定量组织速度成像评价原发性肺动脉高压右心室长轴功能的临床研究

目的探讨应用定量组织速度成像（QTVI）技术评价原发性肺动脉高压（PPH）患者右心室长轴舒缩功能的价值。方法获取16例PPH患者与15例正常人的标准心尖四腔切面TVI图像，应用QTVI技术离线分析右心室游离壁三尖瓣环处组织速度曲线，测量收缩期峰值运动速度（Vs）、舒张早期峰值运动速度（Ve）和舒张晚期峰值运动速度（Va），计算Ve与Va比值（Ve／Va）。应用二维超声心动图测量室间隔厚度（IVS）、右心室前壁厚度（RVAw）、右心室收缩末期容积（RVESV）和右心室舒张末期容积（RVEDV）。结果与正常人相比，PPH患者Vs、Ve、Va和Ve／Va显著降低，IVS、RVAW、RVESV和RVEDV显著增加。结论PPH患者右心室发生代偿性重构，而其右心室长轴舒缩功能显著受损。     

实时三维超声心动图对法洛四联症手术前后右室收缩功能分析

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)检测法洛四联症(TOF)手术前后右室收缩功能.方法 30例TOF患者常规二维超声心动图检查并确诊后,使用RT-3DE采集患者的右室全容积数据库,分析右室舒张末容量(RVEDV)、收缩末容量(RVESV),计算射血分数(EF).比较术前、术后12 d、术后3个月RVEDV、RVESV及EF值的变化.结果 30例患者中20%(6/30)患者术前右室EF低于50%,术后12 d收缩末容量较术前增加(P<0.05),EF值较术前减低(P<0.05),术后3个月RVEDV较术前增大(P<0.05).常规二维超声术后复查,70%患者(21/30)残留肺动脉分支狭窄,所有患者均存在肺动脉瓣反流.结论 RT-3DE能简便、准确地确定右室容积并计算右室收缩功能;TOF患者术后残留肺动脉分支狭窄及肺动脉瓣反流可能导致右室收缩功能下降.     

The relation between quantitative right ventricular ejection fraction and indices of tricuspid annular motion and myocardial performance.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of right ventricular (RV) function remains challenging because of complex RV chamber geometry and a paucity of easily derived and objective functional methods. METHODS: Visual 2-dimensional echocardiographic estimates of RV ejection fraction (EF), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, Doppler tissue imaging, and myocardial performance index (MPI) were compared with biplanar Simpson's rule RV EF in 101 consecutive patients. Data were analyzed using simple linear regression and receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: RV EF was significantly correlated with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (r = 0.48, P <.0001), Doppler tissue imaging peak systolic velocity (r = 0.45, P <.0001), and MPI (r = -0.38, P =.006). Using a Simpson's RV EF < 50%, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion < 1.5 cm were 59%, 94%, 71%, and 89%; of Doppler tissue imaging peak systolic velocity < 10 cm/s were 59%, 92%, 67%, and 89%; and of MPI < 0.40 were 100%, 35%, 29%, and 100%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was similar for the 3 indices. CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of tricuspid annular motion are easy to obtain, correlate with Simpson's RV EF, and have a high specificity and negative predictive value for detecting abnormal RV systolic function; and the MPI, although not specific, has high sensitivity and negative predictive value for detecting abnormal RV systolic function.     

实时三维超声及组织多普勒显像评价先心病肺动脉高压患者的右心功能

目的探讨实时三维超声及组织多普勒评价先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压（PAH）患者右心功能的临床价值。方法先天性心脏病合并PAH患者（PAH组）24例,其中PAH轻度组10例,中度组8例,重度组6例;正常对照组16例。术前实时三维超声测量右室舒张末容量、收缩末容量,计算右室射血分数,组织多普勒测量三尖瓣环处游离壁组织收缩期速度及舒张早期、舒张晚期运动速度。结果①与对照组比较,PAH组右室舒张末容量、收缩末容量增大,射血分数减低（P〈0．01）。②随着肺动脉压力升高,心功能呈逐渐下降趋势;右心室三维容积曲线逐渐低平,收缩峰值后移。③三尖瓣环运动速度在重度肺动脉压力时下降。结论实时三维超声及三尖瓣环运动速度能有效评估右室整体功能,对于先天性心脏病患者的手术治疗及预后评价有重要意义。     

