低频电刺激在偏瘫患者上肢功能康复中的应用

介绍了偏瘫后上肢的一些电刺激治疗方法 ,包括神经肌肉电刺激、功能性电刺激和经皮神经电刺激疗法 ,并对其适用性作了简要描述。     

BOOK REVIEWS

The purpose of this review is to critically assess the clinical efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in treating motor dysfunction in hemiplegia. Three distinct applications are reviewed in the areas of motor relearning, shoulder dysfunction, and neuroprostheses. Assessment of clinical efficacy and recommendations on clinical implementation are based on the weight of published scientific evidence. With respect to motor relearning, evidence supports the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation to facilitate recovery of muscle strength and coordination in hemiplegia. However, effects on physical disability are uncertain. With respect to shoulder dysfunction, neuromuscular electrical stimulation decreases shoulder subluxation, at least in the short term. However, effects on shoulder pain and disability are also uncertain. With respect to neuroprosthesis systems, clinically deployable upper extremity systems must await the development of more sophisticated control methods and greater fundamental understanding of motor dysfunction in hemiplegia. The evidence for clinical feasibility of lower extremity neuroprostheses is stronger, and investigations on clinical efficacy should be pursued. In summary, the application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for motor relearning and shoulder dysfunction are ready for more rigorous scientific and clinical assessment via large, multicenter, randomized clinical trials. However, additional investigations are needed to demonstrate the clinical feasibility of neuroprostheses applications.     

A critical review of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for treatment of motor dysfunction in hemiplegia

The purpose of this review is to critically assess the clinical efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in treating motor dysfunction in hemiplegia. Three distinct applications are reviewed in the areas of motor relearning, shoulder dysfunction, and neuroprostheses. Assessment of clinical efficacy and recommendations on clinical implementation are based on the weight of published scientific evidence. With respect to motor relearning, evidence supports the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation to facilitate recovery of muscle strength and coordination in hemiplegia. However, effects on physical disability are uncertain. With respect to shoulder dysfunction, neuromuscular electrical stimulation decreases shoulder subluxation, at least in the short term. However, effects on shoulder pain and disability are also uncertain. With respect to neuroprosthesis systems, clinically deployable upper extremity systems must await the development of more sophisticated control methods and greater fundamental understanding of motor dysfunction in hemiplegia. The evidence for clinical feasibility of lower extremity neuroprostheses is stronger, and investigations on clinical efficacy should be pursued. In summary, the application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for motor relearning and shoulder dysfunction are ready for more rigorous scientific and clinical assessment via large, multicenter, randomized clinical trials. However, additional investigations are needed to demonstrate the clinical feasibility of neuroprostheses applications.     

单侧与双侧上肢经皮穴位电刺激对脑卒中患者上肢功能影响的随机对照研究

目的:通过随机对照研究,探讨经皮穴位电刺激(TAES)脑卒中患侧双上肢对患侧上肢功能的影响及可能的机制。方法:29例脑卒中患者根据TAES治疗的部位分为2组,单侧组14名和双侧组15名。两组对象在治疗前分别接受Brunnstrom上肢运动恢复分期(RSB),Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表中上肢部分(FMA),手法肌力检查(MMT),改良Ashworth痉挛量表(MAS),改良Barthel指数(MBI)量表评定,在3周治疗后再次评定。结果:两组患者治疗前后各量表评分差异有显著性(P0.05),两组间各量表评分除MBI评分差异有显著性外,其余4个量表评分差异无显著性(P0.05),但两组间变化率的比较差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论:单侧或双侧TAES治疗均能改善脑卒中患者偏瘫上肢的功能,双侧TAES治疗对患侧上肢功能的改善更明显。     

