骶髂螺钉LX 固定方式的生物力学特性分析

目的　研究骶髂螺钉LX固定方式与目前常规骶髂螺钉固定方式的拔出强度、刚度、能量吸收，确定比较符合人体生物力学要求的固定方式。方法　8具甲醛固定湿润成人尸体的正常骨盆标本，平均年龄23~45岁。骨密度测量排除骨质疏松，排除畸形、肿瘤、外伤等异常。将骨盆等分锯成两半，左侧组采用骶髂螺钉LX固定，置入正、负应力骶髂拉力螺钉，沿着骶髂关节复合体的压力带和张力带轴线，分别置入骶髂关节复合体的张力带和压力带；右侧组置入常规骶髂拉力螺钉。测量拧紧力矩、轴向拔出力、相对位移、应变、能量吸收。结果　拧紧力矩与骨密度、拧紧力矩与轴向拔出力、轴向拔出力与骨密度之间存在明显的正相关关系(P<0.05)。左侧组拔出力为(1158.10±29.20)N，比右侧组(791.2±44.6)N高32%(P<0.05)。右侧组的吸收能量为(6.52±0.78)J，左侧组的吸收能量为(11.75±1.45)J，左右两侧总的能量相比，左侧比右侧大(P<0.05)。结论　骶髂螺钉LX固定方式的强度和刚度均高于常规骶髂螺钉固定，拔出螺钉需要的能量亦大，具有生物力学优势，有利于骶髂复合体修复，更符合人体工程学要求。     

基于ASTM F543-17标准测试的医用接骨螺钉旋动扭矩计算模型

目的 研究医用接骨螺钉的旋动扭矩计算模型.方法 分析自攻型接骨螺钉在旋入过程中的3个主要阶段,对螺纹形成阶段的扭矩与扭转角进行力学建模与模拟计算;同时,根据ASTM F543-17(YY/T 1506-2016)标准的要求,对来自3个厂家的规格均为φ2.9×12接骨螺钉在不同等级聚氨酯实验块上开展螺钉体外旋入实验,将实...     

椎体骨微结构参数与椎弓根螺钉固定强度的相关性

目的 测量不同骨密度（bone mineral density, BMD）条件下椎体松质骨显微结构参数,并与椎弓根螺钉拔出力作相关性分析,以了解与螺钉稳定性相关的骨显微结构参数,进一步明确螺钉松动的原因。方法 采用新鲜尸体脊柱标本,根据BMD检测结果,按临床诊断标准分为骨质正常、骨量减少、骨质疏松和重度骨质疏松4个水平。然后植入椎弓根螺钉,进行螺钉轴向拔出实验,测定最大拔出力（maximum pullout strength, MPS）。收集螺钉拔出实验后椎体标本,在椎体中央部钻取松质骨柱状样本,对样本进行显微CT扫描,获取椎体松质骨显微结构参数,并进行各项指标的不同BMD水平间的比较分析,在了解这些指标随骨质疏松程度加重的变化规律的基础上,再对骨显微结构参数与所对应的螺钉MPS开展相关性分析。结果BMD水平从正常下降到重度疏松程度,MPS随之显著性下降。随BMD水平的依梯次下降,即骨质疏松程度进行性加重,椎体松质骨显微结构参数发生相应明显变化,存在BMD水平间的显著性差异。广泛的相关性存在于BMD、显微CT参数和螺钉MPS指标之间。其中,螺钉MPS与显微CT扫描所得的骨体积分数（BV/TV）、骨小梁厚度（Tb.Th）和小梁间隙（Tb.Sp）呈高度相关性。结论 随BMD下降,骨组织会同时发生质的退变;螺钉MPS与部分骨显微结构参数高度相关。     