三维超声心动图对房间隔缺损患者右心功能的评估

目的应用三维超声心动图对房间隔缺损患者右心功能的进行评估。方法ASD患者5 8例,正常对照组3 2例,应用三维超声心动图,测量右心室舒张末期容量(RVEDV)、收缩末期容量(RVESV)、并计算右室射血分数(RVEF)。结果ASD患者、正常对照组RVEDV分别为( 10 1 74±2 5 17)、( 5 9 65±15 0 0 )ml;RVESV分别为( 5 6 81±16 77)、( 2 7 83±9 17)ml;RVEF分别为( 4 4 82±4 5 1) %、( 5 4 11±5 89) % ,2组间均有显著差异(P <0 0 0 1)。结论ASD患者右心室容量负荷较正常人显著增加,右心功能明显下降。     

实时三维超声心动图评价右室收缩功能的初步临床研究

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)检测右室收缩功能,并与传统二维超声心动图对照,探讨该技术的可行性与准确性。方法 使用RT-3DE系统采集32例健康志愿者的右室“金字塔”型数据库,结合容积分析软件,采用心尖八平面法勾勒右室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)和收缩末期容积(RVESV),并计算右室每搏量(RVsV)和射血分数(RVEF);同时在M型超声心动图上测量右室游离壁三尖瓣环处的收缩期位移(TASE)、二维超声心动图上勾画右室面积变化分数(FAC),比较三维容积法测定的收缩指数与TASE、FAC间的相关性。结果 RT-3DE测量的RVSV、RVEF均与TASE呈显著正相关(r=0．90;r=0．83);RVEF与FAC之问呈正相关(r=0．63)。结论 实时三维超声容积成像能快速简便、准确无创地确定右室容积,为临床早期评估右心收缩功能提供了有力手段,具有极其广阔的发展前景。     

超声心动图评价闭塞性肺血管病、右心功能及吸入一氧化氮的影响

本文报道了应用超声心动图面积－长度法评价１５例闭塞性肺血管病右心功能及吸入一氧化氮（ＮＯ）后右心功能的变化。结果表明右室舒张末期容积（ＲＶＥＤＶ）和收缩末期容积（ＲＶＥＳＶ）增加，右室每搏量（ＲＶＳＶ）、右室射血分数（ＲＶＥＦ）和右心排血量（ＲＶＣＯ）均降低。吸入ＮＯ后收缩期跨三尖瓣峰值压差平均降低２３％（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＲＶＥＤＶ和ＲＶＥＳＶ分别减小１７．７％和３７．４（Ｐ值均小于０．００１），ＲＶＳＶ、ＲＶＥＦ、ＲＶＣＯ分别增加３０．８％、５８．７％、３４．４％（Ｐ值均小于０．０１－０．００１），提示右心功能有明显改善。     

Assessment of right ventricular volumes and function using cardiovascular magnetic resonance cine imaging after atrial redirection surgery for complete transposition of the great arteries

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is the reference standard for measurement of right ventricular (RV) volumes and function. To date, no study has compared methods of data acquisition and analysis by CMR for adults with a systemic RV. Our objective was to evaluate RV size and function using axial and short axis views in adults post atrial switch (Mustard) surgery. A total of 34 adults (20 male, mean age at CMR 32 ± 6 years) were identified at our centre. Volumes, RV end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic (ESV) were measured in short axis and axial orientations by two independent experienced readers, blinded to clinical and CMR data. Intra and interobserver measurements in each view were compared using Bland–Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Although mean volumes were larger in the axial as compared with the short axis view [RVEDV 247 ± 67 vs. 233 ± 54 ml (p = 0.002) and RVESV 148 ± 54 vs. 136 ± 50 ml (p = 0.001)], mean RV ejection fractions (EF) were similar [41 ± 9 % vs. 43 ± 12 % (p = 0.13)]. Bland–Altman plots demonstrated better agreement for axial measures of RVEDV and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) within and between observers. Similarly, ICC values were stronger for axial as compared with short axis volumes and function—intraobserver RVEDV 0.99 (0.98–0.99) versus 0.96 (0.92–0.98) and RVEF 0.96 (0.93–0.98) versus 0.90 (0.82–0.95); interobserver RVEDV 0.97 (0.94–0.98) versus 0.90 (0.73–0.95) and RVEF 0.85 (0.53–0.94) versus 0.82 (0.67–0.90). Axially derived measurements of RV volumes and function have better agreement and reproducibility as compared with short axis values; whereas axial volumes tend to be larger, RVEF is not significantly different between the two methods.     