神经肌肉本体易化技术联合神经肌肉电刺激治疗脑卒中患者肩关节半脱位疗效观察

目的：观察神经肌肉本体易化技术（ proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation ,PNF）技术联合神经肌肉电刺激对脑卒中后肩关节半脱位的治疗效果。方法将90例脑卒中后肩关节半脱位患者按随机数字表示分为治疗组和对照组各45例。2组患者均接受早期药物治疗、良肢位摆放及常规康复治疗,治疗组加用PNF技术联合神经肌肉电刺激。2组患者治疗前及治疗后均拍摄双肩关节X射线片并进行指诊,测定两侧肩峰至肱骨头的间距（ AHI）评价肩关节脱位恢复情况,采用Fugl-Meyer评定量表（ FMA）评价患者患侧上肢运动功能。结果2组患者在治疗1月后AHI评分及FMA评分均较治疗前改善,且治疗组较对照组改善更显著（ P＜0.05）。结论 PNF技术联合神经肌肉电刺激对脑卒中后肩关节半脱位及上肢运动功能改善效果显著,其疗效优于常规康复治疗。     

神经肌肉电刺激改善脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能研究进展

上肢功能障碍是脑卒中偏瘫患者最常见的后遗症之一,在物理治疗中常用的有神经肌肉电刺激（neuro-muscular electrical stimulation,NMES）、功能性电刺激（functional electrical stimulation,FES）以及经皮电神经刺激（transcuta-neous electrical nerve stimulation,TENS）。本文重点介绍NMES、FES和TENS治疗脑卒中偏瘫上肢功能障碍的临床应用。     

Therapeutic FES: From Rehabilitation to Neural Prosthetics

The purpose of this paper is to review the therapeutic applications of electrical stimulation and to focus on functional neuromuscular electrical stimulation (FES), which is the production of useful muscle contractions for joint stability and limb movement. The use of FES to improve patient function during the recovery period after illness or injury and the transition to FES neural prosthetic systems for patients who do not fully recover will be discussed. Emphasis will be given to the maintenance of posture and the production of purposeful movement from the perspective of technologies and clinical strategies that are available today and from the perspective of those technologies that have the potential for transfer to community health care in the near future.     

Therapeutic FES: from rehabilitation to neural prosthetics

The purpose of this paper is to review the therapeutic applications of electrical stimulation and to focus on functional neuromuscular electrical stimulation (FES), which is the production of useful muscle contractions for joint stability and limb movement. The use of FES to improve patient function during the recovery period after illness or injury and the transition to FES neural prosthetic systems for patients who do not fully recover will be discussed. Emphasis will be given to the maintenance of posture and the production of purposeful movement from the perspective of technologies and clinical strategies that are available today and from the perspective of those technologies that have the potential for transfer to community health care in the near future.     

经颅直流电刺激结合功能性电刺激对脑卒中平台期患者上肢运动功能康复影响的研究

目的:将经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)和功能性电刺激(FES)结合,观察这种联合治疗干预方式对脑卒中平台期患者上肢功能的影响。方法:3例脑卒中后平台期偏瘫患者在4周基线期后接受4周的tDCS结合FES治疗干预。干预前后用Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评分(U-FMA)、表面肌电图(sEMG)、经颅磁刺激(TMS)进行评定。结果:干预后U-FMA分数较干预前提高。7个主动肌中有5个表面肌电激活性干预前后有明显变化。用TMS成对刺激方法评估受试者健侧大脑短潜伏期皮质内抑制与短潜伏期皮质内易化结果显示部分的干预前后变化。结论:tDCS结合FES治疗干预改善了受试者上肢的运动功能,该方案可能是针对脑卒中平台期患者的一种有前景的干预康复方案。     

本体感觉神经肌肉促进绳带训练联合重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能的效果

目的 探讨本体感觉神经肌肉促进(PNF)绳带训练联合重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能的效果。方法 2021年3月至2022年2月,广西医科大学第二附属医院康复医学科的脑卒中偏瘫住院患者90例随机分为对照组、绳带组和联合组,每组各30例。3组均接受常规康复治疗,对照组接受PNF训练,绳带组接受PNF绳带训练,联合组接受PNF绳带训练和rTMS,共4周。治疗前后,采用偏瘫上肢功能测试(香港版)(FTHUE-HK)、Fugl-Meyer评定量表上肢部分(FMA-UE)和改良Barther指数(MBI)进行评定。结果 治疗后,3组FTHUE-HK、FMA-UE和MBI评分均提高(t> 2.167, P <0.05),联合组优于绳带组(P <0.05),绳带组优于对照组(P <0.05)。结论 PNF绳带训练联合rTMS改善脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能的效果优于单纯PNF训练。     