Screw insertion in trabecular bone causes peri-implant bone damage

Secure fracture fixation is still a major challenge in orthopedic surgery, especially in osteoporotic bone. While numerous studies have investigated the effect of implant loading on the peri-implant bone after screw insertion, less focus has been put on bone damage that may occur due to the screw insertion process itself. Therefore, the aim of this study was to localize and quantify peri-implant bone damage caused by screw insertion.We used non-invasive three-dimensional micro-computed tomography to scan twenty human femoral bone cores before and after screw insertion. After image registration of the pre- and post-insertion scans, changes in the bone micro-architecture were identified and quantified. This procedure was performed for screws with a small thread size of 0.3 mm (STS, N = 10) and large thread size of 0.6 mm (LTS, N = 10).Most bone damage occurred within a 0.3 mm radial distance of the screws. Further bone damage was observed up to 0.6 mm and 0.9 mm radial distance from the screw, for the STS and LTS groups, respectively. While a similar amount of bone damage was found within a 0.3 mm radial distance for the two screw groups, there was significantly more bone damage for the LTS group than the STS group in volumes of interest between 0.3–0.6 mm and 0.6–0.9 mm.In conclusion, this is the first study to localize and quantify peri-implant bone damage caused by screw insertion based on a non-invasive, three-dimensional, micro-CT imaging technique. We demonstrated that peri-implant bone damage already occurs during screw insertion. This should be taken into consideration to further improve primary implant stability, especially in low quality osteoporotic bone. We believe that this technique could be a promising method to assess more systematically the effect of peri-implant bone damage on primary implant stability. Furthermore, including peri-implant bone damage due to screw insertion into patient-specific in silico models of implant-bone systems could improve the accuracy of these models.     

Computational simulations of stress shielding and bone resorption around existing and computer-designed orthopaedic screws

Failure of an orthopaedic fixation due to stress shielding and consequent screw loosening is a major concern among surgeons: the loosened screws could not only interfere with the healing process but also endanger adjacent anatomical structures. In this study, the effect of the screw's engineering design (dimensions, profile shape and material properties) on the load sharing with adjacent bone and consequent bone resorption was tested, using a set of two-dimensional computational (finite element) models. An algorithm simulating local bone adaptation to strain energy density (SED) mechanical stimuli was developed and used to evaluate the biomechanical performances of different commercial screws. Two new designs, a ‘graded-stiffness’ composite screw, with a reduced-stiffness titanium core and outer polymeric threads, and an active-compression hollow screw that generates compressive stresses on the surrounding bone, were also evaluated. A dimensionless set of stress transfer parameters (STPs) were utilised for ranking the performances of the different screws according to the expected screw-bone load sharing and its evolution with adaptation of the surrounding tissue. The results indicated that commercial wide (6mm thread diameter) trapezoidal and rectangular screw profiles have superior biomechanical compatibility with bone (i.e. predicted to be stable after 2 years). The graded-stiffness and active-compression screws provided the best biomechanical performances: bone loading around them was predicted to decrease by no more than 15% after 3 years, compared with a decrease of 55–70% in bone loading around commercially available screws. Computer simulations of bone adaptation around orthopaedic screws are demonstrated to be effective means for objective and quantitative evaluation of the biomechanical aspects of implant-tissue compatibility.     

Biomaterials in spinal fixation. An experimental animal study to improve the performance

Different pedicle screws were biomechanically and morphologically studied and compared through the use of an animal model to determine their efficacy and resistance in spinal fixation. The principal objective was to compare biomechanical and histomorphological aspects of HA-coated screws to uncoated ones. Fourty-eight cylindrical transpedicular self-tapping screws divided into three groups of sixteen each were employed; Group A: stainless steel screws; Group B: titanium screws; Group C: HA-coated titanium screws. The screws were implanted bilaterally and randomly into the L3, L4, and L5 pedicles of eight adult mongrel sheep. The final insertion torque was measured in all the implants. After one and four months, upon euthanization, four samples per group were extracted from the surrounding bone and the screw extraction torque was measured. The remaining samples were examined and processed for histological and histomorphological evaluations. No differences were observed at one month among the extraction torque of the three groups. After four months the only significance between insertion and extraction values was for the HA group, i.e. p=0.001. Comparing the extraction torque values of the three groups after four months of healing, the HA-coated group showed a greater than twofold increase (p<0.0005). No differences were observed at one month among the percentages of bone-implant contact in the three groups. After four months the percentage was significant only for the C group (p<0.0005). At four months a correlation was found between the morphological and the biomechanical data of group C (p<0.0005). The use of hydroxyapatite-coated screws could act as an effective method to improve the bone-implant interface, thus obtaining a strong fixation of the implant independently of the arthrodesis achieved with bone graft.     