实时三维超声心动图与磁共振对法洛四联症患者心室功能的对比研究

目的 以磁共振（MRI）检测结果为标准,探讨实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）检测法洛四联症（TOF）患者左、右心室功能的准确性.方法 16例TOF患者行常规超声心动图检查并确诊后,分别使用RT-3DE和MRI采集患者的左、右室全容积数据库,分析左、右室舒张末期容量（LVEDV、RVEDV）、收缩末期容量（LVESV,RVESV）,计算射血分数（EF）,比较两种检测方法得出的RVEDV、RVESV及EF值的相关性和差异.结果 RT-3DE和MRI检测TOF患者RVEDV、RVESV、RVEF、LVEDV、LVESV及LVEF分别为（49.1±22.1）ml、（22.4±11.4）ml、（54.4±10.9）%、（40.9±19.9）ml、（20.1±11.4）ml、（51.42±7.6）%和（50.3±20.2）ml、（22.8±10.8）ml、（54.9±9.9）%、（41.64±19.00）ml、（20.6±10.5）ml、（51.11±6.00）%,r值分别为0.996、0.997、0.950、0.996、0.998和0.950.结论 RT-3DE能方便、准确地检测TOF患者心室容积并计算其收缩功能.     

Dilation of the coronary sinus on echocardiogram: prevalence and significance in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Although rarely seen in healthy patients, the coronary sinus (CS) is often visualized on echocardiography in patients with right-sided heart disease. However, the prevalence of this finding and its relation to right-sided heart structure and pressure remains undefined. METHODS: We examined the transthoracic echocardiograms of 43 consecutive patients referred for the evaluation of pulmonary hypertension (26 men, 17 women) with a mean age of 53 +/- 15 years (range 21 to 82 years). Structural abnormalities of the tricuspid valve were absent. All patients underwent right heart catheterization within 48 hours of their echocardiogram, which revealed the following pressures: mean pulmonary artery (50 mm Hg, range 31 to 84 mm Hg) and right atrial (RA) (mean 10, range 1 to 24 mm Hg). Echocardiograms were analyzed for CS size (identified as the smallest diameter of a circular structure in the left atrioventricular groove in the parasternal long-axis view), as well as RA and right ventricular (RV) sizes. The presence and severity (grades 1 through 3) of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) were also recorded. RESULTS: The CS was visualized in 35 (81%) of 43 patients, and measurements ranged from 0.4 to 1.6 cm (mean 0.8 cm). No difference in RA size, RV size, TR grade, RA pressure (RAP), RV pressure (RVP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), or pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was observed between patients with a visualized and nonvisualized CS. Coronary sinus size correlated significantly with RA size (r = 0.60, P <.001) and pressure (r = 0.59, P <.001), but not with RV size, degree of TR, RVP, PAP, or PVR. Nineteen of 35 patients with a visualized CS underwent pulmonary artery thromboendarterectomy (PTE), and their CS size and RAP were unchanged (0.8 cm and 12 mm Hg, respectively, preand post-PTE; both P = NS [not significant]), though a decrease was observed in other measurements: RA size (4.2 versus 4.8 cm, P =.02), RV size (4.2 versus 5.1 cm, P =.0004), mean PAP (37 versus 72 mm Hg, P <.0001), and PVR (230 versus 899 mm Hg, P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Coronary sinus dilation was observed in 81% of a selected group of patients with pulmonary hypertension in the absence of structural disease of the tricuspid valve. Coronary sinus dilation is related to RAP and RA size, but not to RV size, degree of TR, RVP, PA pressure, or PVR. Once dilated, CS size does not change shortly after decreases of RA size, RV size, or PA pressure produced by PTE.     

