金属内支架置入术治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻

目的　探讨不能手术的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻金属内支架治疗方法和效果。方法　 67例胃十二指肠恶性梗阻 ,胃窦及幽门部梗阻 2 7例 ,十二指肠降段及以远梗阻 2 6例 ,胃十二指肠及胃空肠吻合口梗阻 14例 ,均在X线透视下采用介入放射学方法 ,经口腔共置入记忆合金网状内支架 84枚 ,其中 17例因支架置入 6个月后再梗阻又放置了第 2枚支架。结果　 67例患者支架置入成功后 ,梗阻症状迅速解除 ,当日即能进食。术后 1个月与术前比较 ,体重平均增加 4.7kg ,无严重并发症发生。随访 1～ 2 0个月均进食情况良好。结论　金属内支架置入术操作简单、微创、可重复 ,是无法手术治疗的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻首选有效的治疗方法。     

胃十二指肠恶性梗阻内支架治疗12例报告

目的 用金属内支架缓解不能手术的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻患者的症状。资料与方法 12例胃十二指肠恶性梗阻患者均有反复恶心呕吐症状，且不能手术治疗。在透视监视下，使用介入放射学方法置入13个自膨胀式金属内支架。结果 12例患者支架置入均成功，随访期间患者均能进食，呕吐减轻，生活质量提高。无严重并发症发生。结论 金属内支架置人是一种简单、有效的治疗方法，对不能手术的胃出口部狭窄和术后吻合口狭窄有很好的缓解作用。     

胃十二指肠恶性梗阻金属内支架治疗的方法探讨

目的 探讨金属内支架治疗不能手术的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻的方法和疗效.方法 回顾分析9例胰头癌和6例胃癌所致胃十二指肠梗阻患者行金属内支架置入术的资料,分析内支架置人治疗中的操作要点以及影响术后疗效的因素.结果 ①患者术中体位因人而异,因时而异;②经导管注入空气撑开胃腔有利于插管操作;③采用7F指引导管可减少与超硬导丝之间的相对摩擦力;④医生通常在全视野近距离透视下操作,所受辐射剂量较大;⑤插入超长超硬导丝过程中,根据张力将导管导丝联合后撤可减少导丝盘曲;⑥调整超长超硬导丝走向与胃腔形态相符合有利于插入释放器;⑦影响术后疗效的主要因素为病变位置特点、患者饮食习惯及疾病发展转归,患者的死亡原因主要为转移和全身衰竭.结论 关注手术操作的细节和要点是成功实施金属内支架治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻的关键,肿瘤的发展转归是影响疗效的决定因素.     

经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻

目的：探讨经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻的疗效及技术要点。方法：３５例恶性胆管梗阻采用经皮肝穿刺肝管胆道内支架置入术，其中胰头癌１３例，肝转移癌５例、肝门淋巴结转移压迫胆管７例、胆管癌１０例。结果：共置入３种４３枚金属内支架，其中８例采用双内支架，技术操作成功率１００％。术前血清总胆红素１７０．００～８６０．０ｕｍｏＩ／Ｌ，术后３１例降至１８．２～５３．６ｕｍｏＩ／Ｌ。半年以上生存率７７．１４％（２７／３５），１年以上生存率４８．５７％（１７／３５）。本组无严重并发症，轻度并发症未作特殊处理。结论：经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术，是不能手术的恶性胆管梗阻安全、有效的治疗方法。配合动脉插管化疗可显著提高其疗效     

自膨式支架治疗恶性食管狭窄

目的：评价置入自膨式食管支架缓解因恶性食管狭窄引起的咽下困难的安全性和效果。方法：３６例恶性食管狭窄患者放置了自膨式金属支架，所有患者均表现为明显的咽下困难，支架置入前后行食管造影对比观察。全部操作均在Ｘ线监视下进行。结果：所有患者支架位置放置正常，无操作失误和与操作有关的并发症发生，支架置入后咽下困难立即得到明显缓解。３６例中３５例可以进正常饮食，１例进半流食。结论：自膨式支架治疗恶性食管狭窄安全，操作简单，疗效确实。食管肿瘤的生长可能引起食管再狭窄。     

镍钛合金支架治疗食管良、恶性狭窄(附10例报道)