The effect of screw taper on interference fit during load to failure at the soft tissue/bone interface

The effect of screw geometry on the pullout strength of an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is well documented. The effect of a truly tapered screw has not been previously investigated. Thirty bovine knees in right and left knee pairs were collected. Superficial digital flexors from the hind legs of sheep were harvested to form a quadruple tendon graft. For each knee pair, one tendon graft was fixed using a tapered screw (n=15) and the other with a non-tapered screw (n=15). Interference screws were manufactured from stainless steel, and apart from the tapered or non-tapered profile were identical. The screws were inserted into a tibial tunnel already containing the tendon graft. The interference fit was tested by extensile load to failure tests. The insertion torque of the screws and first sign of load to failure (by pullout) of the interference fit were recorded. Results were analysed using paired t-tests. The results indicated that tapered screws have significantly higher resistance to interference failure (p=0.007) and insertion torque (p<0.001) than non-tapered screws. The improved biomechanical performance of tapered screws demonstrated in this study may translate into superior clinical results, particularly at the tibial attachment of hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and also of hamstring fixation to the medial femoral condyle for patella instability.     

导航模板辅助下颈椎皮质骨螺钉置入准确性的研究

目的　探讨基于皮质骨螺钉轨迹入路,导航模板辅助椎弓根螺钉置入的可行性和准确性。 方法　获取4具下颈椎标本（C3~7）CT数据,经Mimics软件三维重建后设计椎弓根皮质骨螺钉轨迹,并建立导航模板。随机分成2组,分别采用快速成型（RP）和数控机床技术（CNC）制造出两种材质导航模板并测量其在颈椎椎弓根辅助置钉的精确性。 结果　RP、CNC两组在进钉点的水平面上绝对偏差分别为：(0.28±0.24) mm、(0.32±0.23) mm;矢状面上分别为：(0.30±0.20) mm、(0.52±0.44) mm。钉道中点在水平面上分别为：(0.26±0.22) mm、(0.39±0.32) mm;矢状面上分别为：(0.37±0.29) mm、(0.49±0.50) mm。螺钉安全分级,RP组1级螺钉20枚;CNC组1级螺钉19枚,2级1枚。两组的绝对偏差值、安全分级差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。 结论　CNC导航模板经皮质骨螺钉轨迹辅助置钉是可行的,为下颈椎椎弓根置钉提供了一种全新、安全的方法。     

Pedicle dimensions of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in the Greek population

The aim of this study is to understand the magnitude of the pedicle's diameters for the use of pedicle screw fixation in spinal instrumentation. Pedicle dimensions from T1 to L5 were measured in 16 whole human cadaver spines (eight women and eight men). The mean age at the time of death was 67.2 (range: 59-84 years). The external transverse, the external sagittal, and the internal transverse diameter pedicle widths were measured with electronic calipers both on the right and left pedicles. The widest external transverse diameter was at the L5 level with a mean of 13.61 mm (range: 10.29-16.20 mm). The narrowest external transverse pedicle diameter was at the T5 level with a mean of 5.09 mm (range: 4.10-6.88 mm). The widest external sagittal pedicle diameter was at the T11 level with a mean of 17.02 mm (range: 14.84-19.57 mm), while the narrowest one was at T1 level with a mean of 8.90 mm (range: 7.18-11.37 mm). The maximum internal transverse pedicle diameter was at the L5 level with a mean 8.95 mm (range: 7.10-11.21 mm), while the minimum was at the T5 level with a mean 3.90 mm (range: 3.10-4.82 mm). Statistical significant greater pedicle dimensions were found in males at multiple levels. Pedicle dimensions at the levels from T3 to T8 need preoperative evaluation with computed tomography before the insertion of pedicle screws with diameter more than 5 mm. Pedicles at T12 to L5 levels may accommodate screws of 7 mm diameter.     

