462例中下段直肠癌淋巴转移规律与淋巴清扫范围的分析

目的 探讨中下段直肠癌的淋巴转移规律和淋巴清扫范围。方法 对1990－1999年行传统直肠癌根治术的373例和行传统直肠癌根治术加盆腔侧方淋巴清扫术（简称侧方清扫术）的89例中下段直肠癌患者进行回顾性分析。结果 全组淋巴转移率为41．8％,患者年龄、癌灶浸润深度、大体分型、癌灶大小是影响淋巴转移率的重要因素（P＜0．05）。89例侧方清扫术的盆腔侧方淋巴转移率为15．7％,其中85．7％位于癌灶同侧。有盆腔侧方淋巴结转移者均为浸润深度T3、T4者;癌灶＞3cm、溃疡型或浸润型、年龄＜60岁者盆腔侧方淋巴结转移较高。侧方清扫术组的盆腔复发率为5．6％,明显低于传统直肠癌根治术组的17．7％（P＜0．05）;侧方清扫术组和传统直肠癌根治术组的5年生存率分别为46．7％和47．9％（P＞0．05）。结论 应提高对中下段直肠癌淋巴转移规律的认识,对怀疑或证实有淋巴结转移、癌灶侵犯浆膜或穿透肠壁、癌灶＞3cm、溃疡型或浸润型、年龄＜60岁者建议行侧方清扫术。     

下段直肠淋巴引流途径和低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫的必要性

下段直肠癌已被证明存在向上、向下、侧方3个淋巴引流途径，直肠癌通过侧方淋巴引流途径形成的淋巴结转移是其治疗后盆腔复发的重要原因。大量循证医学证据表明，术前同步放化疗并不能彻底清扫侧方转移淋巴结，其阳性残留比例>60%。对术前同步放化疗后仍然存在侧方淋巴结转移的病例，手术清扫转移淋巴结是最重要的治疗手段，甚至是病人获得长期生存的惟一途径。严格掌握侧方淋巴结清扫指征，提高病理学检查准确率，进行规范的淋巴结清扫，通过精准操作降低手术并发症发生率，有望为直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移病人带来局部复发率的下降和生存延长的双重获益。     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术侧方淋巴结清扫术

对腹膜反折以下cT3或N＋的直肠癌行侧方淋巴结清扫术可减少局部复发率及提高生存率。该术式采用五孔法完成,按日本学组提出的三间隙原则进行清扫：①分离保护输尿管及下腹神经,清扫下腹神经丛及下腹神经与髂总动脉、髂内动脉之间的第二间隙淋巴结;②清扫髂内外动脉间及闭孔内的第三间隙淋巴脂肪组织;③切除髂内血管及盆丛神经。应视肿瘤部位、浸润深度以及侧方淋巴结肿大情况,选择性行单或双侧清扫。腹腔镜下完成侧方淋巴结清扫具有视野好、狭小间隙操作方便、出血少等优势,是一种安全可行的手术方式。     

中下段直肠癌盆腔侧方淋巴转移情况与转归

目的探讨中下段直肠癌盆腔侧方淋巴结转移(简称侧方转移)的规律和预后。方法对1990～2001年经根治性切除证实侧方转移的20例中下段直肠癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果85.0%(17/20)的患者为直肠系膜和/或根部淋巴转移加侧方转移,15.0%(3/20)的患者为单纯侧方转移。侧方转移率依次为闭孔动脉45.0%(9/20)、髂内动脉40.0%(8/20)、髂总动脉20.0%(4/20)、髂外动脉15.0%(3/20)和腹主动脉分叉淋巴结5.0%(1/20)。75.0%的患者发生术后远处转移或远处转移合并盆腔局部复发,其中83.3%发生于术后2年内。患者平均生存期21.6个月,术后3年、5年生存率分别为16.7%和0。结论中下段直肠癌侧方转移不仅是盆腔局部病变,还可能是属于全身病变的一部分,提示直肠癌远处转移发生的可能性。     

