMRI、MG、US对伴钙化的乳腺癌检出的敏感性分别为98.3%、94.0%和94.8%。结论 DBMRI对乳腺癌的检出敏感性高,但特异性较低;对于导管内癌的诊断,DBMRI具有显著优势;在致密型乳腺乳腺癌的检出中,DBMRI与US均具有高敏感性,优于MG。     

Helical CT Angiography of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Treated with Suprarenal Stent Grafting: A Pictorial Essay

The endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with stent grafts is rapidly becoming an important alternative to open repair. Suprarenal stent grafting, recently modified from conventional infrarenal stent grafting, is a technique for the purpose of treating patients with inappropriate aneurysm necks. Unlike open repair, the success of endoluminal repair cannot be ascertained by means of direct examination and thus relies on imaging results. The use of conventional angiography for arterial imaging has become less dominant, while helical computed tomography angiography (CTA) has become the imaging modality of choice for both preoperative assessment and postoperative followup after treatment with stent graft implants. There is an increasing likelihood that radiologists will become more and more involved in the procedure of aortic stent grafting and in giving the radiological report on these patients treated with stent grafts. It is necessary for radiologists to be familiar with the imaging findings, including common and uncommon appearances following aortic stent grafting. The purpose of this pictorial essay is to describe and present normal and abnormal imaging appearances following aortic stent grafting based on helical CTA.     

Imaging Surveillance of Patients with Breast Cancer after Primary Treatment: Current Recommendations

Women who have been treated for breast cancer are at risk for second breast cancers, such as ipsilateral recurrence or contralateral metachronous breast cancer. As the number of breast cancer survivors increases, interest in patient management and surveillance after treatment has also increased. However, post-treatment surveillance programs for patients with breast cancer have not been firmly established. In this review, we focus on the imaging modalities that have been used in post-treatment surveillance for patients with breast cancer, such as mammography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography, the effectiveness of each modality for detecting recurrence, and how they can be applied to manage patients.     

Immunoglobulin G4-Related Kidney Disease: A Comprehensive Pictorial Review of the Imaging Spectrum,Mimickers, and Clinicopathological Characteristics

Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related kidney disease (IgG4-KD) has recently been demonstrated to be an important part of IgG4-related sclerosing disease (IgG4-SD). However, since IgG4-KD is still relatively unfamiliar to radiologists and physicians as compared to IgG4-SD involving other organs, it could, therefore, be easily missed. In this article, we present a comprehensive pictorial review of IgG4-KD with regards to the imaging spectrum, mimickers, and clinicopathologic characteristics, based on our clinical experience with 48 patients during the past 13 years, as well as a literature review. Awareness of the broad imaging spectrum of IgG4-KD and differential diagnosis from its mimickers will thus facilitate its early diagnosis and treatment.     

Pearls and Potential Pitfalls for Correct Diagnosis of Ovarian Cystadenofibroma in MRI: A Pictorial Essay

Ovarian cystadenofibroma is a benign ovarian tumor that is characterized by a consistent percentage of masses, which remain indeterminate in ultrasonography and require magnetic resonance (MR) investigation; they may mimic borderline or malignant lesions. Three main morphologic patterns, resembling different ovarian neoplasms, can be identified in cystadenofibromas: multilocular solid lesions, unilocular cystic lesions with parietal thickening, and purely cystic masses. However, a cystoadenofibroma has typical features, such as T2-weighted hypointensity associated with no restrictions in diffusion-weighted imaging (the so-called “dark-dark appearance”) and progressive post-contrast enhancement (type I perfusion curve). The purpose of this study was to review the features of ovarian cystadenofibromas in MR imaging and to suggest pearls and pitfalls regarding their correct diagnosis.     

乳腺肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤/肿瘤样病变临床病理及影像特征初探

目的 探讨乳腺肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤/肿瘤样病变的病理及影像学特征,提高对该病的认识与术前诊断准确率.方法 回顾分析4例经病理证实肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤/肿瘤样病变的临床特征、病理及影像学表现,并结合文献进行讨论.结果 4例均以临床发现乳腺肿块为主要症状.左乳3例,右乳1例.触诊表现为肿块质硬、边界不清、活动欠佳、无压痛,3例肿块与皮肤粘连,3例病变位置较浅(位于腺体边缘),1例位于乳腺深部.X线表现为不规则结节3例,分叶状肿块1例;2例边缘有毛刺,1例边缘清楚,周围腺体受挤压,1例边缘模糊;3例邻近皮肤增厚,1例仅表现为皮下脂肪层密度增高;4例合并异常血管影.病理结果示:结节性筋膜炎1例;肌纤维母细胞瘤2例,其中1例伴感染;肌纤维母细胞瘤样增生伴炎细胞浸润1例.结论 乳腺肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤/肿瘤样病变较少见,影像缺乏特异性征象,但综合分析病变发生年龄、部位及多种影像学特征,有助于提高该病诊断的准确性.     

Detection of Contralateral Breast Cancer Using Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Women with Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer: Comparison with Combined Mammography and Whole-Breast Ultrasound

ObjectiveTo compare the screening performance of diffusion-weighted (DW) MRI and combined mammography and ultrasound (US) in detecting clinically occult contralateral breast cancer in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer.Materials and MethodsBetween January 2017 and July 2018, 1148 women (mean age ± standard deviation, 53.2 ± 10.8 years) with unilateral breast cancer and no clinical abnormalities in the contralateral breast underwent 3T MRI, digital mammography, and radiologist-performed whole-breast US. In this retrospective study, three radiologists independently and blindly reviewed all DW MR images (b = 1000 s/mm² and apparent diffusion coefficient map) of the contralateral breast and assigned a Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System category. For combined mammography and US evaluation, prospectively assessed results were used. Using histopathology or 1-year follow-up as the reference standard, cancer detection rate and the patient percentage with cancers detected among all women recommended for tissue diagnosis (positive predictive value; PPV₂) were compared.ResultsOf the 30 cases of clinically occult contralateral cancers (13 invasive and 17 ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS]), DW MRI detected 23 (76.7%) cases (11 invasive and 12 DCIS), whereas combined mammography and US detected 12 (40.0%, five invasive and seven DCIS) cases. All cancers detected by combined mammography and US, except two DCIS cases, were detected by DW MRI. The cancer detection rate of DW MRI (2.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3%, 3.0%) was higher than that of combined mammography and US (1.0%; 95% CI: 0.5%, 1.8%; p = 0.009). DW MRI showed higher PPV₂ (42.1%; 95% CI: 26.3%, 59.2%) than combined mammography and US (18.5%; 95% CI: 9.9%, 30.0%; p = 0.001).ConclusionIn women with newly diagnosed breast cancer, DW MRI detected significantly more contralateral breast cancers with fewer biopsy recommendations than combined mammography and US.