骨水泥和纳米骨浆强化椎弓根螺钉植入固定骨质疏松椎体的生物力学特点

背景：纳米骨浆和骨水泥注入是强化椎弓根螺钉固定的两种常用方法,但目前关于两种加强方法的强化效果比较的报道相对较少。 目的：对比骨水泥或纳米骨浆强化椎弓根螺钉植入固定骨质疏松椎体的生物力学特点。 方法：取24个人尸体椎弓根,均符合骨质疏松标准,随机均分为3组,对照组仅植入椎弓根螺钉,骨水泥组在钉道内注入骨水泥后植入椎弓根螺钉,纳米骨浆组在钉道内注入纳米骨浆后植入椎弓根螺钉。植入2 h后,检测各组标本最大轴向拔出力和最大旋出力矩。 结果与结论：骨水泥组、纳米骨浆组的最大轴向拔出力和最大旋出力矩均大于对照组(P < 0.05),并且骨水泥组的最大轴向拔出力和最大旋出力矩大于纳米骨浆组(P < 0.05)。表明骨水泥和纳米骨浆强化可有效提高椎弓根螺钉植入固定骨质疏松椎体的最大轴向拔出力和最大旋出力矩,且骨水泥强化效果更明显。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

钛合金自攻骨钉力学方程验证及力学性能分析

目的 验证推导的骨钉力学性能公式有效性,分析骨钉参数对其力学性能的影响.方法 建立骨钉-聚氨酯泡沫块的物理模型,推导骨钉自攻性能和拔出性能的计算公式;用聚氨酯泡沫块模拟人骨,参考ASTM F543-07金属医用骨钉标准规范,用Instron E3000力学试验机对抽选的锥形头浅螺纹锁定接骨螺钉(head shallow...     

Biomechanical and histomorphometric study on the bone-screw interface of bioactive ceramic-coated titanium screws

The purpose of this study was to compare the osseointegration of 4 different kinds of bioactive ceramic-coated screws with uncoated screws by biomechanical and histomorphometric analysis. Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP), apatite-wollastonite 1:3 glass ceramic (W3G), apatite-wollastonite 1:1 glass ceramic (WAG) and bioactive CaO-SiO2-B2O3 glass ceramic (CSG) coatings were prepared and coated by the dipping method. Coated and uncoated titanium screws were inserted into the tibia of 18 adult mongrel male dogs for 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The insertion torques, radiographs, undecalcified histology, histomorphometric analysis, and extraction torques were evaluated. No difference of insertion torque was found among the five screw types. At 2 and 4 weeks after implantation, the extraction torque of ceramic-coated screws was significantly higher than that of uncoated screws (p < or = 0.0001). At 8 weeks, the extraction torques of CPP-, W3G-, and WAG-coated screws were significantly higher than those of CSG-coated and uncoated screws (p<0.0001). At 2, 4, and 8 weeks, the extraction torques of 4 different ceramic-coated screws were significantly higher than the corresponding insertion torque. Strong fixation was observed even at 2 weeks in the CPP-, W3G- and WAG-coated screws. The bone-screw contacts of the 4 different coated screws at 2 and 4 weeks were statistically higher than that of the uncoated screws, and the bone-screw contacts of the CPP-, W3G- and WAG-coated screws at 8 weeks were also statistically higher than that of the uncoated screws. The fixation strength was increased by the presence of osteoconductive coating materials, such as CPP, W3G, and WAG, which enabled to achieve higher fixation strength even as early as 2-8 weeks after the insertion.     

