Large, deep high-grade extremity sarcomas: when is a myocutaneous flap reconstruction necessary?

The surgical treatment of large, deep high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas frequently produces a significant tissue defect. In addition, the management of the surgical wound is often further complicated by preoperative radiation or adjuvant therapies. The use of either pedicled or free myocutaneous flaps allows for more rapid and predictable wound healing in this situation. Myocutaneous flaps provide well-vascularized coverage of lost tissue volume, exposed vital structures, and prosthetic reconstruction materials. When harvested from unirradiated sites, flap coverage can overcome the detrimental effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy on postoperative wound healing. Reconstruction of the soft tissue defect may also improve patient satisfaction with aesthetic issues. The use of innervated myocutaneous flaps can even address the functionality of the extremity following resection of major muscle groups. Myocutaneous flaps are an extremely versatile option for reconstruction in the treatment of large, deep high-grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas.     

The pedicled myocutaneous flap as a choice reconstructive technique for immediate adjuvant brachytherapy in sarcoma treatment

Successful treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas is highly dependent on total tumour resection coupled with adjuvant radiation therapy to achieve local control and decrease recurrence. Reconstruction of soft-tissue defects after resection aims to cover vital structures, while providing enough stable tissue to withstand adjuvant brachytherapy treatment. In the present study, pedicled myocutaneous flaps were used as a vital adjunct in the treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma, and our experience with 2 such patients is described. The flaps served to reconstruct large three-dimensional defects while providing stable coverage over brachytherapy hardware to allow for delivery of radiation in the immediate postoperative period. Pedicled locoregional myocutaneous flaps provide a safe, easy, and reliable reconstructive technique in the treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma.     

胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的临床应用

目的：探讨胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的临床效果。方法：采用胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣修复16例口腔癌患者术后所致软组织缺损。供区皮肤直接拉拢缝合。结果：术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,16例胸大肌肌皮瓣全部成活,无1例发生全部或部分皮瓣坏死,移植成活率100%。患者获得满意的外观和功能。经过6个月-5年的随访,无1例肿瘤复发或远处转移。结论：胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣制备较简单,效果可靠,具有很大的灵活性,且成活率高。可用于口腔颌面部软组织缺损的修复。     

多种组织瓣在口颊缺损重建中的应用

背景与目的：合理采用组织瓣进行口颊缺损重建,可以扩大口颊癌手术指征,改善患者的生存质量,延长患者生命。本研究目的是探讨组织瓣重建口颊缺损的指征,不同组织瓣的选择以及重建的手术技巧。方法：2005年9月至2007年8月间共行26例组织瓣重建口颊缺损手术,其中单纯口颊粘膜切除8例;口颊大型缺损18例,其中包括口颊面部皮肤洞穿切除11例,口颊、皮肤以及口角全缺损切除7例。26例患者中有7例行腮腺导管切除。胸大肌肌皮瓣转移重建5例,游离前臂桡侧皮瓣重建11例,游离股前外侧皮瓣6例,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣4例。8例患者行术后放疗,剂量为66～70Gy。结果：围术期无死亡病例,1例皮瓣坏死,为游离前臂皮瓣重建病例;1例皮瓣部分坏死,为胸大肌肌皮瓣重建病例。皮瓣成功率为96．2％（25／26）。1例伤口积液,为涎腺瘘。所有患者均随访1-3年,7例复发患者中4例为原发灶复发,3例为颈部淋巴结复发。随访期间2例患者死亡,均为原发灶局部复发者。结论：游离股前外侧皮瓣和游离前臂皮瓣是重建口颊大型缺损的良好皮瓣,是大于4cm的口颊缺损的首选：胸大肌肌皮瓣可作为口颊大型缺损重建的备用皮瓣;小于4cm的口颊缺损可选用胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣。     