Serial Doppler echocardiographic assessment of left and right ventricular performance after a first myocardial infarction.

We sought to investigate the relation between left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function assessed with the Doppler-derived myocardial performance index (MPI), to assess serial changes, and to investigate the prognostic value of biventricular assessment of cardiac function after a first myocardial infarction (MI). To do so, serial Doppler echocardiography was performed in 77 consecutive patients with a first MI. Right ventricular MPI correlated significantly with LV MPI (r = 0.51, P <.0001). In patients with echocardiographic signs of RV MI, the RV MPI was significantly higher (0.59 +/- 0.18 versus 0.44 +/- 0.19, P =.001), whereas no difference in LV MPI was seen (0.55 +/- 0.19 versus 0.56 +/- 0.13, P = not significant). Right ventricular MPI showed a rapid normalization during follow-up, whereas LV MPI did not decrease. During follow-up, 23 patients died of cardiac causes or were readmitted because of worsening heart failure. Multivariate Cox analysis indicated LV MPI (relative risk 4.9 [95% CI 1.8-13.5], P =.002) and RV MPI (relative risk 3.8 [1.3-17.0], P =.01) to be predictors of cardiac events. Thus the RV MPI is frequently abnormal after a first MI but normalizes rapidly on follow-up, and biventricular assessment of cardiac function may improve the prognostic accuracy compared with LV assessment alone.     

超声4D-RV-volume技术对原发性高血压患者右室收缩功能的评估价值

目的 探讨超声四维右心室容积定量分析(4D-RV-Volume)技术评估原发性高血压患者右室收缩功能的临床应用。方法 选择84例原发性高血压患者,按照左心室质量指数(LVMI)不同分为正常LVMI组(44例)和高LVMI组(40例),选择同期健康体检人员45例作为对照组,记录各组左室舒张末期内径(LVIDD )、左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、室间隔厚度(IVST)、左室射血分数(LVEF)、三尖瓣环收缩期位移(TAPSE)、三尖瓣脉冲多普勒频谱舒张早、晚期峰值速度的比值(E/A)、肺动脉收缩压(PASP)和右室Tei指数,4D-RV-Volume技术获得右室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)、右室收缩末期容积(RVESV)、右室射血分数(RVEF)、右心室游离壁纵向应变率(RVFLS)、室间隔纵向应变率(RVSLS)、面积变化分数(RVFAC)等参数。结果 高LVMI组LVIDD、LVESD、LVPWT、IVST、RVEDV、RVESV均高于对照组(P<0.05),LVEF低于对照组(P<0.05);高LVMI组TAPSE高于对照组和正常LVMI组(P<0.05);对照组、正常LVMI组、高LVMI组E/A、RVFLS、RVFAC、RVEF呈降低趋势(P<0.05),PASP、右室Tei指数呈升高趋势(P<0.05)。RVSLS低于正常组和对照组(P<0.05)。RVEF值与右室Tei指数、PASP呈负相关(r=-0.513、-0.470,P<0.05),与TAPSE呈正相关(r=0.607,P<0.05)。4D-RV-Volume技术检测右心室RVEDV、RVESV、RVEF在不同观察者之间具有良好的一致性。结论 4D-RV-Volume技术可定量分析原发性高血压患者右心室结构和功能,为高血压患者病情评估和心血管并发症的防治提供依据。     