中低位直肠癌侧方淋巴引流放射性核素显像的初步研究

目的 探讨放射性核素淋巴显像对中低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法 选择1999年5月至2001年3月经病理证实的大肠癌患者32例，以^99m锝-硫胶体(^99mTc—SC)为显像剂，于术前1日行盆腔、下腹部放射性核素淋巴显像。32例中直肠癌27例，乙状结肠癌3例，结肠癌2例。对15例腹膜返折以下直肠癌行侧方淋巴结清扫的扩大根治术，将其显像结果与术后侧方淋巴结病理检查进行对照。结果 直肠旁淋巴结，闭孔淋巴结，髂血管、主动脉淋巴链的显像率分别为69％、91％、100％。行侧方淋巴结清扫的15例直肠癌，其核素显像对称10例，不对称5例。侧方淋巴结病理阳性率13％(2／15)。以图像不对称为显像阳性，结果 表明核素显像的灵敏度为100％，特异度为77％，符合率为80％，。结论 盆腔、下腹部核素显像是术前判断中低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结是否转移的较好方法，此法有助于制定合理的个体化手术方案。     

4K腹腔镜直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫与关键技术

侧方淋巴转移是中低位直肠癌的主要转移方式,也是导致术后局部复发的重要原因。单纯放化疗对控制侧方淋巴结转移效果不佳,而侧方淋巴结清扫术因增加术后泌尿及性功能障碍发生率而备受争议。4K超高清腹腔镜系统可提供更高清的手术视野和更细腻的细节分辨,有利于侧方淋巴结清扫术中对盆腔自主神经、髂内血管等重要解剖结构的识别和显露,最终达...     

关于中低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫的争论

直肠癌的侧方淋巴结清扫的范围、指征及疗效,不同国家、不同学派的医生的观点存在一定差异。目前认为侧方清扫主要适用于中低位、病理为低分化或T3~4的直肠癌病人,术前可应用放射性核素显像、腔内超声或PET-CT等评估侧方淋巴结情况。侧方清扫对外科技术要求很高,术中应注意在髂内血管和盆壁及闭孔筋膜之间进行分离,直至暴露闭孔神经,清扫淋巴结总数至少应在10枚以上。目前侧方清扫可以降低肿瘤复发率已得到肯定,但侧方淋巴结清扫已达第3、4站,其必要性国际上仍存在争论。笔者认为侧方淋巴结清扫仍有生命力及存在价值,TME基础上改良清扫或选择性侧方淋巴结清扫。腹腔镜下的TME及侧方清扫等均是直肠癌手术今后若干的方向之一。     

直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫争议与共识

直肠癌盆腔侧方淋巴结清扫是直肠癌手术治疗的重要方式之一,随着新辅助放化疗技术的应用,该术式在欧美及我国已较少开展。目前,对该技术的研究主要来自日本及韩国等国家。而该术式对于降低直肠癌局部复发率及改善病人远期生存是否有意义,尤其是预防性侧方淋巴结清扫的作用,尚存在争议。对于新辅助放化疗后仍有侧方淋巴结转移的病人,目前多主张应行侧方淋巴结清扫,而对于侧方淋巴结转移的诊断有赖于影像学的精确判断。该术式虽是创伤较大的手术,但其目前仍是直肠癌外科手术的重要组成部分,应个体化选择病人并结合腹腔镜及机器人等微创技术,提高治疗效果。     

低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫的临床意义

目的：探讨侧方淋巴结清扫在低位直肠癌治疗中的意义。方法：回顾性分析782例低位直肠癌以扩大淋巴结清扫的方法清扫直肠癌上方、侧方及部分下方的淋巴结。应用常规病理学的方法观察其侧方淋巴结转移的规律，并以直接方法统计侧方转移阳性病例的生存率。结果：①侧方淋巴结转移是腹膜返折以下直肠癌的转移途径，约占该部位直肠癌的12．5％；②侧方淋巴结转移易发生在低分化腺癌及粘液腺癌。肉眼见有浸润倾向者，侧方淋巴结转移与浸润深度有关；③侧方转移者5年生存率为42．2％。结论：腹膜返折以下的进展期直肠癌应该在上方淋巴结清扫的同时行侧方淋巴结清扫，可以避免转移淋巴结的残留，提高生存率。     

直肠癌根治术中扩大淋巴结清扫与常规淋巴结清扫比较的荟萃分析

背景：骨盆侧方淋巴结转移发生于10％-25％的直肠癌患者，并与局部复发率增高和生存率降低有关。但长期以来，对于是否常规进行侧方淋巴结清扫及其疗效存在诸多争议。本研究采用荟萃分析的方法，对扩大侧方淋巴结清扫术在直肠癌手术治疗中的价值进行评估。     

Lateral pelvic node dissection after neoadjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancer with right internal iliac node metastasis but without regional node metastasis: A case report

