缺氧—复氧对培养的大鼠心肌细胞损伤与细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨培养的大鼠心肌细胞在缺氧（缺血）和缺氧－复氧（再灌注）状态下心肌细胞损伤和细胞凋亡情况。方法采用１～３天新生ＳＤ大鼠,常规方式的培养心肌细胞,给予模拟缺氧（缺血）液、模拟复氧（再灌注）液以及干预因素（终浓度为２００Ｕ／ｍＬ的ＳＯＤ）处理,分为缺氧－复氧损伤组（Ｈ／Ｒ组）、缺氧－复氧损伤组＋ＳＯＤ（Ｈ／Ｒ＋ＳＯＤ组）、缺氧预处理组（ＨＰ组）和正常对照组（Ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ组）,进行以下指标观察：     

Effect of thyroid hormone on protein turnover in cultured cardiac myocytes

Since systemic actions of thyroid hormone increase cardiac work, direct effects of T3 on myocardial protein turnover may be obscured in the intact animal. For this reason, the effects of T3 on synthesis and degradation of cellular protein were measured in replicate cultures of cardiac myocytes obtained from chick embryos. During the first 3 days of exposure, 10(-8) M T3 increased the fractional rate of protein synthesis 10% to 16% and the fractional rate of cell growth 20% to 40% with no change in protein degradation. During the fourth and fifth days of 10(-8) M T3 exposure, fractional synthesis rates in T3 cultures increased 15% to 19% but fractional degradation rates also increased 17% to 29% so that growth rates in T3 cultures fell to control levels. Similar changes in myocardial protein turnover have occurred in response to T3 treatment in intact animals. T3 treatment caused a disproportionately large increase in the rate of myosin heavy chain turnover when compared to total cellular protein and actin. This may be related to the change in amounts of myocardial isomyosins occurring in response to thyroid hormone treatment.     

Ischemia/reperfusion-induced death of cardiac myocytes: possible involvement of nitric oxide in the coordination of ATP supply and demand during ischemia

Nitric oxide (NO) has been known to play various functional and pathological roles as an intracellular or intercellular messenger in the heart. In this study, we investigated whether NO produced during ischemia was involved in the coordination of ATP supply and demand, and also in protection from cell death using cultured cardiac myocytes. Unexpectedly, the survival rate of myocytes for 3 h simulated ischemia (SI) was increased as compared with that for 2 h SI at 24 h after reperfusion. The cellular ATP level at 3 h after the start of SI was increased compared with that at 2 h, and was almost the same as that before the start of SI. The cellular ATP level at 3 h SI was significantly reduced by either the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or scavenging of NO. Either the inhibition of NOS or the scavenging of NO during SI for 3 h also resulted in a significant decrease in the survival rate of myocytes. Immunocytochemical and Western blot analyses revealed that the expression of nNOS was most evident in cardiac myocytes, but no significant change was observed in the expression of all three NOS isoforms at 2 h SI and at 3 h SI. The fluorescent intensity of DAF-FM was significantly increased at 3 h SI as compared with that at 2 h SI, and the increase in DAF fluorescence during SI was almost completely suppressed by treatment with vinyl-L-NIO (L-VNIO), a potent specific inhibitor of nNOS. In addition, treatment with L-VNIO decreased the cellular ATP level and survival rate. This study suggested that the enhanced production of NO was critical in balancing ATP supply and demand during ischemia, and also in protecting cells from ischemia/reperfusion injury.     

The ability of heat stress and metabolic preconditioning to protect primary rat cardiac myocytes