目的;研究镍钛合金支架在食管良,恶性狭窄治疗中的应用,方法;本组１０例患者,食管癌９例,贲门失弛缓症１例,均采用镍钛合金支架,在Ｘ线监视下,经口腔进行置入术。结果：全组支架均一次置入成功,支架入后,患者吞咽困难明显改善,总有效率为１００％,追踪观察,有３例食管癌患者,肿瘤分别突向支架腔内及支架上,下端生长,再次引起狭窄,其中１例又加置一个支架,使食管狭窄再次开通。结论：采用镍钛合金支架治疗食管良,     

Primary Patency of Wallstents in Malignant Bile Duct Obstruction: Single vs. Two or More Noncoaxial Stents

The purpose of this study was to determine the primary patency of two or more noncoaxial self-expanding metallic Wallstents (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA) and to compare this with the primary patency of a single stent in malignant bile duct obstruction. From August 2002 to August 2004, 127 patients had stents placed for malignant bile duct obstruction. Forty-five patients were treated with more than one noncoaxial self-expanding metallic stents and 82 patients had a single stent placed. Two patients in the multiple-stent group were lost to follow-up. The primary patency period was calculated from the date of stenting until the first poststenting intervention for stent occlusion, death, or the time of last documented follow-up. The patency of a single stent was significantly different from that of multiple stents (P = 0.0004). In the subset of patients with high bile duct obstruction, the patency of a single stent remained significantly different from that of multiple stents (P = 0.02). In the single-stent group, there was no difference in patency between patients with high vs. those with low bile duct obstruction (P = 0.43). The overall median patency for the multistent group and the single-stent group was 201 and 261 days, respectively. In conclusion, the patency of a single stent placed for malignant low or high bile duct obstruction is similar, and significantly longer than, that of multiple stents placed for malignant high bile duct obstruction. Given the median patency of 201 days, when indicated, percutaneous stenting of multiple bile ducts is an effective palliative measure for patients with malignant high bile duct obstruction.     

食管自扩金属内支架治疗良恶性狭窄

目的：评价食管自扩内支架治疗良恶性狭窄的临床疗效，探讨食管支架放置成功的因素。方法：３２例患者放置了自扩金属食管内支架。其中食管—胃吻合口良性狭窄３例，恶性狭窄２９例。食管中、上段狭窄１７例，下段及贲门狭窄１２例。３５枚支架均经口腔在Ｘ线电视及ＤＳＡ监视下置入完成。结果：５例二次放置成功，一次置入成功率８４．４％（２７／３５）。术前吞咽困难４级１９例（５９．４％），３级１３例（４０．６％）。术后吞咽困难３级３例（９．４％），０～２级２９例（９０．６％），总有效率１００％，治疗前后差异显著。结论：食管支架有助于解决吞咽困难，是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

经口支架置入术治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻

目的 探讨经口释放支架治疗胃十二指肠恶性狭窄的治疗方法及临床疗效.方法 12例胃十二指肠恶性梗阻患者,梗阻部位位于胃窦及幽门部4例,胃肠吻合口3例,位于十二指肠降段及以远5例,均在X线引导下采用介入放射学方法,经口腔置入记忆合金支架12枚,并观察术后临床疗效.结果 12例患者均一次性置入支架成功,未出现并发症及不良反应,术后梗阻情况均解除,术后2月,支架均保持通畅,随访结果显示患者死前均未再次出现消化道梗阻症状.结论 金属支架置入术具有操作安全简便、创伤小、恢复快、并发症少等特点,是无法手术治疗的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻有效的治疗方法.     

Interventional Management of Malignant Colorectal Obstruction: Use of Covered and Uncovered Stents

Objective

We wanted to evaluate usefulness of uncovered stent in comparison with covered stent for the palliative treatment of malignant colorectal obstruction.

Materials and Methods

Covered (n = 52, type 1 and type 2) and uncovered (n = 22, type 3) stents were placed in 74 patients with malignant colorectal obstruction. Stent insertion was performed for palliative treatment in 37 patients (covered stent: n = 23 and uncovered stent: n = 14). In the palliative group, the data on the success of the procedure, the stent patency and the complications between the two groups (covered versus uncovered stents) were compared.

Results

The technical success rate was 89% (33/37). Symptomatic improvement was achieved in 86% (18/21) of the covered stent group and in 92% (11/12) of the uncovered stent group patients. The period of follow-up ranged from three to 319 days (mean period: 116±85 days). The mean period of stent patency was 157±33 days in the covered stent group and 165±25 days in the uncovered stent group. In the covered stent group, stent migration (n = 11), stent fracture (n = 2) and poor expansion of the stent (n = 2) were noted. In the uncovered stent group, tumor ingrowth into the stents (n = 3) was noted.

