超高效液相串联质谱法测定大鼠西酞普兰及其代谢物的血药浓度

目的建立快速测定大鼠体内西酞普兰及其代谢物(N-氧化西酞普兰和N-去甲基西酞普兰)浓度的超高效液相串联质谱法。方法用乙酸乙酯萃取法处理血浆,色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm);流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸水,梯度洗脱,流速为0.4 m L·min-1;用正离子多离子反应监测(MRM)扫描,内标为曲马多。结果血浆中西酞普兰、N-去甲基西酞普兰和N-氧化西酞普兰的线性范围分别为0.1~10.0,0.1~10.0,0.01~2.00 ng·m L-1(r=0.999 1,0.999,0.999 6),定量下限分别为0.05,0.05,0.01ng·m L-1。其回收率分别在96.09%~105.33%。三者的日内、日间精密度均RSD<8.69%。结论该方法操作简便、快捷,灵敏度高,适于大鼠体内西酞普兰及其代谢物的药代动力学研究。     

HPLC法测定氢溴酸西酞普兰中的基因毒性杂质对甲苯磺酸乙酯

目的建立一种高效液相色谱测定氢溴酸西酞普兰中的基因毒性杂质对甲苯磺酸乙酯的方法。方法采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),以乙腈-缓冲液(0.02 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液,用磷酸调节p H值至3.5)(50∶50)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L·min-1,检测波长225 nm。结果对甲苯磺酸乙酯在0.025 6~0.187 5μg·m L-1范围内峰面积与浓度线性良好(R2=0.999 3);精密度良好,RSD为0.8%;定量限和检测限分别为0.025 6、0.012 4μg·m L-1;对甲苯磺酸乙酯在氢溴酸西酞普兰中的回收率为101.4%。结论本方法简便快捷,准确可靠,可以准确测定氢溴酸西酞普兰中的对甲苯磺酸乙酯含量。     

氢溴酸西酞普兰片在健康人体的药动学

目的:研究国产氢溴酸西酞普兰片在健康人体内的药动学.方法:19名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服40 mg氢溴酸西酞普兰片,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中氢溴酸西酞普兰浓度,并用3P97软件统计处理.结果:氢溴酸西酞普兰片的药-时曲线符合二室模型,其Cmax,Tmax,T1/2,AUC0-132,AUC0-∞分别为(47.3±11.5)μg·L-1,(3.3±1.6)h,(36.3±9.7)h,(1 892.8±388.2)μg·L-1·h,(2 069.9±428.7)μg·L-1·h.结论:为临床用药提供参考资料.     

S-西酞普兰草酸盐含量测定

目的:拆分西酞普兰草酸盐对映异构体,建立S-西酞普兰草酸盐的质量检测方法.方法:采用Chirobiotic V手性柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以甲醇-冰醋酸-三乙胺(100∶0.1∶0.1)为流动相;检测波长为240nm,柱温为20℃,流速为1.0min·mL-1.结果:S型和R型异构体获得完全分离,S-西酞普兰草酸盐在10～150μg·mL-1范围内具有良好线性,r=0.999 1(n=5).结论:该方法简便、准确,可测定S-西酞谱兰草酸盐的含量.     

反相高效液相色谱荧光检测法测定血浆中西酞普兰浓度

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中西酞普兰浓度.方法:采用岛津公司LC-10Avp系列高效液相色谱仪,RF-10Axl荧光检测器,SIL-10Advp全自动进样器,Diamonsil C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm ) 色谱柱,柱温:35℃.以CH3CN-0.05 mol·L-1 H3PO4 (36∶64)为流动相,普奈洛尔做内标,检测波长Ex=236nm,Em=306 nm.结果:标准曲线线性范围1.25～50.00 ng·mL-1;萃取回收率 84.96%～88.33%;方法回收率96.95%～105.2%;日内测定RSD为1.8%～6.1%,日间测定RSD为1.9%～5.3%.结论:本法快速、灵敏、准确、简便,可用于西酞普兰血药浓度测定和药动学及生物利用度研究.     

单次和连续口服艾司西酞普兰在中国健康志愿者的药代动力学

目的 研究中国健康志愿者单次和连续口服艾司西酞普兰(抗抑郁药)的体内药代动力学特点.方法 12名健康受试者在第1、8～14天,每日1次空腹口服艾司西酞普兰20 mg;第1、14天服药后不同时间点,以及第12～14天每13服药前,取肘静脉血肝素抗凝,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定血浆中的艾司两酞普兰浓度,用DAS软件计算药代动力学参数.结果 艾司西酞普兰的药代动力学特点符合二房室模型,平均t1/2为41.1 h;Cav为(76.4±26.8)μg·L-1;AUCss为(1832.4±642.4)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞和AUC0-∞分别为(4765.9±2171.0)和(5385.6±2851.2)μg·h·L-1;tmax为(3.2±1.3)h;t1/2为(41.1±17.7)h;CL为5.0 L·h-1;AUC的平均累积常数RAUC为(1.2±0.3).结论 艾司西酞普兰连续服药7天可以达稳态,体内无蓄积.     

