LC-MS/MS鉴定木兰花碱在大鼠体内外主要代谢产物

目的 研究木兰花碱在大鼠体内外的主要代谢产物及代谢途径。方法 SD大鼠ig木兰花碱（50 mg/kg）,收集0~24 h尿液和粪便,0~6 h胆汁以及1、2、4、6、8 h血浆;体外代谢采用肝微粒体温孵系统和肠菌培养液。利用LC-MS/MS对生物样品中的原型药及代谢产物进行鉴定。采用Agilent TC-C₁₈色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,体积流量1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃。质谱采用电喷雾电离源（ESI）,正离子采集模式;扫描范围m/z100~1 000。根据药物体内代谢规则,结合木兰花碱的色谱保留时间和多级质谱碎片离子特征,推测其代谢产物的结构。结果 给药后生物样品中共鉴定出12个代谢产物,其中Ⅰ相代谢产物8个,Ⅱ相代谢产物4个。主要的代谢途径为羟基化、去甲基化、脱氢作用、酮基化、葡萄糖化、葡萄糖醛酸化及硫酸酯化。结论 木兰花碱在体内可发生Ⅰ相和Ⅱ相代谢,肠道菌群和肝药酶可催化木兰花碱发生Ⅰ相代谢转化,Ⅱ相代谢存在于肠道以外部位,最有可能的部位是肝脏。     

牡荆素在大鼠体内的代谢研究

目的 研究黄酮碳苷牡荆素在大鼠体内的代谢产物,并推测其代谢途径。方法 SD大鼠灌胃给予5 mg·kg^-1牡荆素,收集0~3 h,3~6 h,6~12 h的尿液,采用UPLC-Q-TOF检测尿样中代谢产物。结果 采用Metabolynx XS代谢物分析软件,根据质谱碎片信息对代谢物进行结构鉴定,最终得到3个代谢产物。结论 牡荆素在大鼠尿液中检测得到1个一相代谢产物,2个二相代谢产物,推测牡荆素在大鼠体内主要发生氧化、甲基化和葡萄糖醛酸结合反应,其中葡萄糖醛酸化反应是较强的代谢种类。     

基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术鉴定防风在大鼠体内的入血成分及代谢产物

目的 研究防风Saposhnikovia divaricata（Turcz.）Schischk.水煎液在大鼠体内的入血成分及代谢产物。方法 应用超高效液相色谱串联飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）技术鉴定防风入血成分及代谢产物。采用Eclipse Plus C₁₈色谱柱（150mm×2.1mm,1.8μm）,流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液（A）-0.1%甲酸乙腈（B）,梯度洗脱,流速0.3 ml/min,进样量3 μl。结果 建立了大鼠给药后血浆样品的分析测定方法,并且与空白血浆、防风水煎液和对照品的保留时间及质谱碎片离子信息对比,共鉴定了大鼠血浆中21个来源于防风的化合物,包括10个入血原型成分和11个代谢产物。结论 防风主要成分在大鼠体内的代谢途径主要包括羟化、去甲基化、葡萄糖醛酸化等。所建立的方法简单可靠,为揭示防风的药效物质基础提供研究依据。     

肉桂多次ig给药在肾阳虚大鼠体内的积累和代谢分析

目的 考察肉桂多次ig给予肾阳虚大鼠后,鉴定大鼠肾脏、血液、尿液、粪便中原型成分和代谢产物。方法 采用ip氢化可的松方法制备大鼠肾阳虚模型,造模成功后按照生药量1.35g·kg^-1·d^-1ig肉桂提取物,连续15d。末次给药后,收集大鼠血浆、尿液、粪便和肾组织样品,进行UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS分析。根据色谱保留时间、精确相对分子质量、多级质谱碎片信息结合文献报道对各样本中的成分进行确认,并推测代谢物的代谢途径。结果 从肾阳虚模型大鼠各样本中共鉴定出24个成分,其中3个原型成分,21个代谢产物,包括12个原花青素类、8个木脂素类、2个二萜类、2个有机酸。结论 肉桂成分在肾阳虚大鼠体内代谢广泛,代谢途径主要包括甲基化、硫酸化和葡萄糖醛酸化反应。尿液中检出的化学成分最多,其次为血液、肾组织、粪便。长期给药情况下以原型存在于靶器官和血中成分很少,推测代谢物发挥药效的可能性较大。     