Conclusion

Self-expanding metallic stents are effective for relieving malignant colorectal obstruction. The rate of complications is lower in the uncovered stent group than in the covered stent group.     

T/Y型胆管支架治疗肝门部恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床应用价值

目的探讨新型T/Y型胆管金属支架系统在肝门部恶性胆管梗阻中的临床应用价值。资料与方法对15例临床确诊为肝门部恶性胆管梗阻的患者先行单侧或双侧经皮肝胆管穿刺引流术(PTCD),再根据双侧肝内胆管的夹角置入"T"型或"Y"型胆管金属支架。结果15例均成功置入支架,其中单侧置入呈"T"型12例,双侧置入呈"Y"型3例。术后患者黄疸指数、胆管扩张状况均有不同程度改善,实现了内引流,未出现与支架置入相关的严重并发症。术后3～5天复查,胆管造影示支架系统几乎完全展开。结论T/Y型胆管支架在肝门部恶性胆管梗阻治疗中具有操作简便、创伤小及内引流效果好的优点。     

Use of Self-Expanding Stents for the Treatment of Vertebral Artery Ostial Stenosis: a Single Center Experience

Objective

To evaluate our early experience using self-expanding stents to treat atherosclerotic vertebral artery ostial stenosis (VAOS), with respect to technical feasibility and clinical and imaging follow-up results.

Materials and Methods

A total of 20 lesions in 20 patients underwent stenting of the VAOS using a self-expanding stent (Precise RX; Cordis Neurovascular, Miami Lakes, FL). Two patients were asymptomatic. We analyzed the technical success rate, causes of technical failure, occurrence of any vascular or neurological event, and the occurrence of any neurological abnormality or in-stent restenosis (ISR) seen on follow-up. The imaging follow-up was performed with Doppler ultrasound (DUS) as a primary screening modality.

Results

One instance of technical failure was caused by failure of the guidewire passage. The stent diameter was 5 mm, and post-stenting balloon dilatations were necessary in all cases. Stent misplacement requiring placement of an additional stent occurred in four cases. Following a 14.8 month average clinical follow-up time, two patients showed anterior circulation ischemia, which was not attributed to the VAOS we treated. Following a 13.7 month average DUS follow-up, five patients showed a mild degree of diffuse or focal intimal thickening in the stent lumen; however, none of the stenosis showed luminal loss of more than 50% and no stent fracture was noted.

Conclusion

The use of self-expanding stents for treating VAOS was technically feasible and helped to improve artery patency during our limited follow-up interval.     

Late Migration of Two Covered Biliary Stents Through a Spontaneous Bilioenteric Fistula in a Patient with Malignant Biliary Obstruction

We report a case of simultaneous late migration of two ePTFE-FEP covered biliary endoprostheses (Viabil, W.L. Gore, Flagstaff, AZ, USA) that were percutaneously implanted for the treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice. The first Viabil covered stent was placed successfully without any evidence of dislocation or other complication during follow-up. Occlusion of the stent occurred 4 months later and was treated with the placement of a second stent of the same type. Thirteen months later the patient became symptomatic. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) revealed the presence of a choledocho-duodenal fistula and the disappearance of the two endoprostheses previously implanted. A third metallic stent was then percutaneously positioned through the bilioenteric fistula. The computed tomography scan that followed for the detection of the metallic bodies did not reveal the dislocated metallic stents. Stent migration is a well-known complication of uncovered metallic stents, though Viabil stent migration is assumed to be most unlikely to happen due to the stent’s anchoring barbs. Furthermore, the stent had already been tightly fixed by tumor over- and ingrowth, as recognized in previous imaging. This is a very unusual case, describing the disappearance of two metallic foreign bodies encapsulated by tumor.     

胆管引流术联合熊去氧胆酸治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的分析胆管引流术联合熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效。资料与方法76例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,其中肝胆管癌32例,肝门淋巴结转移瘤23例,胰腺癌和壶腹癌21例。随机分为两组:观察组40例,对照组36例。全部患者给予保肝、支持、抗炎治疗,并行经皮经肝穿刺胆管内支架置入术或胆管引流术。观察组同时联合应用UDCA10～15mg.kg-1.d-1,疗程1个月。结果76例中46例行胆管内支架置入术,18例行胆管内外引流术,12例行胆管外引流术。观察组在术后7天、14天及30天血清胆红素均明显下降,术后14天与术后30天血清胆红素水平与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。胆管梗阻解除后,随着血清胆红素的下降,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)也随之下降,术后14天、30天两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组22例合并胆系感染者,胆管炎控制时间(9±2.1)天,对照组19例胆管炎控制时间(12±1.6)天,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论胆管引流术是姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的有效手段。联合应用UDCA,可加强胆汁排泌,加快降黄速度,保护肝细胞,从而增强保肝降黄的作用。     