Introduction and importanceTotal mesorectal excision (TME) with lateral pelvic node dissection was routinely done in low clinical T3 rectal tumors below the peritoneal reflection as stated in the Japanese guidelines for colorectal cancer. Our institution follows the same practice in selected patients. This is our first reported case wherein a patient with rectal cancer underwent total mesorectal excision with lateral lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant treatment with a positive lateral node on histopathology.Case presentationA 49 year old female rectal had rectal adenocarcinoma 4 cm FAV. Pelvic MRI revealed a low rectal tumor abutting the mesorectal fascia anteriorly, anal sphincters not involved, and confluent enlarged right iliac nodes. After neoadjuvant treatment, interval decrease in size of the rectal lesion and the right iliac nodes were noted. Patient underwent partial intersphincteric resection, lateral pelvic node dissection and protective loop ileostomy.Clinical discussionHistopathology revealed a rectal adenocarcinoma with one right internal iliac lymph node was positive for tumor involvement. Circumferential resection margin was 4.0 mm. Patient is currently on 4th cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy. Preoperative chemoradiation could not completely eradicate lateral pelvic node metastasis. Therefore, lateral pelvic node dissection should be considered if lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis is suspected even after neoadjuvant therapy.ConclusionUnlike TME, performance of a routine lateral lymphadenectomy in rectal cancer surgery varies by geographic location. Reports from Asian countries and our practice in our institution shows that it can be performed safely. This could improve the oncologic outcomes of patients especially if combined with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.     

Treatment of lateral node metastasis from lower rectal cancer

Lateral lymphatics of the rectum originate in the area where branches of the inferior hypogastric plexus and the middle rectal vessels from the internal iliac vessels enter the mesorectum below the level of the peritoneal reflection in the pelvis, then reach the bifurcation of iliac vessels along the internal iliac vessels. Among lateral lymph nodes, the middle rectal, obturator, and internal iliac lymph nodes are important from the viewpoint of both the incidence of metastais and treatment effects. Although total mesorectal excision (TME) had become the standard surgical treatment for rectal cancer by the 1990s, this technique does not treat lateral node metastasis. A randomized clinical trial of TME versus D3 lymphadenectomy (JCOG0212) was started in 2003, and the registration of 701 patients with lower rectal cancer was completed in August 2010. The results of this clinical trial are highly anticipated. In Japan, where the rate of local recurrence after surgery is low, patients at high risk of local recurrence such as those with lateral node metastasis, T4 disease, and multiple lymph node metastases in the mesorectum should be selected to receive preoperative chemoradiation. Japanese surgeons who treat rectal cancers are in an advantageous position because they have the additional measure of lateral node dissection along with TME and chemoradiotherapy.     

盆腔侧方淋巴结转移对低位直肠癌预后的影响

目的 探讨盆腔侧方淋巴结转移对低位直肠癌预后的影响.方法 对1994年至2005年行根治性切除联合盆腔侧方淋巴结清扫的176例低位直肠癌患者的资料进行回顾性分析.探讨低位直肠癌患者盆腔侧方淋巴结转移对其预后的影响.结果 全组盆腔侧方淋巴结转移33例(18.8%),其中髂内及直肠中动脉根部淋巴结转移占51.5%,闭孔淋巴结转移占39.4%.年龄≤40岁、浸润型癌、T3-4期、上方淋巴结转移患者的盆腔侧方淋巴结转移率较高(P＜0.05).全组5年生存率为64.1%,TNM分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者5年生存率分别为94.1%、79.1%、42.1%.癌灶大小、浸润深度、上方淋巴结转移、盆腔侧方淋巴结转移是影响低位直肠癌患者预后的重要因素(P＜0.05).盆腔侧方淋巴结阴性患者5年生存率为73.6%,而侧方淋巴结转移患者为21.4%,两组差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 盆腔侧方淋巴结转移是影响低位直肠癌预后的重要因素.     

