盐酸奥布卡因凝胶对老年男性患者留置尿管疼痛的影响

目的:探讨盐酸奥布卡因凝胶在老年男性患者留置尿管中的应用价值。方法:选取2014年10月~2016年3月我科留置导尿的78例老年男性患者为研究对象,随机等分为对照组(常规导尿)及试验组(使用盐酸奥布卡因导尿),比较两组患者之间一次置管成功率,患者置管中疼痛程度及置管后尿道黏膜损伤程度。结果:试验组患者导尿置管一次成功率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);试验组患者导尿置管后尿道黏膜损伤肉眼血尿少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);试验组患者疼痛程度明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:盐酸奥布卡因凝胶在老年患者置尿管中作用明显,减轻患者痛苦,提高一次置管成功率,减少置管的相关并发症发生,方便临床操作,此方法值得在临床护理操作中应用。     

盐酸奥布卡因凝胶对肛周脓肿术后伤口换药疼痛的影响研究

目的：探究盐酸奥布卡因凝胶在肛周脓肿术后患者中的应用效果。方法：选取2021年1月至2022年3月收治的肛周脓肿术后患者60例，按照随机数字表法分为两组，每组30例。两组均采用常规护理干预，对照组患者换药前采用双氯芬酸钠栓干预，观察组患者换药前4 min采用盐酸奥布卡因凝胶干预。比较两组换药依从性、疼痛程度、舒适度、生活质量和满意度。结果：观察组换药总依从性、总舒适度和满意度高于对照组（P＜0.05）；两组换药时、换药后0.5 h、换药后1 h的疼痛评分均降低，且观察组疼痛评分低于对照组（P＜0.05）；两组干预后的生活质量评分均升高，且观察组生活质量评分高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：肛周脓肿术后患者采用盐酸奥布卡因凝胶干预，利于提升患者换药依从性，缓解患者疼痛感，改善患者生活质量，提升患者满意度。     

家属参与护理模式在PICC置管过程中的应用研究

目的：探讨在PICC置管过程中实施家属参与护理模式是否可行。方法：将90例白血病患者随机分成两组各45例。对照组：采用传统方法行PICC置管术;观察组：实施家属参与护理模式行PICC置管术。分别对两组患者置管成功率、置管后不良反应进行观察记录,进行满意度调查。结果：观察组与对照组比较（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,差异有统计学意义。结论：家属参与护理模式行PICC置管术减轻了患者的痛苦,增进患者家属对护理工作的理解,提高了患者及家属对护理工作的满意度。     

盐酸奥布卡因凝胶在儿童胃肠减压术中的应用研究

目的比较使用盐酸奥布卡因凝胶与传统方法进行儿童胃肠减压置管的应用效果,以探索安全有效的置管方式。方法按随机编号方法(单双号)将120例患儿分为对照组和观察组各60例,观察组使用盐酸奥布卡因凝胶涂抹鼻腔和舌根并润滑胃管前端后按常规留置胃管法置管,对照组按常规留置胃管法置管。观察两组患儿置管期间疼痛、并发症、意外拔管和一次置管成功情况。结果两组患儿置管期间疼痛程度比较,Z=8.90,P0.01。观察组咽部不适、恶心呕吐的发生率明显低于对照组,经比较,差异有统计学意义。非计划拔管率及一次性成功率两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论儿童胃肠减压术前使用盐酸奥布卡因凝胶能缓解置管疼痛,降低并发症及意外拔管,提高一次置管成功率。     

超声引导下肘上PICC置管术在肿瘤患者中的临床应用

目的探讨超声引导下肘上PICC置管术应于肿瘤患者化疗中的效果。方法随机选取2014年10月至2017年4月我院收治的160例肿瘤化疗患者为研究对象,采用随机抽取红黄球方式等分为观察组和对照组,对照组采用传统PICC置管术,观察组采用超声引导下肘上PICC置管术。比较两组患者一次性穿刺成功率、生活质量、并发症发生率、操作时间、出血量情况。结果观察组一次性穿刺成功率高于对照组(P 0. 05);观察组并发症发生率低于对照组(P 0. 05);观察组置管后2个月生活质量评分高于对照组(P 0. 05)分;观察组操作时间、出血量均低于对照组(P 0. 05)。结论超声引导下肘上PICC置管术可提高肿瘤化疗患者一次性穿刺成功率及生活质量,缩短置管时间,降低并发症发生率,值得临床推广应用。     