多次、多枚支架置入在食管恶性狭窄治疗中的临床应用价值研究

目的:探讨多次、多枚支架置入术对治疗食管恶性狭窄的临床应用价值.方法:8例患者中有6例于第一枚支架置入后3～12个月时因肿瘤进展累及到支架上或下口引起再次梗阻,而置入第二枚支架,其中又有2例分别于置入第二枚支架后10个月(第1枚支架置入后19个月)因肿瘤再次进展和13个月(第1枚支架置入后25个月)因支架上口肉芽组织过度增生引起梗阻而置入第三枚支架.1例食管中、下段双段食道癌患者,一次同时重叠置入二枚支架.1例女性高龄患者置入第一枚支架三天后出现食管-气管瘘而再次套置第二枚支架.结果:6例因肿瘤进展多次置入支架患者及1例双段食道癌双支架置入患者支架置入后均开通食管梗阻,提高了患者生活质量,延长了患者生存时间.2例置入三枚支架患者生存均超过50个月.食管-气管瘘患者置入支架后立即封堵了瘘口,但患者于一周后出现消化道大出血死亡.结论:食管恶性狭窄支架置入后肿瘤进展造成再次狭窄及食管多发肿瘤,采取支架多次及多枚置入有着重要的临床价值.     

Combined Arterial Infusion and Stent Implantation Compared with Metal Stent Alone in Treatment of Malignant Gastroduodenal Obstruction

Many patients with malignant gastroduodenal obstruction have an unresectable primary lesion and distant metastases, which may prompt palliative management to allow the patient to eat and to improve the quality of life. Intraluminal metallic stent implantation (MSI) under fluoroscopic guidance has been reported to be an effective option for symptomatic relief in these patients, with a good safety record. An alternative, dual interventional therapy (DIT), has been used during the last decade, in which prosthesis insertion is followed by intra-arterial chemotherapy via the tumor-feeding arteries. The aim of this study was to compare success rates, complication rates, and survival time between MSI and DIT in patients who presented with gastroduodenal obstruction from advanced upper gastrointestinal tract cancer. All consecutive patients with malignant gastroduodenal obstruction seen at our center between October 2002 and August 2007 were retrospectively studied. Patients were treated palliatively by either MSI or DIT by the patient’s or the next of kin’s decision. Outcomes included technical and clinical success, complication rates, and survival. Of the 164 patients with malignant gastric and duodenal outlet obstructions, 80 (49%) underwent stent insertion as the primary therapy, while the remaining 84 (51%) received DIT. Clinical characteristics were similar between the two groups. In the MSI cohort initial stent implantation was successful in 73 patients (91%), two stents were used in 5 patients, and delayed additional stent insertion for stent obstruction related to tumor overgrowth was required in 3 patients during follow-up. In the DIT cohort the technical success rate was 94%, 3 patients required two stents, and stent obstruction occurred in 2 patients after initial stent placement. Early postprocedural clinical success, indicated by average dysphagia score, improved significantly in both groups: MSI group, from 4.56 to 1.51 (P < 0.01); and DIT group, from 4.38 to 1.48 (p < 0.01). There were no short-term complications. Late complications including hematemesis (n = 3), migration (n = 12), and stent occlusion due to tumor overgrowth (n = 5) were evenly distributed between the groups. In the DIT group chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and transient renal dysfunction were detected in six patients, which improved after symptomatic management. Mean survival time after the procedure was 5.9 and 11.1 months for MSI and DIT, respectively (P < 0.001). In conclusion, both MSI and DIT offer effective palliation for malignant gastroduodenal obstruction, but DIT appears to offer superior survival over MSI alone. Ideally, a prospective randomized trial comparing these two techniques should be carried out to validate this result.     