互为内标法测定患者血浆中氟西汀和西酞普兰的浓度

目的：建立测定人血浆中氟西汀、西酞普兰的高效液相色谱-荧光（HPLC-FLU）法,为临床用药提供参考。方法：氟西汀和西酞普兰互为内标,血浆样品碱化后经液-液萃取,以Ultimate XB-C18反相色谱柱进行分离,流动相为乙腈：0.02 mol·L-1磷酸氢二钠溶液（35∶65,pH 5.0）,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,柱温为30℃。荧光检测氟西汀和西酞普兰的激发波长为230nm,发射波长为305 nm。结果：氟西汀、西酞普兰血药浓度均在15.625～1 000μg.L-1范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为100.72%和100.94%;分析方法的最低定量限均为5μg.L-1;日内、日间RSD均〈3%;冻融稳定性RSD均〈10%。结论：本法快速、简便、灵敏、准确,适用于氟西汀、西酞普兰的血药浓度监测及药动学研究。     

三种西酞普兰制剂在中国健康男性体内的生物等效性

目的:研究西酞普兰在人体的药代动力学过程及其相对生物利用度。方法:西酞普兰血药浓度用HPLC-UV检测,色谱柱:Lichrospher ODS(5μm,250mm×4.6mm),流动相为乙腈:0.1mol/LKH2PO4:三乙胺(35:65:0.3,v/v/v),pH4.5,流速:1mL/min,检测波长:240nm,18名健康志愿者口服20mg西酞普兰制剂。结果:血浆标准曲线在2～128μg/L范围内线性良好(r=0.9992),血样最低定量限为1μg/L,平均绝对回收率为80%～88%,日内、日间变异系数(RSD)小于15%。三种西酞普兰制剂的主要药动学参数,达峰时间tmax:(4.6±1.0)、(4.4±1.4)、(4.0±1.4)h;峰浓度Cmax:(70±19)、(71±17)、(66±21)μg/L;消除半衰期t1/2:(37±9)、(37±6)、(36±6)h。试验制剂西酞普兰片和胶囊与喜普妙的相对生物利用度分别为100%±8%、99%±10%。结论:三种西酞普兰的主要药动学参数无明显差异,三种制剂生物等效。     

高效液相色谱-荧光法测定人血浆中西酞普兰含量

目的:建立快速灵敏的高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定西酞普兰的血药浓度。方法:血浆样品加入内标(右美沙芬)后用乙醚提取,乙醚层经空气流吹干后用流动相定容,以40μL 进样。色谱柱为 Kromasil KR100-5 C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相采用0.05 mol·L~(-1),pH=4.23的磷酸二氢钠缓冲液-乙腈(63:37),流速为0.6 mL·min~(-1),荧光激发波长为240 nm,发射波长300 nm,内标法定量。结果:本法的最低定量浓度为1.3 ng·mL~(-1),在1.3～260 ng·mL~(-1)浓度范围内线性良好,r=0.9999。日内精密度为1.1%～2.3%,日间精密度为1.7%～4.0%,萃取回收率为84.4%～88.3%,准确度为86.2%～95.6%,整个分析过程在15 min 内完成。结论:该法准确、精密度高、重现性好,适用于人血浆中西酞普兰的动力学研究和生物等效性研究。     

HPLC测定西酞普兰人体血药浓度及其药动学研究

目的建立西酞普兰人体内血药浓度的测定方法,并对其进行药代动力学研究.方法采用HPLC,以盐酸普萘洛尔为内标,以Dikma钻石拄 (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm,美国)为色谱柱,以乙腈:0.03 mol/L NH4AC 缓冲液(V:V=33:67)为流动相,测定18名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服西酞普兰后的不同时刻血浆浓度,并根据测定结果求算西酞普兰的药代动力学参数.结果 18名健康志愿者口服西酞普兰40 mg后,血浆中的Cmax为( 54.54±7.83)μg/L ,Tmax 为(3.06±0.42 ) h,AUC0～132 为(2351.1±389.9)μg/L·h ,AUC0～∞为(2636.5±444.9)μg/L·h, t1/2为(40.45±8.68)h.结论本方法重现性好,灵敏度高,可用于临床药物动力学研究.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.