Primary rat cardiocytes were subjected to either thermal preconditioning for 30 min at 43°C or 20 min metabolic preconditioning (10 mM deoxyglucose, 20 mM lactate, pH 6.5). Eighteen hours later cells were analysed either for hsp 70i expression or subjected to a subsequent lethal heat stress or simulated ischaemia (10 mM deoxyglucose, 20 mM lactate, 0.75 mM sodium dithionite, 12 mM potassium chloride, pH 6.5) for 2 hours and assessed for survival by trypan blue exclusion.Hsp 70i was induced over 100 fold by thermal preconditioning and 30 fold by metabolic preconditioning (p<0.001, p<0.05), hsp 90 was induced 2.71 fold and 2.24 fold (p<0.001, p<0.001) by thermal and metabolic preconditioning respectively, while hsp 60 was not induced by either treatment. Preconditioned cultures had improved survival against subsequent lethal heat stress or simulated ischaemia: Thermal preconditioning reduced death from 69.22% to 52.46% upon subsequent lethal heat stress and from 49.13% to 36.66% upon subsequent lethal simulated ischaemia. Metabolic preconditioning reduced cell death from 51.29% to 33.8% against subsequent lethal heat stress, and from 69.09% to 55.61% upon subsequent lethal simulated ischaemia. A second marker of cell death, the release of lactate dehydrogenase activity into the culture media, was reduced to 65% and 60% of control values for thermally preconditioned cells subjected to lethal heat or lethal simulated ischaemia respectively. Metabolically preconditioned cells demonstrated lactate dehydrogenase activity of 59% and 51% that of control values, when subjected to lethal heat or lethal simulated ischaemia respectively.Abbreviations hsp heat stress protein - hsp 70i inducible 70 kDa heat stress protein - LDH lactate dehydrogenase - PBS phosphate buffered saline     

柯萨奇病毒B3感染培养大鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙通道mRNA表达的变化

目的:观察柯萨奇病毒B3感染对培养大鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙通道mRNA表达的影响。方法:用柯萨奇病毒B3感染原代培养新生大鼠心室肌细胞,合成大鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙通道各亚单位引物,通过逆转录-聚合酶链反应技术,以β-actin为内参照,测量钙通道各亚单位mRNA表达量在病毒感染前后的变化。结果:病毒感染组心室肌细胞L-型钙通道α_1(4.00±0.07 vs 2.21±0.41,p<0.01),β(2.06±0.06 vs 1.22±0.30,p<0.05)亚单位mRNA表达量较正常对照组显著增加,而α2/δ(4.12±0.19 vs 4.13±0.27,P>0.05)亚单位mRNA表达量变化无统计学意义。结论:柯萨奇病毒B3感染心室肌细胞钙通道mRNA表达量增加,可能是病毒介导心室肌细胞L-型钙电流变化的分子基础。     

曲美他嗪对缺氧诱导原代大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的研究曲美他嗪对缺氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡及线粒体能量代谢改变的影响。方法采用胰酶和胶原酶联合消化的方法,提取大鼠原代心肌细胞,三气培养箱模拟缺氧损伤。MTT和Hoechst染色检测细胞活性和凋亡,TMRE染色检测线粒体膜电位,Oxygraph-2k细胞呼吸测量仪检测态3、态4呼吸和呼吸控制率,Western blot检测Caspase-3、细胞色素C以及线粒体呼吸链复合酶体Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ蛋白表达水平的变化。结果缺氧能够诱导心肌细胞凋亡、引起线粒体膜电位下降和促进细胞色素C的释放。此外,缺氧能够显著下调态3呼吸和上调态4呼吸,引起呼吸控制率的下降,同时缺氧能够不同程度地下调线粒体呼吸链复合酶体Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ的蛋白表达水平。曲美他嗪能够显著降低缺氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡、稳定线粒体膜电位和减少细胞色素C释放。此外,曲美他嗪还能减轻缺氧对线粒体呼吸链复合酶体的损伤,维持线粒体有氧呼吸。结论曲美他嗪具有抵抗缺氧致心肌细胞凋亡的作用,可能与其稳定线粒体膜和呼吸链复合酶体有关,继而减少细胞色素C的释放和维持线粒体有氧呼吸。     

Surface morphology and cell size measurement of isolated rat cardiac myocytes.