Functional electrical therapy for hemiparesis alleviates disability and enhances neuroplasticity

Impaired motor and sensory function is common in the upper limb in humans after cerebrovascular stroke and it often remains as a permanent disability. Functional electrical stimulation therapy is known to enhance the motor function of the paretic hand; however, the mechanism of this enhancement is not known. We studied whether neural plasticity has a role in this therapy-induced enhancement of the hand motor function in 20 hemiparetic subjects with chronic stroke (age 53 ± 6 years; 7 females and 13 males; 10 with cerebral infarction and 10 with cerebral haemorrhage; and time since incident 2.4 ± 2.0 years). These subjects were randomized to functional electrical therapy or conventional physiotherapy group. Both groups received upper limb treatment (twice daily sessions) for two weeks. Behavioral hand motor function and neurophysiologic transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) tests were applied before and after the treatment and at 6-months follow-up. TMS is useful in assessing excitability changes in the primary motor cortex. Faster corticospinal conduction and newly found muscular responses were observed in the paretic upper limb in the functional electrical therapy group but not in the conventional therapy group after the intervention. Behaviourally, faster movement times were observed in the functional electrical therapy group but not in the conventionally treated group. Despite the small number of heterogeneous subjects, functional exercise augmented with individualized electrical therapy of the paretic upper limb may enhance neuroplasticity, observed as corticospinal facilitation, in chronic stroke subjects, along with moderate improvements in the voluntary motor control of the affected limb.     

Effects of a 12-hour neuromuscular electrical stimulation treatment program on the recovery of upper extremity function in sub-acute stroke patients: a randomized controlled pilot trial

[Purpose] This study investigated the effects of a 12-hour neuromuscular electrical stimulation program in the evening hours on upper extremity function in sub-acute stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] Forty-five subjects were randomized to one of three groups: 12-hour neuromuscular electrical stimulation group (n=15), which received 12 hours of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and conventional rehabilitation for the affected upper extremity; neuromuscular electrical stimulation group (n=15), which received 30 min of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and conventional rehabilitation; and control group (n=15), which received conventional rehabilitation only. The Fugl-Meyer assessment, Action Research Arm Test, and modified Ashworth scale were used to evaluate the effects before and after intervention, and 4 weeks later. [Results] The improvement in the distal (wrist-hand) components of the Fugl-Meyer assessment and Action Research Arm Test in the 12-hour neuromuscular electrical stimulation group was more significant than that in the neuromuscular electrical stimulation group. No significant difference was found between the two groups in the proximal component (shoulder-elbow) of the Fugl-Meyer assessment. [Conclusion] The 12-hour neuromuscular electrical stimulation group achieved better improvement in upper extremity motor function, especially in the wrist-hand function. This alternative therapeutic approach is easily applicable and can be used in stroke patients during rest or sleep.Key words: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation, Upper extremity function, Stroke     

经皮穴位电刺激对脑卒中患者脑局部血流量的影响

目的观察单次（1h）经皮电神经刺激（TENS）治疗对脑卒中患者即刻脑局部血流量（rCBF）的影响。方法将22例脑卒中初发患者随机分为TENS治疗组和对照组。2组患者分别接受2次单光子发射计算机断层成像（SPECT）检查，2次检查间隔1h，TENS治疗组在2次检查之间接受1h的TENS治疗，治疗部位选取偏瘫侧上肢的肩髃、曲池、外关、合谷穴以及下肢的阳陵泉、足三里、解溪和昆仑穴等8个穴位。对照组2次检查之间不做TENS治疗，仅休息1h。采用半定量值、不对称指数和变化率来分析治疗前、后患侧病灶及其周边区域以及病灶对称部位及其周边区域（镜像部位）rCBF的变化。结果单次TENS治疗后，TENS治疗组与对照组相比，放射性计数、半定量值和变化率明显增加，不对称指数明显减低，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论单次TENS治疗可以改善脑卒中患者患侧和健侧大脑半球的rCBF，且以改善患侧rCBF为主，推测TENS对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能的改善作用可能与TENS增加rCBF，激活脑细胞的功能活动有关。     

