2010年惠州市中心人民医院细菌耐药性分析

目的:分析2010年我院细菌耐药性的情况,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法:对我院2010年病原菌的耐药情况进行统计分析。药物敏感性试验采用纸片扩散法,耐药性数据分析则采用WHONET5.3软件。结果:10932份临床样本共检出1098株病原菌,其中,革兰阴性杆菌717株,革兰阳性杆菌341株,真菌40株。革兰阴性菌主要包括大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌等,革兰阳性菌主要包括葡萄球菌属、肠球菌属、链球菌属。临床分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药性较为严重。大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)比率分别为51.8%与42.7%。耐甲氧西林的金色葡萄球菌(MRSA)与表面葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为77.6%与86.5%。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南与亚胺培南较为敏感。未出现对万古霉素耐药的分离菌。结论:我院临床的细菌耐药发生率较高。应加强抗菌药物管理,合理使用抗菌药物,减少细菌耐药性的发生。     

1786份尿液培养病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的:了解尿液培养病原菌种类及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法:使用珠海迪尔公司的细菌鉴定和药敏系统,对本院2013—2014年1 786份送检尿液标本分离出的750株细菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,试验结果采用WHONET5.6软件进行统计分析。结果:分离出的750株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌占63.3%,革兰阳性球菌占24.8%,真菌占10.1%。分离率在前5位的细菌依次是大肠埃希菌(35.7%)、屎肠球菌(11.6%)、粪肠球菌(7.1%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(5.3%)、白色念珠菌(5.3%)、铜绿假单胞菌(5.2%)。大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)比例为54.1%、肺炎克雷伯菌产超光谱β-内酰胺酶比例为37.5%。革兰阴性杆菌耐药率较低的为亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉林、利奈唑胺的耐药率为0。结论:尿液中分离出的主要病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药性呈增高趋势,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物以降低耐药率。     

某院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶临床分离革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性及基因型分析

目的:调查某院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株的检出率、ESBLs基因型及耐药性。方法:对临床分离的57株耐哌拉西林革兰阴性(G-)杆菌进行ESBLs表型鉴定;琼脂二倍稀释法测定抗菌药最低抑菌浓度(MIC);测定ESBLs的活性;聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增检测blaSHV、blaTEM、blaCTX-MESBLs基因。结果:24株G-杆菌(42.1%)产ESBLs。产ESBLs菌对亚胺培南耐药率最低(4.2%)。携带blaSHV、blaTEM、blaCTX-M基因的菌株分别为3株(12.5%)、6株(25%)、9株(37.5%)。结论:产ESBLs是G-杆菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药的主要机制之一;CTX-M型ESBLs在我院有较高的流行;亚胺培南是治疗产ESBLsG-杆菌所致感染的有效药物。     

国产美罗培南对主要产β内酰胺酶的革兰阴性杆菌体外抗菌活性

目的:了解国产美罗培南对临床分离的主要产β内酰胺酶革兰阴性杆菌体外抗菌活性。方法:PCR 产物克隆测序及表型筛选试验检测大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及阴沟肠杆菌中头孢菌素酶(AmpC酶)和超广谱β内酰胺酶;用琼脂稀释法或Etest法测定国产及进口美罗培南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦及头孢哌酮-舒巴坦对149株革兰阴性杆菌的最低抑菌浓度。结果:产超广谱β内酰胺酶的大肠埃希苗和肺炎克雷菌的基因型主要为CTX-M型,阳性率达92％。国产和进口美罗培南和亚胺培南对产酶大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷菌和阴沟肠杆菌的敏感率均为100％,对鲍曼不动杆菌敏感率均为93％,对铜绿假单胞菌敏感分别为83％和 76％。结论:国产美罗培南对革兰阴性杆菌在体外有较强的抗菌活性。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞细菌临床分离株金属酶检测的研究

目的了解昆明地区临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌(PA)亚胺培南耐药株产金属酶β-内酰胺酶的情况。方法以头孢他啶、亚胺培南、美洛培南为底物,乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-Na2)为酶抑制剂,应用复合纸片法检测159株临床分离的PA亚胺培南耐药株产金属β-内酰胺酶。结果159株受试菌株中有35株复合纸片试验阳性,表示受试菌株产金属β-内酰胺酶。结论产金属酶是PA对碳青酶烯类抗菌药物耐药的机制之一,实验室重视对金属酶的检测可帮助临床合理选用抗菌药物并减少细菌耐药性的传播。     