We studied the morphologic features of cardiac myocytes isolated from 240 g rats by perfusion with enzyme containing media. Hearts obtained from ether-anesthetized animals were perfused on a modified Langendorff apparatus with Ca²⁺-free Hanks' solution, 3% fetal calf serum, 95% O₂, 5% CO₂, pH 7.4 for 12 min, the same media with 0.1% collagenase for 12 min, and finally with enzyme-free media containing EGTA for 12 min. Hearts perfusion fixed at various stages of the cell preparation procedure with 2% glutaraldehyde for light and electron microscopic study of in situ cells revealed that most cellular damage was due to action of the enzyme. Up to 80% of isolated myocytes excluded trypan blue immediately after isolation, but numerous cells in the non-purified preparations exhibited various degrees of membrane blebs, cytoplasmic vacuolization, supercontraction (rounded cells) and trypan blue uptake. Poor preparations were obtained if perfusion pressure exceeded 100 mmHg, Ca²⁺ was included, or if pH, perfusion flow rates and times were not carefully controlled. By scanning electron microscopy, elongated cells excluding trypan blue had a uniformly corrugated surface with depressions at the sarcomere ends corresponding to Z-line attachment to the sarcolemma. Irregularly located holes in the Z-line depression corresponded in size and location to T-tubule openings. Cells had irregular elongated shapes due to many transverse intercalated disc areas not only at cell ends but also along lateral portions of the cell. Hematoxylin and Eosin stained smears of isolated myocytes revealed 85% to contain two nuclei. Mean cell length was 94 ± 18 (s.d.) μm and cell width was 18 ± 4 μm measured in 150 cells from each of six rats. Calculated cell volume for double nucleated cells was nearly two times that for single nucleated cells indicating a constant nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio in the two cell populations. Isolated cardiac myocytes are a useful model to study structural aspects of heart muscle.     

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells upregulate transient outward potassium currents in postnatal rat ventricular myocytes

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation has been shown to effectively improve cardiac function in experimental animals and patients with myocardial infarction and heart hypertrophy. BMSCs exert potent effects on cardiomyocytes through the inhibition of cardiac apoptosis, the attenuation of cardiac inflammation, etc. However, novel biological actions of BMSCs on cardiomyocytes remain to be explored. The present study was designed to investigate whether BMSCs affect electrophysiological features of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs). BMSCs and NRVMs were indirectly co-cultured at a ratio of 1:10 with a semi-permeable membrane. We found that compared with mono-cultured NRVMs, co-cultured NRVMs exhibited an obvious increase of transient outward potassium current (I_to), accompanied by significant changes in activation, inactivation and recovery of I_to. Meanwhile, K_V4.2 mRNA which encodes the channel carrying I_to was more abundant in co-cultured NRVMs than mono-cultured NRVMs. The increases in basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels were observed in culture medium of BMSCs. bFGF but not IGF-1 upregulated the K_V4.2 mRNA expression and enhanced I_to currents. Taken together, we conclude that BMSCs upregulate I_to of NRVMs, at least partially, by secreting bFGF that in turn upregulates K_V4.2 expression and alters the kinetics of I_to.     

Sodium current in freshly isolated and in cultured single rat myocardial cells: frequency and voltage-dependent block by mexiletine

Effects of mexiletine on the rapid inward sodium current (INa) were studied in freshly isolated single cells of the ventricular myocardium of adult rats and in single cultured ventricular muscle cells of newborn rats. The current was measured in internally perfused, voltage-clamped cells by a single suction pipette technique. Mexiletine was applied extracellularly. INa was reduced by the drug in both preparations when the membrane was depolarized to -20 mV by short (8 ms) pulses delivered at a frequency of 0.1 Hz from a holding potential of -100 mV. Mexiletine in a concentration of 50 microM diminished the INa under this condition by 70 +/- 8% (mean +/- S.D.) in the adult myocardial cells. A nearly equal reduction of the current (65 +/- 10%) was caused in the neonatal myocardial cells by 15 microM mexiletine. A use-dependent block of INa was produced in the presence of 10 and of 20 to 30 microM mexiletine, respectively, in the neonatal and the adult myocardial cells by repetitive depolarizing test pulses applied at frequencies between 1 and 7 Hz. Prolongation of the pulse duration from 10 to 100 ms enhanced the use-dependent block of INa in both preparations. The frequency-dependent action of mexiletine could be modulated by 100-ms hyperpolarizing prepulses from -80 to -140 mV. The time course of the use-dependent block (prepulse off) and unblock (prepulse on) was monitored. The slope of the inactivation curve of INa in the neonatal heart cells was reduced in the presence of mexiletine and the midpoint of the curve was shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction. These findings are interpreted as suggesting that binding of mexiletine to the sodium channel of the rat myocardial cells studied is enhanced when the cell membrane becomes depolarized.     