时间-空间关联成像技术评估圆锥动脉干畸形胎儿心功能

目的 应用时间-空间关联成像（STIC）技术评价圆锥动脉干畸形（CTD）胎儿心功能。方法 选取经胎儿超声心动图诊断的39胎CTD胎儿（CTD组）和39胎正常胎儿（对照组）。采用STIC技术评估2组胎儿的心功能,包括肺动脉（PA）内径、左心室舒张末期内径（LVDD）和右心室舒张末期内径（RVDD）、左心室收缩末期内径（LVDS）、右心室收缩末期内径（RVDS）、缩短分数（FS）、左心室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、右心室舒张末期容积（RVEDV）、左心室收缩末期容积（LVESV）、右心室收缩末期容积（RVESV）、每搏输出量（SV）和射血分数（EF）等指标,并比较2组间的差异。结果 与对照组比较,CTD组胎儿PA内径及PA/AO均减小（P均<0.001）,LVDD、LVDS、RVDD、RVDS、LVEDV、LVESV、RVEDV及RVESV差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）,左、右心室FS、EF及SV均降低（P均<0.05）,LVDD／RVDD明显升高（P均<0.01）。CTD组中,RVEDV高于LVEDV（P < 0.05）,左心室SV及EF均低于右心室（P均<0.05）。结论 CTD在产前即可对胎儿心功能造成影响,右心室功能有代偿性增强表现,而右心扩大不明显。     

实时三维超声心动图检测房间隔缺损封堵术对右心室容积和瓣环运动影响

目的 采用实时三维超声心动图(TR-3DE)评价房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵术对右心房室结构和瓣环运动的影响。方法 收集37例经ASD封堵术封堵成功的继发孔型ASD患者,于术前1天、术后1个月和3个月行TR-3DE检查,分析并比较封堵术前后右心室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)、右心室收缩末期容积(RVESV)、右心房舒张末期容积(RAEDV)、右心房收缩末期容积(RAESV)、右心室射血分数(RVEF)和三尖瓣环位移(TAD)差异,计算术后3个月RVEDV、RVESV、RAEDV、RAESV变化率,分析术后右心容积变化率与封堵器直径、房间隔心内膜垫残端与三尖瓣环位移的相关性。结果 封堵术后1个月和3个月RVEDV、RVESV、RAEDV、RAESV、RVEF和TAD均显著低于术前,术后3个月和1个月间差异亦有统计学意义。封堵器直径与RVEDV,RVESV,RAEDV和RAESV变化率均呈正相关(r=0.98、0.89、0.87、0.87,P<0.05),心内膜垫残端与三尖瓣环位移无明显相关性(r=0.18,P>0.05)。结论 ASD患者封堵术治疗后右心室容量及三尖瓣环位移较术前均明显减小,可通过TR-3DE进行有效检测。     

实时三平面超声心动图评价右室容积和功能的临床应用

目的探讨超声实时三平面(tri-plane)法测量右室容积和功能的可行性和准确性.方法应用tri-plane法测量36例健康成人的右室舒张末期容积(RVEDV)、右室收缩末期容积(RVESV)、右室每搏量(RVSV).同时,应用二维超声心动图(2DE)双平面Simpson's法测量左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左室收缩末期容积(LVESV),并计算左室每搏量(LVSV).结果Tri-plane法和2DE双平面法的各项测值之间均具良好的相关性.结论超声实时三平面法能准确测量右室容积与功能,为临床上快速、简便、无创地评价右心功能提供了一种新方法.     

实时三维超声心动图评价阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者连续气道正压通气治疗前后右心室结构及功能变化

目的 观察实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评价连续气道正压通气(CPAP)治疗前后阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者右心室结构及功能变化的价值.方法 纳入50例OSAHS患者(OSAHS组)及40名健康志愿者(对照组),比较组间RT-3DE及传统超声心动图参数差异;观察OSAHS组CPAP治疗前及治疗3...     

Assessment of right ventricular function during exercise with quantitative Doppler tissue imaging in children late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.

Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) has been developed to assess ventricular wall-motion velocity quantitatively for patients with various types of heart disease. This technique has a possibility of assessing right ventricular (RV) function reserve during exercise. To investigate RV function during exercise using DTI, 21 patients (9.3 +/- 3.3 years) who had undergone operation for tetralogy of Fallot at 1 to 3 years of age and 19 age-matched healthy children were studied. Echocardiography combined with DTI was performed at rest and during supine bicycle submaximal exercise. DTI of tricuspid annulus movement during systole (Sa) was obtained from a 4-chamber view. RV pressure was estimated by maximal tricuspid regurgitation (TR) velocity. The peak value of the first derivation of RV pressure (peak dP/dt) was measured from the continuous wave Doppler-derived TR profile. Adequate spectral Doppler recordings of TR were obtained in all participants. However, 9 healthy children and 2 patients with tetralogy of Fallot were excluded from the study because of an inability to determine the entire spectral TR velocity envelope during exercise. Therefore, data were analyzed in 29 participants. At rest, the mean RV pressure for patients was higher than that in control subjects (27 +/- 4 vs 18 +/- 3 mm Hg, P <.01). The mean Sa and RV peak dP/dt for patients were lower than those in control subjects (6.7 +/- 1.6 vs 8.8 +/- 1.7 cm/s and 464 +/- 77 vs 550 +/- 80 mm Hg/s, P <.01, respectively). Sa and RV peak dP/dt in the two groups increased significantly during exercise. However, the magnitude of increases in Sa and peak dP/dt was significantly less for patients than in control subjects (37 +/- 16 vs 66 +/- 19% and 42 +/- 10 vs 80 +/- 13%, P <.01, respectively). The magnitude of increase in Sa correlated with that in RV peak dP/dt (r = 0.84, P <.01). Results of DTI show high correlation with RV peak dP/dt during exercise. This technique has a potential as a useful indicator of the effect of exercise on RV systolic function. An insufficient increase in Sa suggests impaired response to exercise of RV in patients with tetralogy of Fallot.     

实时三维超声心动图评价正常儿童右心室整体及局部容积和收缩功能

目的 应用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)评价不同年龄正常儿童右室整体及局部容积和收缩功能.方法 192例正常儿童按年龄分为5组:Ⅰ组,＜1岁,32例;Ⅱ组,≥1岁-＜3岁,46例;Ⅲ组,≥3岁-＜6岁,36例;Ⅳ组,≥6岁-＜9岁,41例;Ⅴ组,≥9岁-＜14岁,37例.应用RT-3DE于心尖偏胸骨旁四腔心采集右室全容积声像图,使用TomTec RV-Function软件分析右室整体和局部(包括流入道、流出道、心尖肌小梁部)舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)及射血分数(EF),计算各局部EDV占右室EDV的比率,对右室三局部容积和收缩功能进行相互比较,并对各年龄组右室整体及局部EF和各局部所占右室容积比率进行相互比较;同时对右室整体和局部EDV与年龄及体格指标进行相关性和曲线估计回归分析.结果 在右室三局部容积和收缩功能的相互比较中:右室流入道EDV及EF均大于流出道、心尖肌小梁部(P＜0.05),流出道EDV与心尖肌小梁部差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但流出道EF大于心尖肌小梁部(P＜0.05);各年龄组间右室整体及局部EF差异无统计学意义(P＞0.12);三局部所占右室容积比率在各年龄组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.58).右室整体及局部EDV与年龄、身高、体质量、体表面积(BSA)呈显著正相关(r＞0.77,P=0.000),其中与体表面积的相关性最显著(r＞0.83,P=0.000),曲线估计分析表明右室整体及局部EDV与各体格指标之间的回归模型以幂模型最佳,其中与体表面积建立的回归模型最佳.结论 在右室三局部中,右室流入道和流出道的容积和收缩功能是右室泵血功能的重要组成部分,右室容积的增长在儿童时期并非随年龄体格指标呈线性增长,而以指数模式增长.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate right ventricular(RV) global and regional volume and systolic function by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) in normal children with different age.Methods One hundred and ninty-two normal children were divided into five groups by age:group Ⅰ,＜1 years old,32 cases;group Ⅱ,≥1 years old-＜3 years old,46 cases;group Ⅲ,≥3 years old-＜6 years old,36 cases;group Ⅳ,≥6 years old-＜9 years old,41 cases;group Ⅴ,≥9 years old-＜14 years old,37 cases.Full volume imaging of RV was obtained at the parasternal four-chamber view near the apex by RT-3DE.RT-3DE data set were analyzed off-line by TomTec RV-Function.RV were divided into three parts:inflow,body,outflow.The measurements were including RV global and regional end-diastolic volume (EDV),end-systolic volume (ESV),ejection fraction (EF) and the ratio of regional parts EDV to RVEDV. The volume and systolic function were compared in three regional parts.RV global and regional parts EF and the ratio of regional parts EDV to RVEDV were also compared in five age groups.Correlation analysis and curve estimation were studied on RV global and regional EDV with age and physical development indexes.Results In the comparison of three regional parts:inflow EDV and EF were higher than outflow and body parts (P＜0.05).No significant different was found between outflow EDV and body EDV (P＞0.05),however,outflow EF was significant higher than body EF(P＜0.05).The comparison of RV global and regional EF in five age groups were no statistical different (P＞0.12). The ratio of regional parts EDV to RVEDV remained constant in five age groups(P＞0.58).Correlation analysis showed the global and regional RV volume were strongly correlated with age,height,weight and BSA (r＞0.77,P=0.000).The best correlation was found with BSA (r＞0.83,P=0.000).Curve estimation demonstrated that the relationship of RV global and regional EDV with age and physical development indexes could be best expressed by power model,the best matched model were found with BSA.Conclusions Among three regional parts of RV,inflow and outflow parts volume contraction were the two main contribution factors for RV function.In childhood RV volume didn't increase linearly with age and physical development indexes,but in an exponential model.     

