闭合复位后椎体成型术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的:观察闭合复位后椎体成型术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的效果。方法:34例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者,利用手术床使患者椎体压缩骨折部位过伸,达到闭合复位目的,然后经皮穿刺行椎体成型术,根据术前和术后侧位X线片测量椎体高度压缩率、后凸畸形角度,并计算椎体高度恢复率和后凸畸形矫正率。结果:利用过伸体位闭合复位后再行椎体成型术可以使椎体前壁高度恢复(40.1±23.5)%,中间高度恢复(44.7±20.8)%,后壁高度恢复(15.3±12.4)%,后凸畸形角度矫正(42.5±29.3)%。结论:骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折可利用过伸体位闭合复位后再行椎体成型术,可有效恢复椎体高度和矫正后凸畸形。     

过伸体位复位在PVP治疗椎体压缩性骨折中的应用

目的探讨利用螺旋推进器在过伸体位手法复位后连续高压注射骨水泥行经皮椎体成形术治疗老年脊柱椎体压缩性骨折的临床疗效。方法本组选新鲜骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折132例患者共196个椎体,实验组在过伸体位手法复位后,应用螺旋推进器产生高压向伤椎椎体内注入骨水泥,行经皮椎体成形术,对照组则按照一般的PVP手术方式进行,未实行过伸体位复位。根据术前和术后侧位X线片测量椎体高度、后凸畸形角度,并计算椎体高度恢复率和后凸畸形矫正率。根据手术前后功能学改变进行视觉模拟疼痛（visual analogue scale,VAS）与Oswesty功能评分。结果 132例手术均顺利完成,对照组50例72椎体术前术后椎体前缘高度恢复率、中线高度恢复率、后缘高度恢复率、椎体后凸畸形矫正率均无显著差异。实验组82例124椎体术前术后椎体前缘高度恢复率、中线高度恢复率、椎体后凸畸形矫正率存在显著差异（P〈0.05）,VAS评分、Oswesty功能评分对照组与实验组手术前后比较均有显著差异（P〈0.05）。术后37例出现骨水泥渗漏者,其中3例出现向椎管渗漏压迫脊髓、神经根（对照组1例,实验组2例）。术后随访两组椎体高度无再丢失。结论过伸体位复位后,采用螺旋推进器连续高压注射骨水泥行经皮椎体成形术,可有效恢复椎体高度和矫正后凸畸形,安全可行,实用性强。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

目的评价球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的疗效和安全性。方法自2008年8月至2011年7月采用椎体后凸成形术治疗老年骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折30例42椎,患者均有腰背部疼痛。取俯卧位调节手术床使椎体骨折部位过伸,达到满意的闭合复位后,经皮双侧或单侧椎弓根穿刺球囊扩张,填充骨水泥。随访观察患者的疼痛、日常功能以及影像学改变情况。根据术前和术后侧位X线片测量椎体高度、后凸畸形角度,进行统计学分析。利用Oswestry评分、视觉模拟评分（visualanaloguescale,VAS）评定临床疗效。观察有无骨水泥渗漏等并发症。结果术后随访6～24个月,平均10个月。术后伤椎处疼痛均明显缓解,VAS评分从术前平均（8．45±0．48）分降至术后平均（2．45±0．52）分,椎体高度明显恢复,后凸畸形得到矫正。随访期间疗效满意,伤椎高度无明显丢失。未出现严重的骨水泥渗漏并发症。术后椎体高度及伤椎后凸角度与术前比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）,术后VAS及Oswestry评分与术前比较有统计学差异（P〈0．01）。结论球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松脊柱压缩性骨折,能有效恢复椎体高度和矫正后凸畸形,能迅速缓解疼痛,减少骨折并发症,提高患者生活质量。     

过伸位复位配合椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的探讨过伸体位复位结合经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床效果。方法选择新鲜骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折35例41椎,其中男10例,女25例;年龄60~92岁,平均(75.7±7.3)岁。过伸体位复位后行PVP治疗,对比治疗前后患者的疼痛情况、椎体高度及Cobb角变化,评价治疗效果。结果本组35例41椎均顺利完成手术,手术时间为20~85 min,平均(35.0±14.1)min。椎体骨水泥注入量为1.8~9 mL,平均为(4.6±1.6)mL。患者PVP术后VAS疼痛评分、椎体高度及Cobb角与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论过伸体位复位结合PVP治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,可部分恢复椎体高度和矫正后凸畸形,安全可行,实用性强。     