成年小鼠心肌细胞的分离及电生理特性

目的 :摸索成年小鼠心肌细胞分离方法并观察其电生理特性。方法 :采用酶消化法分离单个心肌细胞 ,应用膜片钳全细胞记录技术记录钙电流和钾电流。结果 :本法分离所得心肌细胞横纹清晰 ,一次性复钙 ,可获得 5 0 %～6 0 %的耐钙细胞 ;并具有正常电生理活性 ,易于形成高阻封接 ,可用于钙电流和钾电流记录。结论 :本实验所采用的分离方法经济、简便、成功率高 ,所获细胞具有正常的电生理活性     

Mitochondrial free calcium regulation during sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release in rat cardiac myocytes

Cardiac mitochondria can take up Ca²⁺, competing with Ca²⁺ transporters like the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca²⁺-ATPase. Rapid mitochondrial [Ca²⁺] transients have been reported to be synchronized with normal cytosolic [Ca²⁺]_i transients. However, most intra-mitochondrial free [Ca²⁺] ([Ca²⁺]_mito) measurements have been uncalibrated, and potentially contaminated by non-mitochondrial signals. Here we measured calibrated [Ca²⁺]_mito in single rat myocytes using the ratiometric Ca²⁺ indicator fura-2 AM and plasmalemmal permeabilization by saponin (to eliminate cytosolic fura-2). The steady-state [Ca²⁺]_mito dependence on [Ca²⁺]_i (with 5 mM EGTA) was sigmoid with [Ca²⁺]_mito < [Ca²⁺]_i for [Ca²⁺]_i below 475 nM. With low [EGTA] (50 μM) and 150 nM [Ca²⁺]_i (± 15 mM Na⁺) cyclical spontaneous SR Ca²⁺ release occurred (5–15/min). Changes in [Ca²⁺]_mito during individual [Ca²⁺]_i transients were small ( 2–10 nM/beat), but integrated gradually to steady-state. Inhibition SR Ca²⁺ handling by thapsigargin, 2 mM tetracaine or 10 mM caffeine all stopped the progressive rise in [Ca²⁺]_mito and spontaneous Ca²⁺ transients (confirming that SR Ca²⁺ releases caused the [Ca²⁺]_mito rise). Confocal imaging of local [Ca²⁺]_mito (using rhod-2) showed that [Ca²⁺]_mito rose rapidly with a delay after SR Ca²⁺ release (with amplitude up to 10 nM), but declined much more slowly than [Ca²⁺]_i (time constant 2.8 ± 0.7 s vs. 0.19 ± 0.06 s). Total Ca²⁺ uptake for larger [Ca²⁺]_mito transients was  0.5 μmol/L cytosol (assuming 100:1 mitochondrial Ca²⁺ buffering), consistent with prior indirect estimates from [Ca²⁺]_i measurements, and corresponds to  1% of the SR Ca²⁺ uptake during a normal Ca²⁺ transient. Thus small phasic [Ca²⁺]_mito transients and gradually integrating [Ca²⁺]_mito signals occur during repeating [Ca²⁺]_i transients.     

Hypoxia-induced Haem Oxygenase-1 gene expression in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes

Background: Haem oxygenase (HO-1), a heat shock or stress protein, is a rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of pro-oxidant haem to biliverdin and carbon monoxide (CO). The products of haem catabolism serve regulatory and protective functions. Previous studies have shown that hypoxia induces HO-1 expression in cardiac myocytes. Accordingly, we investigated whether hypoxia-induced HO-1 expression is accompanied by increased CO production in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, and whether protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in hypoxia induced HO-1 gene expression.

Methods and Results: Expression of HO-1 in hypoxia-treated cells was examined by using northern and western blotting, and immunofluorescent staining. The level of HO-1 mRNA at 24 and 48 h was increased after the onset of hypoxia, with corresponding increase in the HO-1 protein level (6.7- and 8.7-fold at 24 and 48 h of hypoxia, respectively). HO-1 protein was colocalised with sarcomeric -actin in hypoxic myocytes. Hypoxia also significantly increased the production of CO by 2.5- and 8-fold at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Under normoxic conditions, activation of PKC by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA; 100 nmol/L) markedly increased HO-1 gene expression, while inhibition of PKC activity by calphostin C (100 nmol/L) blocked hypoxia-induced HO-1 gene expression in cardiac myocytes.

Conclusions: These results demonstrate that hypoxia markedly induces HO-1 expression and increases the production of CO in cardiac myocytes. This hypoxic response is attributed, at least in part, to activation of PKC. Increased HO-1 expression and resultant CO production may be beneficial with respect to protection of cardiac myocytes under hypoxic conditions.     