基于GC-TOF-MS代谢组学研究栝楼桂枝汤对脑缺血大鼠的作用机制

目的 研究栝楼桂枝汤对脑缺血MCAO模型大鼠的神经保护作用机制。方法 运用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用的代谢组学技术及多元统计分析方法分析正常组、模型组和栝楼桂枝汤给药组大鼠血清中内源性代谢物的变化,筛选差异代谢物,并分析差异代谢物代谢途径。结果 代谢组学研究结果显示各组间大鼠代谢谱出现显著差异,在大鼠血清质谱图中共筛选鉴定得吲哚乙酸、丙二酸、乙醇胺、肉豆蔻酸、鸟氨酸等13个差异代谢物,涉及的相关的代谢途径包括糖-葡萄糖醛酸相互转化途径,色氨酸代谢途径,嘧啶代谢和甘油磷脂代谢途径。结论 栝楼桂枝汤可使造模后大鼠的体内代谢物有不同程度的恢复,其对缺血性脑卒中的保护作用主要反映在能量代谢、脂质代谢、氨基酸代谢等代谢途径的变化,改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤症状。     

基于UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS技术的白术内酯I在大鼠体内代谢产物的鉴定及代谢途径分析

目的 采用超高效液相色谱-四级杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱技术(UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS)鉴定白术内酯I在大鼠体内的代谢产物，并探讨其可能的代谢途径。方法 SD大鼠单次灌胃给予白术内酯I后，收集大鼠血浆、尿液、粪便样品。以体积分数0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相，梯度洗脱。在电喷雾电离源(ESI源)正、负离子模式下分析大鼠生物样本。根据质谱提供的准分子离子峰、碎片离子及准确相对分子质量，鉴定白术内酯I体内代谢产物。结果 共鉴定出大鼠体内代谢产物30个，其中血浆样品中5个，尿液样品中17个，粪便样品中16个。氧化、水合、脱饱和、硫酸化、葡萄糖醛酸化、甘氨酸结合、半胱氨酸结合等是白术内酯I体内主要的代谢途径。结论 首次阐明了白术内酯I在大鼠体内的代谢产物及代谢途径，为其进一步的药效学评价和开发利用提供参考，此外也为单体药物代谢产物鉴定提供了一种综合研究方法。     

丹酚酸B在大鼠体内的代谢产物及代谢途径研究

目的 建立大鼠血浆、胆汁、尿液与粪便中丹酚酸B代谢产物的测定方法,并考察其代谢途径。方法 取SD大鼠18只,平分为灌胃和静注2组,每组再分成3个小组,分别采集血浆、胆汁、尿液及粪便,每小组2只大鼠分别单剂量灌胃（500 mg·kg^-1）和尾静脉注射（16.5 mg·kg^-1）给予丹酚酸B,另一只分别灌胃水和尾静脉注射生理盐水作为空白对照。采用高效液相色谱串联四极杆飞行时间质谱（HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）联用法测定血浆、胆汁、尿液与粪便中的丹酚酸B代谢产物,同时推断代谢途径。结果 根据一级质谱分子离子信息和二级质谱碎裂离子信息,在大鼠体内共发现8个丹酚酸B的代谢产物,其中胆汁、粪便中均含有这8个代谢产物,尿液中发现3个代谢产物,血浆中发现2个代谢产物。由丹酚酸B及其代谢产物结构推断丹酚酸B体内主要通过甲基化反应、酯键水解反应代谢。结论 建立的分析方法准确、灵敏、快速,符合生物样品分析要求,适用于大鼠血浆、胆汁、尿液与粪便中丹酚酸B代谢产物的分析,并分析鉴定了8个代谢产物。代谢实验结果表明,胆汁排泄是丹酚酸B最主要的排泄方式。     

基于UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS技术鉴定青钱柳叶在大鼠体内的入血成分及代谢产物

目的 研究青钱柳叶在大鼠体内的入血成分及代谢产物。方法 采用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术(UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS)鉴定大鼠血清中的化学成分,通过比对青钱柳叶、空白血清和含药血清的图谱差异,解析青钱柳水提液经大鼠灌胃后血清中的原型成分和代谢产物。结果 共鉴定得到15个入血成分,6个为原型成分,9个为原型成分的代谢产物。入血的原型成分主要为咖啡酰奎宁酸类、黄酮类和皂苷类,代谢途径主要有甲基化和羟基化。结论 该研究表明入血的原型成分可能是青钱柳叶的有效成分,为阐明其药效物质基础提供了一定的依据。     