Bioscrew fixation of patellar tendon autografts

Biodegradable interference screw fixation was studied using patellar tendon autografts in a randomized, prospective multicenter comparison of the PLLA Bioscrew and a metal interference screw. sixty-eight of 114 (60%) patients (34 Bioscrew and 34 metal screw) enrolled were available for follow up an average of 35 months after surgery (range 24–65). There were 42 males and 26 females with an average age of 29 years (16–50). Tourniquet times and associated surgical findings were similar for the two groups. Postoperative KT, Tegner, and Lysholm scores were not statistically different between the two groups. Average follow up KT maximum manual side-to-side difference was 0.9 mm for Bioscrews and 1.4 mm for metal screws. Postoperative Lachman and pivot shift testing were equivalent for the two groups. Other than six of the 7 mm Bioscrews breaking during insertion in the femoral tunnel, there were no problems related to the PLLA implants. No statistical difference was found between the Bioscrew and the metal screw groups, and there were no osteolytic or other reactive bone changes observed associated with the PLLA Bioscrew. These data indicate that the PLLA Bioscrew functions reliably as an interference fixation screw for patellar tendon autografts.     

Initial strength of highpressed extrusion poly-L-lactide screw

We developed a poly-L-lactide material strengthened by a highpressed extrusion technique. The bending strength of a rod made of that material is higher than that of the same size rods made of poly-L-lactide strengthened by drawing technique, which has been used in clinical cases. The purposes of this study were, first to clarify if the initial strength of extrusion-strengthened poly-L-lactide screws is higher than that of draw-strengthened poly-L-lactide screws, and, secondly to investigate the safe torque for driving the screws in clinical usage. In accordance with AO screw design, five kinds of screws were manufactured. In a pull-out test and a twisting test using a DYRACON blocks, the strength of the highpressed extrusion-strengthened poly-L-lactide material was also higher than that of the draw-strengthened poly-L-lactide material after milling into screws. In the simulation using minipig bones and the 4.5 mm psi cortical screws, when the thickness was below 0.5 mm, between 0.5 and 2 mm or over 3 mm, the break locations were in the cortical bone, the thread of the screw and the under head fillet respectively. In the simulation using minipig bones and the 4.0 mm psi cancellous screws, breakage occurred not on the screws but on the cancellous bone in all screws.     

Different patterns of bone fixation with hydroxyapatite and resorbable CaP coatings in the rabbit tibia at 6, 12, and 52 weeks

Applying bioactive coatings on orthopedic implants can increase the fixation and long-term implant survival. In our study, we compared a resorbable electrochemically deposited calcium phosphate coating (Bonit?) to a thin (40 μm) plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) coating, applied on grit-blasted screw-shaped Ti-6Al-4V implants in the cortical region of rabbit tibia, implanted for 6, 12, and 52 weeks. The removal torque results demonstrated stronger bone-to-implant fixation for the HA than Bonit-coated screws at 6 and 12 weeks. After 52 weeks, the fixation was in favor of the Bonit-coated screws, but the difference was statistically insignificant. Coat flaking and delamination of the HA with multinucleated giant cell activity and bone resorption observed histologically seemed to preclude any significant increase in fixation comparing the HA implants at 6 versus 12 weeks and 12 versus 52 weeks. The Bonit-coated implants exhibited increasing fixation from 6 to 12 weeks and from 12 to 52 weeks, and the coat was resorbed within 6 weeks, with minimal activity of multinucleated giant cells or bone resorption. A different fixation pattern was observed for the two coatings with a sharper but time limited increase in fixation for the HA-coated screws, and a slower but more steadily increasing fixation pattern for the Bonit-coated screws. The side effects were more serious for the HA coating and limiting the expected increase in fixation with time.     