Calcium phosphate coprecipitation greatly enhances transduction of cardiac myocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells by lentivirus vectors

BACKGROUND: Lentivirus vectors provide a delivery system that can both transduce nondividing cells and integrate transgenes into the genome of target cells without cytotoxicity. However, their relatively low transduction efficiency presents a significant obstacle to progress. OBJECTIVES: In the present paper, a simple and easy method using calcium phosphate (CaPi) to enhance the efficiency of lentivirus gene transfer in both vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac myocytes is reported. METHODS AND RESULTS: Delivery of lentivirus vectors in the presence of CaPi coprecipitates increased vector-encoded transgene expression up to 13-fold. Of interest, the magnitudes of enhancement of transgene expression by CaPi coprecipitates in 293T cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac myocytes were greater during brief periods (10 min and 120 min) of virus-cell contact than during long periods (16 h). Moreover, with a short duration of incubation with CaPi coprecipitates (up to 120 min), there was little evidence of direct cell toxicity. CaPi coprecipitates had no effect on host range specificity of ecotropic viruses and thus appears to enhance transduction efficiency physiologically by facilitating physical interaction between virus and cell. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that lentivirus with CaPi coprecipitates increases both the efficiency and the speed of gene transfer. These approaches provide an efficient method and an improved tool for research and possibly for therapy of cardiovascular diseases.     

A new method for isolation of cardiac myocytes by percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of isolating viable canine cardiac myocytes from percutaneous right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy specimens. Although histologic data can be obtained from percutaneous endomyocardial biopsies, this approach has not been used as a source of viable cells for evaluating pathological conditions. Study of isolated viable myocytes may provide insight into the electrical, biochemical, and physiologic functions of the heart. Using a standard 8F sheath, a 5F bioptome was introduced via the right femoral vein and advanced to the right ventricle, where 85 biopsies were obtained from 8 mongrel dogs. An average of six biopsy specimens were pooled for processing to provide adequate tissue substrate. This resulted in 14 groups of specimens which were then processed to isolate individual myocytes. Viable myocytes were striated, rod-shaped, and excluded trypan blue dye. Nonviable myocytes were rounded, had no cross-striations, and did stain with trypan blue. Partially-injured myocytes contracted spontaneously and had a region of loss of cross-striations. The average number of viable cells recovered per group of pooled specimens was 1.8 × 10⁴ (1.8 × 10³ cells/mg of tissue). The greatest yield of viable myocytes recovered was 8.0 × 10⁴, which represented a viability of 90% by trypan blue dye exclusion and morphological criteria. Percutaneous right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy is a novel method for obtaining viable cardiac myocytes. Its feasibility and utility in humans warrant further investigation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The effects of triiodothyronine on cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes

The purpose of this study was to determine whether thyroid hormone could directly affect the phenotypic expression of two isozymic systems [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and myosin] and the energy transducing potential of cultured neonatal heart cells. In addition we determined if these biochemical systems developed in culture as they normally do during in vivo post-natal development. Cells were maintained for 14 days in culture medium containing 10% horse serum and Earle's salts. Experimental cultures were supplemented with 10 nmol/l 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3). Hearts used to study in vivo development were excised from rats at the ages of 2 and 14 days post-natal to correspond with the time of isolating and harvesting the cultured heart cells, respectively. Adult hearts were used to represent the final developmental stage. Cultured cardiomyocytes without T3 administered to the culture medium showed no change in the isozymic profiles (myosin and LDH) or in metabolic potential during the 2 week culture period. The T3 treated cultures showed a complete shift to the V1 myosin isozyme. The glycolytic and aerobic metabolic potential [i.e., phosphofructokinase (PFK) and citrate synthase (CS) activities] and the LDH isozyme distribution were unaltered by T3 treatment. During in vivo development a shift toward the V1 myosin and H-LDH isozymes along with an increase in aerobic metabolism occurred in the rat heart. These findings indicate that the development of these selected biochemical systems in cultured cardiac myocytes does not result from an intrinsic myogenetic program and thus must be regulated in vivo by epigenetic factor(s). These results show that T3 has the potential to be the prime determinant of the phenotypic expression of the myosin isoforms, but does not have the potential to be the sole determinant for the expression of the LDH isozymes or the glycolytic (PFK) and aerobic (CS) capacities of cardiac muscle cells.     