Right heart chamber geometry and tricuspid annulus morphology in patients undergoing mitral valve repair with and without tricuspid valve annuloplasty

According to current recommendations, patients could benefit from tricuspid valve (TV) annuloplasty at the time mitral valve (MV) surgery if tricuspid regurgitation is severe or if tricuspid annulus (TA) dilatation is present. Therefore, an accurate pre-operative echocardiographic study is mandatory for left but also for right cardiac structures. Aims of this study are to assess right atrial (RA), right ventricular (RV) and TA geometry and function in patients undergoing MV repair without or with TV annuloplasty. We studied 103 patients undergoing MV surgery without (G1: 54 cases) or with (G2: 49 cases) concomitant TV annuloplasty and 40 healthy subjects (NL) as controls. RA, RV and TA were evaluated by three-dimensional (3D) transthoracic echocardiography. Comparing the pathological to the NL group, TA parameters and 3D right chamber volumes were significantly larger. RA and RV ejection fraction and TA% reduction were lower in pathological versus NL, and in G2 versus G1. In pathological patients, TA area positively correlated to systolic pulmonary pressure and negatively with RV and RA ejection fraction. Patients undergoing MV surgery and TV annuloplasty had an increased TA dimensions and a more advanced remodeling of right heart chambers probably reflecting an advanced stage of the disease.     

Characterizing the normal heart using quantitative three-dimensional echocardiography

We present normative data on cardiac volume, geometry and shape derived using three-dimensional echocardiography (3-DE). Three-dimensional reconstructions were created using the piecewise smooth surface subdivision (PSSS) reconstruction technique of the left and right ventricular (LV and RV) endocardium and the mitral and tricuspid annuli (MA and TA) of 67 normal subjects. We derived LV end-diastolic (ED) and end-systolic (ES) volume indices (VI) of 76.5 +/- 16.8 ml m(-2) and 35.3 +/- 14.1 ml m(-2), LV ejection fraction (EF) of 56.1 +/- 9.93%, RV EDVI and ESVI of 93.2 +/- 20.0 ml m(-2) and 49.9 +/- 13.5 ml m(-2) and RVEF of 47.3 +/- 7.69%, along with data on the geometry and shape of the MA, TA, LV and RV. There was no pattern of consistent understatement or overstatement of volumes or dimensions compared with other imaging modalities, and observed variance in data can largely be accounted for through examination of the physics or protocol of each modality.