止得咳颗粒在大鼠体内的代谢产物研究

目的 分析止得咳颗粒在大鼠体内的代谢产物并推测其代谢途径。方法 将雄性SD大鼠随机分为空白组、给药组（止得咳颗粒,9.45 g/kg）,每组灌胃超纯水或相应药液,每天2次,每次灌胃间隔6～8 h,连续3 d。收集各组大鼠血清、粪便、尿液样品,利用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱（UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS）技术鉴定大鼠灌胃止得咳颗粒后上述生物样品中的代谢产物,并推测其代谢途径。结果 大鼠灌胃止得咳颗粒后,在其血清、尿液、粪便样品中共鉴定出16个原型成分（如野鸢尾黄素、黄芩素、绿原酸等）和11个代谢产物（如山柰酚或木犀草素水合产物、绿原酸甲基化产物、黄芩苷羟基化产物）。其中,血清样品中鉴定出8个原型成分和4个代谢产物;尿液样品中鉴定出10个原型成分和7个代谢产物;粪便样品中鉴定出8个原型成分和5个代谢产物。结论 止得咳颗粒在大鼠体内的代谢成分主要包括黄芩苷、野鸢尾黄素、绿原酸,主要涉及甲基化、羟基化、葡萄糖醛酸化等代谢途径。     

UPLC-Q-Exactive Plus Orbitrap-MS鉴定桑色素在大鼠体内的代谢产物

目的 利用UPLC-Q-Exactive PlusSOrbitrap-MS技术对大鼠灌胃给予桑色素后体内的的主要代谢产物进行研究。方法 大鼠灌胃给予桑色素20 mg/kg后,分别收集血浆、尿液和粪便样品,采用超高压液相色谱串联高分辨质谱技术测定桑色素的体内代谢物。结果 根据一级质谱分子离子信息和二级质谱碎裂离子信息,在大鼠血浆和尿液中均发现2个葡萄糖醛酸代谢产物,在粪便中发现脱氢产物。结论 桑色素在大鼠体内的主要代谢途径为葡萄糖醛酸化反应。本研究初步阐明了桑色素在大鼠体内的代谢情况,为进一步药理作用机制研究提供依据。     

Detection and characterization of the metabolites of rutaecarpine in rats based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer

Context: Rutaecarpine is an active indoloquinazoline alkaloid ingredient originating from Evodia rutaecarpa (Wu-zhu-yu in Chinese), which possesses a variety of effects. However, its metabolism has not been investigated thoroughly yet.

Objective: This study develops a highly sensitive and effective method for detection and characterization of the metabolites of rutaecarpine in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats.

Materials and methods: In this study, an efficient method was developed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (UHPLC–LTQ-Orbitrap MS) to detect the metabolism profile of rutaecarpine in rat plasma. First, a blood sample (1?mL) was withdrawn 2?h after oral administration of rutaecarpine in SD rats (50?mg/kg). Second, the blood was centrifuged at 4000?rpm for 10?min and pretreated by solid-phase extraction method. Third, 2?μL of the plasma was injected into UHPLC–LTQ-Orbitrap MS for analysis. Finally, the metabolites of rutaecarpine were tentatively identified based on accurate mass measurements, fragmentation patterns and chromatographic retention times.

Results: A total of 16 metabolites (four new metabolites, viz., dihydroxylation and sulphate conjugation products of rutaecarpine (M8–M11)) as well as parent drug itself, including three phase I and 12 phase II metabolites were detected and identified in rat plasma. Hydroxylation, sulphate conjugation and glucuronidation were confirmed as the primary metabolic pathways for rutaecarpine in rat plasma.

Discussion and conclusion: These results provide an insight into the metabolism of rutaecarpine and also can give strong indications on the effective forms of rutaecarpine in vivo.     