经B超引导下结合微插管鞘技术行PICC置管术两种扩皮方法的比较

目的 探讨经B超引导下结合微插管鞘技术(modified seldinger technique,MST)行PICC置管术不同扩皮方法的效果.方法 选择多程化疗需长期输液治疗患者90例,根据置管先后分组,观察组44例采用14号套管针扩皮置入微插管鞘,对照组46例采用手术尖刀扩皮置入微插管鞘.比较两组患者一次性扩皮成功率、操作用时、操作者满意度、扩皮后即刻局部出血情况、术后24 h及第7天出血情况.结果 观察组的一次性扩皮成功率、操作者满意度明显高于对照组,而操作用时明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组患者扩皮后即刻和置管后24 h出血情况差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),观察组较少,而置管后第7天局部出血情况差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 经B超引导下结合MST行PICC置管术使用14号套管针扩皮,操作方法简单可行,且套管针无需额外配置,值得临床推广使用.     

超声血管监测在无导针器超声引导下改良塞丁格PICC置管术中的应用

目的探讨超声血管监测在无导针器超声引导下改良塞丁格PICC置管术中的应用效果。方法采用随机对照试验的方法,将拟行PICC置管的肿瘤化疗患者59例分成实验组和对照组,实验组施行超声血管监测的无导针器超声引导下改良塞丁格PICC置管术,对照组采用无导针器超声引导下改良式塞丁格PICC置管术。观察两组的一次穿刺成功率、一次置管成功率、导管异位率、穿刺时间、穿刺口渗血、患者的疼痛感等情况。结果应用超声血管监测的无导针器超声引导下塞丁格PICC置管术组的一次穿刺成功率和一次性置管成功率高于无导针器超声引导下的塞丁格PICC置管术组(P0.05),导管异位率低于无导针器超声引导下的塞丁格PICC置管术组(P0.05),差异有统计学意义。两组患者的出血量、穿刺所花的时间及穿刺时的疼痛分值条目比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论无导针器超声引导下塞丁格PICC置管术实施超声血管监测,不会增加患者的痛苦,延长穿刺时间,且可提高穿刺成功率,减少了并发症的发生并且降低了住院费用,值得临床推广。     

超声引导下PICC置管与传统盲穿法置管的对比研究

目的 探讨超声引导下PICC置管与传统盲穿法置管临床差异.方法 选择我院2011年1月～2012年6月需要PICC置管治疗患者,均为白血病和淋巴瘤病例,共98例,随机分为观察组和对照组.观察组在超声引导下行PICC置管,对照组采用传统盲穿法置管.记录两组患者中一次性置管成功例数和两组患者在置管过程中局部出现损伤例数.结果 观察组一次性置管成功率显著高于对照组,差异有显著意义(P＜0.05)；观察组局部损伤率显著低于对照组,差异有显著意义(P＜0.05).结论 超声引导下PICC置管能够显著提高一次性置管成功率,降低局部损伤率,效果显著.     

盐酸奥布卡因凝胶在结肠镜检查中的应用价值

目的探讨盐酸奥布卡因凝胶在结肠镜检查中的应用价值。方法结肠镜检查的患者1000例,随机分为实验组和对照组,各500例,实验组镜检前采用盐酸奥布卡因凝胶10 ml(30 mg)进行肛周麻醉及润滑,对照组采用石蜡油进行肛周及肠镜润滑,比较两组患者的一次插镜成功率、视觉模拟疼痛评分法(VAS)评分、检查时间及术后并发症发生率。结果实验组患者的一次插镜成功率(95%)高于对照组(76%),术中疼痛评分低于对照组,检查时间缩短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论盐酸奥布卡因凝胶应用于结肠镜检查能够有效地减轻了患者的疼痛不适,提高了一次插镜成功率,缩短检查时间,值得在临床上推广和使用。     

非超声引导下改良塞丁格技术与传统PICC置管术应用于化疗患者的对比观察

目的研究比较非超声引导下改良塞丁格技术与传统PICC置管术对化疗患者静脉置管效果的影响。方法将2014年1月-2015年11月我院收治的123例癌症患者随机分为两组,对照组60例,观察组63例。对照组采用非超声引导下传统PICC置管术,观察组采用非超声引导下改良塞丁格技术,比较两种置管方案的一次穿刺及置管成功率、穿刺过程中的疼痛发生情况、两组置管方式并发症发生情况,并比较两组方案的适用性。结果观察组患者一次穿刺成功率及置管成功率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者疼痛情况明显好于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组患者并发穿刺位点出血、导管移位、静脉炎等并发症的比例均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组方案肘上/下的适用率均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论非超声引导下改良塞丁格技术对化疗患者静脉置管具有显著的改善效果,一次穿刺及置管的成功率更高,患者的耐受性良好,并发症发生率更低,且具有较强的适用性,值得推广应用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.