应用3D打印技术改良髂骨螺钉技术的解剖测量与设计

目的 运用CT三维重建及3D打印技术进行改良髂骨螺钉技术的相关解剖学观测及钉道设计,探讨改良髂骨螺钉技术的可行性。方法 回顾性纳入2015年4月—2017年3月佛山市中医院60例患者骨盆CT检查数据,其中男女各30例,年龄21~65岁,骨骼发育均成熟且排除骨盆疾病。首先采用患者CT DICOM数据,使用Mimics Research 21.0软件进行骨盆CT三维重建,利用3D打印技术制作骨盆3D打印模型。在60例骨盆CT三维重建模型上,分别按照传统髂骨螺钉(对照组)和改良髂骨螺钉(改良组)两种不同方法模拟植钉,测量最大进钉深度、尾向倾角、外向倾角、入钉点与髂后最高点垂直距离、与中线距离、钉道最窄髂骨厚径,测量数据分别纳入对照组和改良组,并进行组间、组内比较。在骨盆3D打印模型上采用改良髂骨螺钉技术分别植入直径7.5 mm长80 mm的髂骨螺钉,观察植钉成功率以及有无螺钉穿出或钉道受阻情况。结果 改良组以髂后上棘向尾侧1 cm处、髂骨缘内半中心点为进钉点,以髂前下棘与髋臼上缘中点为进钉方向,尾向倾角为28.6°±4.2°、外向倾角为32.8°±4.9°,为改良组的髂骨螺钉钉道。对照组的最大进钉深度(123.6±5.0)mm、钉道最窄髂骨厚径(14.5±3.6)mm、尾向倾角29.5°±2.1°、外向倾角31.4°±5.1°,与改良组的最大进钉深度(122.1±5.8)mm、钉道最窄髂骨厚径(15.4±2.7)mm、尾向倾角28.6°±4.2°、外向倾角32.8°±4.9°比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。对照组的入钉点与髂后最高点垂直距离(0.0±0.0)mm、与中线距离(44.3±4.9)mm,与改良组的入钉点与髂后最高点垂直距离(16.5±2.9)mm、与中线距离(32.1±4.3)mm比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=44.072、14.496, P值均＜0.05)。改良组中男性最大进钉深度(124.9±6.1)mm、外向倾角33.4°±5.6°、入钉点与髂后上棘垂直距离(17.3±1.9)mm、与中线距离(33.2±3.8)mm、钉道最窄髂骨厚径(15.5±2.9)mm,与女性最大进钉深度(122.3±5.5)mm、外向倾角32.2°±5.6°、入钉点与髂后上棘垂直距离(16.1±2.9)mm、与中线距离(31.0±4.8)mm、钉道最窄髂骨厚径(14.9±2.9)mm比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05),改良组中男性尾向倾角30.3°±3.6°与女性尾向倾角26.9°±4.5°比较,差异有统计学意义(t=3.232, P＜0.05)。60例3D打印模型均顺利植入髂骨螺钉,植钉成功率100%,未见螺钉穿出或钉道空间受限情况。结论 改良螺钉钉道的最大进钉深度、钉道最窄厚径、尾向倾角、外向倾角恒定,均能满足长度为8 cm、直径7.5 mm的髂骨螺钉,符合临床髂骨螺钉的植入安全性;改良后的进钉点与髂后最高点垂直距离、与中线距离,较传统进钉点更接近L₅、S₁椎弓根螺钉进钉点所在的直线,方便安装,并可降低进钉点切迹,减少并发症。改良髂骨螺钉是髂腰固定手术中一种较佳的髂骨植钉方式。     

The effect of screw insertion angle and thread type on the pullout strength of bone screws in normal and osteoporotic cancellous bone models

Screw fixation can be extremely difficult to achieve in osteoporotic (OP) bone because of its low strength. This study determined how pullout strength is affected by placing different bone screws at varying angles in normal and OP bone models. Pullout tests of screws placed axially, and at angles to the pullout axis (ranging from 10° to 40°), were performed in 0.09 g cm^?3, 0.16 g cm^?3 and 0.32 g cm^?3 polyurethane (PU) foam. Two different titanium alloy bone screws were used to test for any effect of thread type (i.e. cancellous or cortical) on the screw pullout strength. The cancellous screw required a significantly higher pullout force than the cortical screw (p < 0.05). For both screws, pullout strength significantly increased with increasing PU foam density (p < 0.05). For screws placed axially, and sometimes at 10°, the observed mechanism of failure was stripping of the internal screw threads generated within the PU foam by screw insertion. For screws inserted at 10°, 20°, 30° and 40°, the resistance to pullout force was observed to be by compression of the PU foam material above the angled screw; clinically, this suggests that compressed OP bone is stronger than unloaded OP bone.     