经皮电神经刺激在脑卒中后上肢功能障碍中的应用

脑卒中后上肢功能障碍严重影响患者的生活质量和自理能力,经皮电神经刺激作为一种上肢功能障碍康复手段,其有效性已得到相关临床研究的证实。但如何根据脑卒中患者具体情况选择适宜的治疗方法加速上肢功能的康复,一直是临床工作者关注的焦点。本文就经皮电神经刺激在脑卒中后上肢功能障碍临床康复中的应用研究现状进行综述,以帮助临床工作者更好地指导患者康复。     

Intramuscular electromyographically controlled neuromuscular electrical stimulation for upper limb recovery in chronic hemiplegia

We report three cases of survivors of chronic stroke who were treated with active repetitive movement training of the paretic finger extensors mediated by intramuscular electromyographically controlled neuromuscular electrical stimulation for the purpose of motor relearning. These case reports demonstrate the feasibility of using intramuscular electromyographically controlled neuromuscular electrical stimulation for facilitating the upper limb motor recovery of chronic stroke survivors with mild to moderate hemiplegia.     

经外耳皮肤迷走神经电刺激联合双侧上肢训练对脑卒中上肢运动功能的效果

目的 探讨经外耳皮肤迷走神经电刺激(taVNS)联合双侧上肢训练(BAT)对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的影响。方法 选取2021年1月至2022年1月浙江省人民医院康复医学科的105例脑卒中住院患者,随机分为taVNS组、BAT组和联合组,每组35例。3组均接受常规康复治疗,taVNS组增加taVNS,BAT组增加BAT,联合组同时增加taVNS和BAT,共8周。治疗前后,采用表面肌电图测量三角肌、肱三头肌和伸腕肌的均方根(RMS),采用盒子积木试验(BBT)和Fugl-Meyer评定量表上肢部分(FMA-UE)进行评定。结果 治疗后,3组各肌肉RMS、BBT评分和FMA-UE评分均较治疗前显著提高(|t|> 6.124, P <0.001),联合组最优(F> 18.162, P <0.001)。结论 taVNS和BAT均可改善脑卒中患者患侧上肢肌力,提高手的灵活度和上肢运动功能;两者联合使用效果更佳。     

Development of a mathematical model for predicting electrically elicited quadriceps femoris muscle forces during isovelocity knee joint motion

Background  

Direct electrical activation of skeletal muscles of patients with upper motor neuron lesions can restore functional movements, such as standing or walking. Because responses to electrical stimulation are highly nonlinear and time varying, accurate control of muscles to produce functional movements is very difficult. Accurate and predictive mathematical models can facilitate the design of stimulation patterns and control strategies that will produce the desired force and motion. In the present study, we build upon our previous isometric model to capture the effects of constant angular velocity on the forces produced during electrically elicited concentric contractions of healthy human quadriceps femoris muscle. Modelling the isovelocity condition is important because it will enable us to understand how our model behaves under the relatively simple condition of constant velocity and will enable us to better understand the interactions of muscle length, limb velocity, and stimulation pattern on the force produced by the muscle.     