Malignant obstructive jaundice treated with intraluminal placement of Iodine-125 seed strands and metal stents: An analysis of long-term outcomes and prognostic features

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to analyze the long-term outcomes, including safety, efficacy, and prognostic features, of intraluminal brachytherapy with Iodine-125 (¹²⁵I) seed strand and stent placement for treatment of patients with malignant obstructive jaundice (MOJ).Methods and MaterialsFrom January 2009 to December 2013, 107 consecutive patients with MOJ were treated with intraluminal placement of ¹²⁵I seed strands and metal stents. A retrospective evaluation of therapeutic outcomes, including overall survival (OS), stent patency rate, complications, and prognostic features, was conducted in 101 patients.Results¹²⁵I seed strands and stents were all successfully implanted. The median followup time was 231 (45–1015) days, and the median OS was 394.0 (95% confidence interval: 319.1–468.9) days. The cumulative OS rates at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were 95%, 77%, 53%, and 20%, respectively. The median stent patency period was 278.0 (95% confidence interval: 164.1–391.9) days, and cumulative patency rates at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months were 92%, 69%, 45%, and 13%, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that the serum conjugated/total bilirubin ≥88% before procedure (p = 0.032) and whether the patient receiving further treatment (p = 0.041) appear to be the prognostic factors of OS. There is no statistical prognostic factor for stent patency.ConclusionsThe intraluminal placement of ¹²⁵I seed strands and stents appears to be a safe and efficient therapy on MOJ. The patient with serum conjugated/total bilirubin ≥88% before procedure and receiving further treatment seems to live longer.     

Palliation of Malignant Biliary and Duodenal Obstruction with Combined Metallic Stenting

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of palliation of malignant biliary and duodenal obstruction with combined metallic stenting under fluoroscopy guidance. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis of 9 patients (6 men and 3 women) who underwent biliary and duodenal stenting was performed. The mean age of patients was 61 years (range: 42–80 years). The causes of obstruction were pancreatic carcinoma in 7 patients, cholangiocellular carcinoma in one, and duodenal carcinoma in the other. Biliary and duodenal stents were placed simultaneously in 4 patients. In other 5 patients dudodenal stents were placed after biliary stenting when the duodenal obstruction symptoms have developed. In two patients duodenal stents were advanced via transgastric approach. Results Technical success rate was 100 %. After percutaneous biliary drainage and stenting bilirubin levels decreased to normal levels in 6 patients and in remaining 3 patients mean reduction of 71% in bilirubin levels was achieved. Tumoral ingrowth occurred in one patient and percutaneous biliary restenting was performed 90 days after the initial procedure. Of the 9 patients, 6 patients were able to tolerate solid diet, whereas 2 patients could tolerate liquid diet and one patient did not show any improvement. Mean survival periods were 111 and 73 days after biliary and duodenal stenting, respectively. Conclusion Combined biliary and duodenal stent placement which can be performed under fluoroscopic guidance without assistance of endoscopy is feasible and an effective method of palliation of malignant biliary and duodenal obstructions. If transoral and endoscopic approaches fail, percutaneous gastrostomy route allows duodenal stenting.     

开腹胆肠吻合与开腹胆道支架置入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效观察

目的：探讨开腹胆肠吻合及开腹胆道支架置入在恶性梗阻性黄疸患者临床治疗中的应用价值及选择。方法：回顾分析71例不能根治切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者采用开腹胆肠吻合（n=44）及开腹置入记忆金属合金胆道内撑支架（n=27）治疗的情况。结果：所有患者均完成胆肠吻合或胆管末端支架置入达到内引流。术后胆红素均在术后第1周下降约100μmol/L;谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶在术后第2周以后开始较术前明显下降（P〈0.05）。全组中位生存时间为22周,平均生存（31.69±33.24）周。全组死亡4例,死亡率5.63%。主要并发症有胆管炎12例,胆道出血5例,肝功能衰竭3例,多器官功能衰竭3例。结论：开腹胆肠吻合及开腹胆道支架置入均可有效解除恶性梗阻性黄疸患者胆道梗阻,改善肝功能;临床应根据患者的局部及全身情况选择不同的手术方式,提高安全及有效性,尽可能减少并发症的发生。     

颅外颈动脉狭窄支架成型术

目的　探讨颈动脉颅外段狭窄支架成型术的适应证 ,手术方法及并发症的防治。方法　选择有症状的颈动脉狭窄≥ 5 0 %的患者 ,无症状的颈动脉狭窄≥ 70 %的患者 ,使用自膨胀式支架。结果　 4 0例患者 ,植入 4 8枚支架 ,术中及术后无并发症出现 ,即刻血管造影显示满意 ;术后随访颈部X线及超声波检查 ,支架形态好 ,位置无移位 ,血流通畅 ,无再狭窄。结论　血管内支架成形术治疗颈动脉颅外段狭窄安全、有效。防止血栓脱落及再狭窄需进一步研究。