四逆散化学成分及其在大鼠血浆和肝脏中原型成分和代谢产物分析

目的:基于UHPLC-QTOF-MS分析四逆散在大鼠血浆和肝脏中原型成分和代谢产物,推测其代谢途径。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(n=3)、血浆组(n=3)和肝组织组(n=12)。除对照组外,各组大鼠以30 g·kg^-1灌胃四逆散提取液,连续给药3 d,每天1次。收集血浆组大鼠末次给药后0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 h的血浆样品;收集肝组织组大鼠末次给药后0.5, 1, 2, 4 h的肝组织样品(每个时间点3只)。乙腈沉淀蛋白,采用UHPLC-QTOF-MS和质量亏损过滤技术,分析四逆散水提液的化学成分、血浆和肝脏的代谢产物。结果:从四逆散中鉴定56个化学成分(准确鉴定14个),主要包括黄酮类、柴胡皂苷类、甘草三萜类和芍药苷类;大鼠血浆和肝脏中共鉴定14个原型成分和29个代谢物,Ⅰ相代谢产物6个、Ⅱ相代谢产物23个,其中葡萄糖醛酸结合产物12个、硫酸化结合产物7个。结论:四逆散在大鼠血浆和肝脏的代谢产物主要以Ⅱ相代谢葡萄糖醛酸化和硫酸化为主;主要代谢途径有羟基化、葡萄糖醛酸化、硫酸化、硫酸化与葡萄糖醛酸化结合等。     

基于 UPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS技术鉴定当归-川芎药对化学成分及大鼠体内入血成分

目的 鉴定当归-川芎药对化学成分及大鼠ig后的入血原型成分和代谢产物。方法 基于超高效液相色谱-静电场轨道阱-高分辨率质谱技术（UPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS）,结合对照品图谱、自建数据库、相关文献信息及Compound Discoverer3.3、Xcalibur qual browser 4.3等软件对当归-川芎药对的化学成分进行分析鉴定;大鼠经ig给药后制得含药血清,通过比对含药血清与对照组血清,鉴定入血原型成分和代谢产物。结果 共在当归-川芎药对中鉴定出69个化学成分,主要包括苯酞类24个、有机酸类24个、氨基酸类8个、含氮类7个、香豆素类4个、木脂素类1个、黄酮类1个;在含药血清中共鉴定出30个入血原型成分,包括苯酞类15个、有机酚酸类13个、香豆素类2个;鉴定出45个代谢产物,包括32个苯酞类代谢产物,13个有机酚酸类代谢产物。结论 明确了当归-川芎药对的化学成分及入血原型成分和代谢产物。     

Metabolism of 4F-MDMB-BICA in zebrafish by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry

In this study, in vivo metabolic studies of the synthetic cannabinoid 4F-MDMB-BICA were investigated using zebrafish models. The metabolites were identified and structurally illustrated by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Fourteen phase-I metabolites and four phase-II metabolites were generated from zebrafish. The main metabolic pathways of the phase-I metabolism included N-dealkylation, N-dealkylation combined with hydroxylation, amide hydrolysis, oxidative defluorination, oxidative defluorination to butyric acid, acetic acid formation at the indole side chain, hydroxylation, ester hydrolysis followed by hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and N-dealkylation, and oxidative defluorination subsequently combined with dehydrogenation. The main biotransformations of the phase-II metabolism were glucuronidation and sulfation. Two phase-I metabolites (A1 and A11) and four phase-II metabolites (A2, A3, A4, and A12) were reported for the first time. A14, which was confirmed in human biological samples, was detected only in zebrafish samples but not found in human liver microsome incubation study. The current study indicates that the zebrafish model is a promising tool for elucidating the metabolism of NPS in the future.     

Metabolism studies on hydroxygenkwanin and genkwanin in human liver microsomes by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS

Hydroxygenkwanin (HYGN) and genkwanin (GN) are major constituents of Genkwa Flos for the treatment of edema, ascites, cough, asthma and cancer. This is a report about the investigation of the metabolic fate of HYGN and GN in human liver microsomes and the recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). An on-line data acquisition method multiple mass defect filter (MMDF) combined with dynamic background subtraction (DBS) was developed to trace all probable metabolites. Based on this analytical strategy, three phase I metabolites and seven glucuronide conjugation metabolites of HYGN, seven phase I metabolites and 12 glucuronide conjugation metabolites of GN were identified in the incubation samples of human liver microsomes. The results indicated that demethylation, hydroxylation and o-glucuronidation were main metabolic pathways of HYGN and GN. The specific UGT enzymes responsible for HYGN and GN glucuronidation metabolites were identified using recombinant UGT enzymes. The results indicated that UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, UGT1A10 and UGT2B7 might play major roles in the glucuronidation reactions. Overall, this study may be useful for the investigation of metabolic mechanism of HYGN and GN, and it can provide reference and evidence for further experiments.     