侧方淋巴结清扫对进展期低位直肠癌预后的影响

目的 应用治疗指数(therapeutic index,TX)(TX=肿瘤相关5年生存率×区域淋巴结转移的概率)评估侧方淋巴结清扣对于改善进展期低位直肠癌预后的价值.方法 回顾性分析直肠癌行根治性切除+全直肠系膜切除+侧方淋巴结清扫的96例进展期低位直肠癌患者的临床资料.结果 进展期低位直肠癌直肠系膜淋巴结、直肠上动脉旁淋巴结、肠系膜下动脉旁淋巴结和侧方淋巴结转移率分别为21%(20/96),13%(12/96),10%(10/96)和15%(14/96).检出直肠系膜淋巴结、直肠上动脉旁淋巴结、肠系膜下动脉旁淋巴结和侧方淋巴结转移阳性的进展期低位直肠癌患者5年生存率分别为35%,25%,20%和36%.TX:清扫直肠系膜淋巴结和侧方淋巴结的TX分别为7.4和5.4,明显高于清扫直肠上动脉和肠系膜下动脉旁淋巴结的3.3和2.0.侧方淋巴结转移阳性者术后局部复发率为64%(9/14),TX明显高于侧方淋巴结转移阴性者的11%(9/82)(x2=22.308/P=0.000).Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,侧方淋巴结转移阳性患者平均生存期为(38.0±6.7)个月(95%置信区间:24.8～51.2个月),明显短于侧方淋巴结转移阴性的(80.9±2.1)个月(95%置信区间:76.7～85.1个月),两者差异有统计学意义. 结论侧方淋巴结清扫可降低进展期低位直肠癌根治性切除术后局部复发率以及改善预后.除全直肠系膜切除外,进展期低位直肠癌术中还应进行侧方淋巴结清扫.     

Survival benefit of lateral lymph node dissection according to the region of involvement and the number of lateral lymph nodes involved

Purpose

The effectiveness of lateral lymph node dissection for extending the survival of patients with advanced lower rectal cancer remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the survival benefit of lateral lymph node dissection according to the region of involvement and the number of lateral lymph nodes involved.

Methods

We reviewed 131 consecutive patients with advanced lower rectal cancer, who had undergone curative resection with total mesorectal excision plus extended lateral lymph node dissection at Wakayama Medical University Hospital. Twenty-six (19.1 %) of these patients had lateral lymph involvement. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses for the 3-year disease-free and overall survival of these patients.

Results

Multivariate analysis revealed that the number (>1) and the region (common iliac artery region or external iliac artery region) of lateral lymph node metastasis are independent predictive factors for recurrence and survival. The Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated that patients with one lymph node metastasis in the internal iliac artery or obturator region had better survival.

Conclusions

Lateral lymph node dissection resulted in survival benefit for patients with single lateral lymph node involvement in the internal iliac artery region or the obturator region.     

侧方淋巴结清除在直肠癌根治术中的临床意义

目的：探讨侧方淋巴清除在直肠癌根治术中的临床意义。方法：对36例低位进展期直肠癌患者行根治术，清除上方3组淋巴结的同时行侧方淋巴结清除，对分组淋巴结的转移情况进行评价。结果：36例中有19例有侧方淋巴结转移，其中侧方淋巴转移5例，占阳性淋巴结病例的26．3％（5／19），占全部病例的13．9％（5／36），结论：为保证根治手术的彻底性，减少肿瘤复发，对腹膜返折部以下的进展期直肠癌除上方淋巴结必须清除达第3站外，有必要同时进行侧方淋巴清除。     

Optimal lymph node dissection for colorectal cancer]

Previous studies on the distribution of positive lymph nodes have revealed that the colon should be resected 10 cm from the tumor on both sides and that the intermediate nodes along the main vessel should be dissected in patients with colon cancer. In rectal cancer, superior lymphatic spread along the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) is the main metastatic route. The IMA should be dissected immediately after the bifurcation of the left colic artery, and the intermediate lymph nodes should be removed. The positive rate of the lateral lymph nodes is about 10%. The rate of local failure is high and the prognosis is poor in patients with positive lateral lymph nodes, even if the lateral lymph nodes have been dissected. However, it has been reported that lateral lymph node dissection combined with excision of the internal iliac vessels results in good disease-free survival in patients with positive lateral nodes. Therefore the indications for lateral node dissection remain controversial. Lymphatic spread into the mesorectum on the anal side has been shown to be an important factor in local failure. The mesorectum should be resected for up to 4 or 5 cm from the inferior tumor margin in middle rectal cancer, and the entire mesorectum should be removed in lower rectal cancer. Nerve tissue preserved in pelvic autonomic nerve-preserving surgery contains a small amount of lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes. Therefore the extent of lymph node dissection and the area of autonomic nerves to be preserved based on tumor site or tumor penetration remain controversial.