Phenylephrine and endothelin-1 upregulate connective tissue growth factor in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes

Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with hypertrophic growth of cardiac myocytes and increased fibrosis. Much is known of the stimuli which promote myocyte hypertrophy and the changes associated with the response, but the links between the two are largely unknown. Using subtractive hybridization, we identified three genes which are acutely (<1 h) upregulated in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes exposed to the alpha-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine. One represented connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) which is implicated in fibrosis and promotes hypertrophy in other cells. We further examined the expression of CTGF mRNA and protein in cardiac myocytes using quantitative PCR and immunoblotting, confirming that phenylephrine increased CTGF mRNA (maximal within 1 h) and protein (increased over 4 - 24 h). Endothelin-1 promoted a greater, though transient, increase in CTGF mRNA, but the increase in CTGF protein was sustained over 8 h. Neither agonist increased CTGF mRNA in cardiac non-myocytes. By increasing the expression of CTGF in cardiac myocytes, hypertrophic agonists such as phenylephrine and endothelin-1 may promote fibrosis. CTGF may also propagate the hypertrophic response initiated by these agonists.     

Transcriptional activation of the BNP gene by lipopolysaccharide is mediated through GATA elements in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has a profound effect on cardiac performance through a collapse of the vasculature. In this study, we determined whether LPS has a direct effect on the cardiac myocytes by examining the expression of the BNP gene in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Northern blot analysis showed that LPS induces the expression of the BNP gene. Time-course experiments revealed that BNP mRNA levels were increased 1 h after LPS stimulation. Enhanced induction of BNP was observed 3 h after stimulation when expression of CD14, a specific receptor for LPS, was markedly induced. LPS-mediated BNP expression was completely inhibited by the pretreatment of SB203580, a specific inhibitor for p38 MAPK as well as by genistein, a broad range tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In accordance with these results, LPS increases phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Transient transfection assays revealed that low dose (1 ng/ml) of LPS induces the luciferase activity derived from the construct containing the BNP promoter spanning from -1000 and +80 in front of the luciferase gene. Cotransfection of the expression vectors for constitutive active forms of Rac1, MKK3 and p38 MAPK significantly increased BNP promoter activity. Mutation of the GATA sequence located at -95 and -84 abolished such an induction of BNP promoter activity. Overexpression of CD14 enhanced the LPS's effect on BNP promoter. These results indicate that LPS induces the BNP gene expression through a pathway involving CD14, Rac1, p38 MAPK and GATA elements. In addition to the induction of BNP expression by hemodynamic overload, our data suggest that elevated levels of BNP under the endotoxemic condition is partly mediated through the increased expression of CD14, which lies upstream of the Rac1-p38 MAPK pathway.     

罗格列酮抑制内皮素诱发心肌肥大的研究

目的研究罗格列酮（rosiglitazone,RSG）抑制内皮素（endothelin-1,ET-1）诱发心肌肥大的作用及其机制。方法在培养新生大鼠心肌细胞中,采用RSG（PPARγ激动剂）、GW9662（PPARγ抑制剂）和蛋白激酶C（Proteinki-naseC、PKC）通路的激动剂（佛波醇酯,PMA）和蛋白激酶C通路的阻断剂白屈菜季氨碱（chelerythrine、che）观察罗格列酮在ET-1和PMA诱导心肌蛋白质合成中的影响。结果培养2d后,对照组（DMEM）蛋白质含量为（291±13）mg/L,ET-1组和PMA组分别为（339±15）mg/L和（329±14）mg/L,较对照组升高15%和13%（P<0.01）;ET-1+10-7mol/LRSG组、ET-1+10-7mol/LRS组+GW9662组、ET-1+che组、分别为（292±14）mg/L,（310±13）mg/L,（291±17）mg/L;与ET-1组比较分别降低13%、8%、13%（P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.01）;PMA+10-7mol/LRSG组的蛋白含量较PMA组降低10%（P<0.01）。PMA和ET-1促进心肌细胞蛋白质的合成,RSG和che分别抑制蛋白质合成,PPARγ的阻断剂GW9662减弱RSG的抑制作用。测定心肌细胞的3H-亮氨酸掺入,RSG同样可以抑制ET-1和PMA诱导的心肌细胞肥大,GW9662可以削弱RSG的抑制作用。结论RSG抑制ET-1诱发的心肌肥大与PKC和过氧化物酶增值物激活受体γ（PPARγ）途径可能有一定关系。