In‐vitro and in‐vivo metabolic studies of the candidate chemopreventative pentamethylchromanol using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Objectives This study focuses on the in‐vitro metabolic profiles of pentamethyl‐chromanol in human, rat, dog and non‐human primates, and characterizes the associated metabolic kinetics and specific human isozymes responsible for metabolism. Additional investigations compare in‐vitro data with in‐vivo metabolic data from rats and dogs. Methods In‐vitro metabolites were generated from commercially available microsomes, S9 fractions and cytochrome P450 isozymes. Reaction mixtures were analysed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for metabolite identification, stability, pheno‐typing and kinetic profiles. Plasma samples were collected from 28‐day toxicology studies in rats and dogs, and analysed using the same methodology as for the identification of in‐vitro metabolites. Key findings Samples from in‐vitro experiments produced a total of eight identified metabolites while five were observed in the in‐vivo samples. Kinetic analysis of metabolites in human microsomes generated Michaelis constants (K_M) ranging from 10.9 to 104.9 μM. Pentamethylchromanol metabolic stability varied by species and multiple isozymes were identified for the observed biotransformation pathways. Pentamethylchromanol is susceptible to multiple metabolic pathways and differential metabolic stability, which is species dependent. Conclusions In‐vitro metabolism was not a strong predictor of in‐vivo metabolism for the samples assays but showed glucuronidation and sulfation as common biotransformation pathways.     

Human,Rat, and Mouse Metabolism of Resveratrol

Purpose. Resveratrol, a phenolic phytoalexin occurring in grapes, wine, peanuts, and cranberries, has been reported to have anticarcinogenic, antioxidative, phytoestrogenic, and cardioprotective activities. Because little is known about the metabolism of this potentially important compound, the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of trans-resveratrol were investigated. Methods. The in vitro experiments included incubation with human liver microsomes, human hepatocytes, and rat hepatocytes and the in vivo studies included oral or intraperitoneal administration of resveratrol to rats and mice. Methanol extracts of rat urine, mouse serum, human hepatocytes, rat hepatocytes, and human liver microsomes were analyzed for resveratrol metabolites using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line ultraviolet-photodiode array detection and mass spectrometric detection (LC-DAD-MS and LC-UV-MS-MS). UV-photodiode array analysis facilitated the identification of cis- and trans-isomers of resveratrol and its metabolites. Negative ion electrospray mass spectrometric analysis provided molecular weight confirmation of resveratrol metabolites and tandem mass spectrometry allowed structural information to be obtained. Results. No resveratrol metabolites were detected in the microsomal incubations, and no phase I metabolites, such as oxidations, reductions, or hydrolyzes, were observed in any samples. However, abundant trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide and trans-resveratrol-3-sulfate were identified in rat urine, mouse serum, and incubations with rat and human hepatocytes. Incubation with -glucuronidase and sulfatase to release free resveratrol was used to confirm the structures of these conjugates. Only trace amounts of cis-resveratrol were detected, indicating that isomerization was not an important factor in the metabolism and elimination of resveratrol. Conclusion. Our results indicate that trans-resveratrol-3-O-glucuronide and trans-resveratrol-3-sulfate are the most abundant metabolites of resveratrol. Virtually no unconjugated resveratrol was detected in urine or serum samples, which might have implications regarding the significance of in vitro studies that used only unconjugated resveratrol.     

北青龙衣乙醇提取物中成分在大鼠脑组织中的分布研究

目的利用超高压色谱–四极杆–飞行时间串联质谱技术(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)对大鼠ig北青龙衣乙醇提取物后在脑组织中成分分布进行分析。方法将北青龙衣醇提物按20 mL/kg ig大鼠后,采集脑组织,采用UPLC-Q-TOF/MS法分析;正负离子模式使用ESI源对数据进行采集,并通过数据分析软件进行处理,对入脑成分分子式的鉴别采用精确质量数、同位素峰度比比较进行,进一步将其二级质谱图与对照品或数据库的二级谱图进行比对、结合已知的文献报道和对化合物的裂解规律分析,确定入脑成分的结构式。结果从大鼠脑组织中鉴定了11种来源于北青龙衣的成分,包含7个原型成分、4个代谢产物,其中7个萘醌,2个二芳基庚烷,2个酚酸。结论北青龙衣乙醇提取物在大鼠脑组织中分布的成分以萘醌类为主,为北青龙衣脑毒性的深入研究提供物质基础,也为其体内成分、组织分布研究提供方法学借鉴。