我院2004～2007年间革兰阴性菌分离及耐药情况分析

目的了解昆明市延安医院临床分离革兰阴性菌的分布及耐药情况,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法对我院2004年1月至2007年12月门诊及住院患者临床标本中分离的革兰阴性菌和药敏试验结果进行统计分析。结果肠杆菌属和非发酵菌在革兰阴性菌感染中占据着首要地位;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌分离率增高,仅对亚胺培南等少数药物敏感;分离革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南敏感率最高,对奎诺酮类药物相对敏感,对大多数β-内酰胺类和氨基糖甙类抗菌药有较高的耐药率。结论革兰阴性菌对大部分抗菌药物有耐药性,应建立细菌耐药监测,加强对抗菌药物使用和消毒工作的管理。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶革兰阴性杆菌的检测和耐药性研究

目的 研究汕头地区革兰阴性杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）情况及其耐药特性,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据.方法 收集汕头地区革兰阴性杆菌共1 445株（大肠埃希菌895株和肺炎克雷伯菌550株）,采用Vitek-2全自动细菌鉴定和药敏分析仪进行ESBL检测和药敏实验.结果 69.4%大肠埃希菌和33.6%肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs.产ESBLs菌株对青霉素类、头孢菌素类和单环类抗生素的耐药率极高 产ESBLs菌株存在多重耐药性,而且对多种抗生素的耐药率明显比不产ESBLs菌株高 产ESBLs菌株和不产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南均未出现耐药.结论 汕头地区革兰阴性杆菌中ESBLs菌株检出率高 产ESBLs菌株耐药性比不产ESBLs菌株高,且耐药表型多样性 亚胺培南是临床治疗产ESBLs菌株感染的首选药物.     

西部地区某医院2010年度主要病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的 了解西部地区某医院2010年临床分离主要病原菌分布及病原茵对常见抗菌药物的耐药状况.方法 对医院2010年临床科室6 736份送检标本中培养分离出的1 381株(20.50%)条件致病菌进行分析.结果 1 381株临床分离菌中革兰阳性球菌占27.95%,革兰阴性杆菌占61.62%.耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和表皮葡萄球菌检出率分别占10.38%和6.63%;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素具有很好的敏感性.在革兰阴性杆菌中,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠埃希茵和肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种分别占20.27%和8.39%;在非发酵菌中以铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌最常见,绝大部分革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南具有很好的敏感性.结论 细菌耐药呈上升趋势,多重耐药日趋严重,开展细菌耐药性监测工作和掌握细菌耐药性变迁动态,对于指导-临床合理使用抗菌药物和有效控制院内感染具有重要意义.     

左向右分流型先天性心脏病合并下呼吸道感染患儿痰培养病原菌特点及耐药性分析

[摘要]目的:分析先天性心脏病合并下呼吸道感染患儿痰培养病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法:选择我院2013年8月至2015年8月住院的先天性心脏病合并下呼吸道感染患儿336例,对其痰液进行培养和药敏试验。结果:分离出病原菌352株,革兰阴性杆菌占79.8%,前3位分别为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌;革兰阳性球菌占15.1%,前3位分别为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌;真菌占5.1%。药敏结果显示,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌主要为肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌。鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率达73.5%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦相对敏感(耐药率30.2%)。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为7.7%。革兰阳性球菌中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率为47.6%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为 16.7%,未检测出耐万古霉素菌株。肺炎链球菌对青霉素类及头孢菌素类耐药率达60%-100%,对万古霉素、替考拉宁及利奈唑胺高度敏感。结论:先天性心脏病合并下呼吸道感染优势病原菌为革兰阴性杆菌,且混合感染多见,各类细菌对常用抗菌药物表现为多重耐药,应及早并反复多次行深部痰培养检查以提高阳性率,临床上在痰培养未得到结果前可选用以抗革兰阴性杆菌为主的抗菌药物,联用抗革兰阳性球菌的抗菌药物经验治疗方案。     

观察革兰阴性杆菌及产酶株对法罗培南的耐药性

目的 观察2007年1月～2008年5月临床分离621株革兰阴性杆菌对法罗培南(FRP)的耐药率,并和其它18种抗生素进行比较.方法 采用超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)确认试验检测,头孢西丁三维试验检测AmpC酶.法罗培南用肉汤稀释法测定以美罗培南MIC90＞4μg/ml为耐药判读标准,其它抗生素的药敏试验用KB法.结果 法罗培南对621株革兰阴性杆菌的总耐药率14.6%,明显低于其它抗牛素(P＜0.05);对产ESBL株、双产酶株的耐药率分别为12.2%和15.0%,均显著低于其它抗生素(P＜0.05);对产诱导酶株的耐药率为3.16%,与亚胺培南和美罗培南相近(P＞0.05),显著低于其它抗生素(P＜0.01).结论 法罗培南对革兰阴性杆菌及其产酶株有良好的抗菌活性,且优于亚胺培南和美罗培南.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.