颈椎前路生物活性玻璃涂层钛板系统的研制与生物力学评价

目的 研制颈椎前路生物活性玻璃钛板系统(ACBPS),并对其进行生物力学评价。方法 在钛板内面及螺钉表面等离子喷涂0.3mm厚的生物活性玻璃涂层。采用18具颈椎标本随机分为ACBPS、颈前路钛板系统(ACPS)、和Orion三组,在颈前路减压、植骨及钛板内固定后,行载荷-位移、扭矩和扭转刚度、极限力学性能测定并记录结果,进行对比;另对ACBPS、ACPS行拔出试验和疲劳试验,且以三维有限元素分析验证。结果 在前屈、后伸时ACBPS组的纵向位移降低幅度明显高于ACPS组或Orion组,同时其纵向位移值明显低     

Variable bone mass recovery in hyperthyroid bone disease after radioiodine therapy in postmenopausal patients

OBJECTIVES: Long-term follow-up of postmenopausal hyperthyroid females after radioiodine therapy, since hyperthyroidism is known to cause impressive bone loss which may increase the risk of bone fractures. METHODS: Bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical parameters of bone metabolism in hyperthyroid postmenopausal patients were investigated before and 2 years after radioiodine therapy and compared with euthyroid age-matched controls. RESULTS: At baseline, the incidence of low BMD with t-scores more than 2.5 S.D. below normal was significantly higher in hyperthyroid patients (54%) than in controls (20%, P<0.001). Regardless of initial BMD values, osteocalcin (OC) was also higher in all hyperthyroid patients (P<0.0001). After 2 years, all treated patients were euthyroid and OC levels were in the upper normal range. In hyperthyroid patients with initially low BMD, bone density values had increased significantly by +6.5% (P<0.008) as compared with baseline values. In contrast, hyperthyroid patients with initially normal BMD showed a further decrease in lumbar BMD values of -4.3% despite radioiodine treatment. BMD in euthyroid controls decreased by -6.5% within 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that hyperthyroid postmenopausal patients with generally increased bone turnover may show individual differences in bone loss and BMD recovery after radioiodine treatment. The mechanisms for this variable manifestation of osteoporosis have still to be elucidated, since this has implications for prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in these elderly patients.     

基于正交试验接骨螺钉参数的生物相容性评价

背景:当前骨科螺钉参数研究多集中于力学性能方面,缺少对其生物相容性的评估。目的:探究接骨螺钉材料属性及几何参数对生物相容性的影响规律,探求各因素及水平的最佳组合,为接骨螺钉的设计提供理论参考。方法:针对接骨螺钉5个因素的3个水平进行正交试验方案设计,因素A为螺钉直径(4.5,5.5,6.5 mm),因素B为螺纹牙型(矩形、梯形、三角形),因素C为螺钉螺距(1.75,2.25,2.75 mm),因素D为螺纹深度(0.5,1.0,1.5 mm),因素E为弹性模量(45,110,200 GPa),分别对18组不同螺钉参数下的骨-钉三维模型进行生物力学有限元分析,得出各组试验方案下的应力分布情况及2个试验指标值:皮质骨-螺钉之间的应力传递参数STPα,松质骨-螺钉之间的应力传递参数STPβ。利用权矩阵分析方法对正交试验数据进行分析进而得出影响规律及最佳组合。结果与结论:不同因素的不同水平对于生物相容性影响程度不同,其中螺钉材料属性为最主要影响因素,其次是螺纹牙型、螺距和螺纹直径并且三者影响程度相近,而螺纹深度影响最小。正交试验所得最佳组合方案为大径为6.5 mm、梯形螺纹、螺距为2.75 mm、螺纹深度为0.5 mm、弹性模量为45 GPa的接骨螺钉。