闭合复位及撬拨法在椎体成形术中的应用

目的 探讨闭合复位及撬拨法在椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折中椎体高度的恢复及后凸畸形矫正的效果.方法 2005年1月至2007年6月应用闭合复位及椎体成形术中经椎弓根用穿刺针撬拨塌陷的椎体终板治疗38例骨质疏松性压缩骨折患者,手术前后用视觉模拟评分及Oswestry功能障碍指数的变化来评价患者疼痛缓解和功能改善情况,参照Lee等方法观测病椎的高度和后凸畸形的改变以及骨水泥在椎体内的分布. 结果术后随访6～24个月,平均13.4个月.视觉模拟评分从术前平均(8.6±2.3)分降至术后平均(3.8±2.6)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Oswestry功能障碍指数指数从术前平均64.8%降至术后平均48.7%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).椎体前、中、后壁高度平均增加5.8mm、6.6mm、1.0mm,椎体后凸畸形矫正平均9.7°,椎体高度前、中、后壁恢复率平均为54.6%、58.1%、46.5%,手术前后差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论闭合复位结合椎体成形术中撬拨法是治疗骨质疏松性压缩骨折的有效方法.     

闭合复位联合椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的 探讨闭合复位联合椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的效果.方法 应用闭合复位联合椎体成形术治疗49例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,手术前后用视觉模拟评分(VAS)及Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)的变化来评价患者疼痛缓解和功能改善情况,测量病椎的高度和后凸畸形的改变以及骨水泥在椎体内的分布.结果 32例术后获得随访7～26个月.VAS评分从术前平均(9.2±3.1)分降至术后平均(4.2±2.5)分,ODI指数从术前平均71.4%降至术后平均43.3%,椎体前、中、后壁高度平均增加5.2、6.8、1.3 mm,椎体后凸畸形平均矫正10.2°,手术前后差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 闭合复位联合椎体成形术是治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的有效方法.     

体位复位椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折

目的观察利用体位复位后进行椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效。方法对31例新鲜单节段骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折体位复位后行椎体成形术。手术前后评估X线片椎体高度、后凸畸形角度以及患者视觉模拟评分(VAS)的变化。结果术前与术后比较,伤椎引起的疼痛显著缓解、VAS评分明显下降、椎体高度显著恢复以及后凸畸形角度明显减少。患者能早期恢复日常活动。结论采用体位复位后进行经皮椎体成形术是治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折的一种有效的方法。     

过伸复位结合椎体后凸成形术治疗后壁破裂的骨质疏松性椎体骨折

[目的]探讨过伸复位结合椎体后凸成形术治疗椎管后壁破裂的老年重度椎体压缩骨折的可行性和疗效.[方法]本组38例重度椎体压缩骨折患者均先过伸复位,再接受经皮球囊扩张后凸椎体成形术(PKP),术后对患者的疼痛及影像学结果进行分析.[结果]38例骨折椎体经皮穿刺均获成功,疼痛视觉评分(VAS)评分由术前平均(8.9±0.3)分到术后(2.0±0.4)分,有统计学意义(P＜0.05);体位复位球囊扩张前后椎体前、中、后缘高度差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);Cobb角由术前的24.8°±3.7°矫正至术后的9.8°±2.9°,手术前后差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]体位过伸闭合复位结合PKP是治疗后壁破裂的老年重度椎体压缩骨折的安全有效的治疗方法,能改善椎体高度,缓解疼痛.     

过伸体位复位经皮椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的探讨过伸体位复位经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的临床效果。方法采用过伸体位复位PVP治疗43例老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者(47椎),对比手术前后患者VAS评分、伤椎高度及Cobb角的变化,评价治疗效果。结果 43例均顺利完成手术。手术时间30～55 min,伤椎骨水泥注入量2～6 ml,无骨水泥渗漏发生。术后VAS评分、伤椎高度及Cobb角与术前比较均明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P0.001)。患者均获得随访,时间20～50 d。无再发椎体骨折者。结论过伸体位复位PVP治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折,能部分恢复伤椎高度及矫正后凸畸形,止痛效果确切,临床效果满意。     

经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩性骨折

骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折（osteoportic vertebral compression fractures OVCF）是老年人脊柱骨折的常见疾患,传统的治疗方法是保守治疗和卧床休息。但长期卧床易导致骨质疏松性程度加重及并发症出现,手术治疗因骨质疏松原因复位固定效果较差．易出现手术并发症。应用经皮椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性脊柱压缩性骨折。不仅具有快速止痛和稳定脊柱的作用,还可恢复椎体高度,矫正后凸畸形。笔者应用经皮     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.