神经肌肉电刺激股四头肌对全膝关节置换术后功能康复的影响

目的:了解神经肌肉电刺激股四头肌对全膝关节置换术(TKR)后运动功能康复的影响。方法:TKR术后患者104例,按分层随机法分为两组,治疗组52例,用神经肌肉电刺激股四头肌,要求患者随电流刺激同时进行主动伸膝;对照组52例,用经皮神经电刺激模式,两组电极分别置于膝部痛点。同时所有患者参与常规康复治疗,平均治疗(14.89±3.65)d出院。出院前行视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、膝关节活动度和膝关节损伤和骨关节炎评分量表(KOOS)评定。出院后随访平均间隔9.5月,随访时行美国膝关节协会评分(KSS)和KOOS量表评定。结果:出院时治疗组和对照组VAS评分分别为(18.11±9.66)和(16.13±4.25)、膝关节主动活动范围(AROM)分别为(103.21°±15.44°)和(99.21°±15.19°),两组的差异均无显著性(P>0.05);治疗组主动伸膝受限为(1.93°±3.47°),明显小于对照组(6.26°±4.28°),差异非常显著(P<0.01);治疗组KOOS评分为(71.52±10.97),明显高于对照组(65.02±10.26),两组差异显著(P<0.01)。随访时,两组KSS评分均达优水平,差异无显著性(P>0.05);治疗组KOOS评分(96.16±2.96)高于对照组(94.04±4.80),两组差异非常显著(P<0.01)。结论:TKR术后早期配合神经肌肉电刺激股四头肌的康复治疗,有助于早期提高伸膝装置的功能和加速功能康复。     

Effect of burst-mode transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on peripheral vascular resistance

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Based on changes in skin temperature alone, some authors have proposed that postganglionic sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers can be stimulated transcutaneously. Our goal was to determine the effects of low-frequency (2 bursts per second), burst-mode transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on calf vascular resistance, a more direct marker of sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow than skin temperature, in subjects with no known pathology. SUBJECTS: Fourteen women and 6 men (mean age=31 years, SD=13, range=18-58) participated in this study. METHODS: Calf blood flow, arterial pressure, and skin temperature were measured while TENS was applied over the common peroneal and tibial nerves. RESULTS: Blood flow immediately following stimulation was not affected by TENS applied just under or just above the threshold for muscle contraction. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation applied at 25% above the motor threshold caused a transient increase in calf blood flow. Regardless of stimulation intensity, TENS had no effect on arterial pressure; therefore, calf vascular resistance decreased only during the trial that was 25% above the motor threshold. Regardless of stimulation intensity, TENS failed to alter dorsal or plantar skin temperature. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the effects of TENS on circulation depend on stimulation intensity. When the intensity was sufficient to cause a moderate muscle contraction, a transient, local increase in blood flow occurred. Cooling of the dorsal and plantar skin occurred in both the stimulated and control legs, most likely because skin temperature acclimatized to ambient room temperature, rather than because of any effect of TENS on circulation. The data, therefore, call into question the idea that postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers are stimulated when TENS is applied at clinically relevant intensities to people without symptoms of cardiovascular or neuromuscular pathology.     

经外耳皮肤电刺激迷走神经对脑梗死偏瘫患者上肢运动功能恢复的影响

摘要 目的：探讨经外耳皮肤电刺激迷走神经（transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, t-VNS）对脑梗死偏瘫患者上肢运动功能的影响。 方法：将确定入组的42例脑梗死患者随机分配至试验组（t-VNS+常规治疗）及对照组（sham-t-VNS+常规治疗）。入组0天进行基线评定,入组后21天进行治疗后的评价。评定内容包括上肢Fugl-Meyer评分（Fugl-Meyer assessment, FMA）、Wolf运动功能测试（Wolf motor function test,WMFT）、功能独立性评定（functional independence measurement,FIM）。同时治疗过程中及治疗后观察可能出现的副作用。 结果：治疗前两组患者的上肢FMA、WMFT、FIM评分均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。治疗21天后,两组上肢FMA、WMFT、FIM评分均较治疗前提高（P＜0.05）,并且试验组指标优于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗过程中及治疗后未出现明显的不良反应。 结论：t-VNS对脑梗死偏瘫患者上肢运动功能恢复的具有促进作用,并且无明显副作用。