颌面部恶性肿瘤术后洞穿性缺损的瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣的修复

目的为解决颌面部恶性肿瘤根治性切除术后所致的颌面洞穿性缺损的修复问题,以提高病人的生存质量.方法1990～1998年用瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣带蒂移转修复颌面部洞穿性缺损14例.分别为口颊癌12例、牙龈癌2例,肿瘤根治术后形成洞穿性缺损.将胸大肌肌皮瓣折叠形成瓦合瓣,一部分肌皮瓣做口腔衬里,一部分肌皮瓣修复面部缺损,手术一次性完成.结果14例瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣全部成活,成功率为100%,术后随访1～3年,颌面部外形及功能改善良好,被修复区不显臃肿.结论颌面洞穿性缺损即刻修复是可行的,瓦合式胸大肌肌皮瓣是较好的修复材料,成功率高,临床上应用可取得功能和外形同时修复的效果.     

Present day role of plastic surgery in management of chronic radiation wounds: our experience

Traditional procedures to resurface soft tissues defects following excision of chronic radiation wounds involve the use of skin grafts or skin flaps. However, the poor vascularity of the recipient bed is the reason for the high failure rate of skin grafts. Local skin flaps will often fail because of radiation injury to tissues within the flap itself. Distant skin flaps allow repair with healthy tissues, but these complicated multistaged procedures require prolonged hospitalization. The main advantage of myocutaneous flaps is the possibility of resurfacing large wounds in one step only, with tissues transposed from areas far from the radiation field. The Authors' experience using myocutaneous flaps of latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, rectus abdominis and tensor fascia lata and the results obtained so are discussed.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣在晚期头颈肿瘤手术中的应用。方法应用胸大肌肌皮瓣一期修复晚期头颈肿瘤术后缺损262例（其中折叠瓣17例修复口内外穿通性缺损,20例胸大肌肌膜瓣修复口内缺损,5例胸大肌皮瓣联合游离植皮修复咽瘘,5例胸大肌肌皮瓣联合游离皮瓣双瓣修复颌面部洞穿性缺损）。舌再造62例,修复口咽53例,修复口底41例,修复口颊24例,修复颈部31例,修复下咽缺损22例,修复腮腺区缺损29例。结果262例肌皮瓣252例全部成活,8例皮瓣部分坏死肌瓣成活,2例肌皮瓣完全坏死,总的成活率为99.2%（260/262）。术后随访1～10年,所有患者术后进食、吞咽功能恢复良好,语言功能大多恢复良好。结论胸大肌肌皮瓣血供可靠,组织量丰富,且应用较灵活,可制作成肌皮瓣或肌瓣,对于晚期头颈肿瘤术后缺损是最优选择。     

Indications du lambeau du grand pectoral en carcinologie cervicofaciale: à propos de 37 cas au CHU de Dakar

Introduction: The use of pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in head and neck oncology allowed the excision of large tumors

Materials and methods

It is a retrospective study which concerns a period of 13 years in the course of which, 37 pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps were performed at the private hospital of ENT of Dakar.

Results

The mean age of our patients was 51 years with a sex ratio of 5.16. To the clinical plan, the pharyngo-laryngeal tumors prevailed in 64.87% of cases. The cancers of larynx expanding into the skin and requiring a square laryngectomy were our main indication (37.86%). It was followed by the surgical cure of pharyngostoma (18.92%). To the anatomical plan, we obtained a healing of first intention in more than half of our patients (54.05%).

Conclusion

Thanks to its qualities, the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap has already supplanted the other flaps and it finds its main use in the reconstruction after square laryngectomy.     

Primary head and neck reconstruction with a simultaneous ipsilateral pectoralis major myocutaneous flap and a deltopectoral flap

Patients with large advanced tumors of the head and neck that are resectable may be reconstructed by using the combination of an ipsilateral pectoralis major myocutaneous flap and an ipsilateral deltopectoral flap. Preoperative planning is necessary. The PM flap must be elevated and care taken not to interfere with the internal mammary perforating arteries. The lateral chest incision must be made low enough to provide adequate skin and soft tissue in the DP flap. These two flaps provide adequate tissue with a reliable blood supply to reconstruct these large defects.     

扩大部分喉切除颈前肌皮瓣喉重建术临床观察

目的　探讨颈阔肌双蒂转门肌皮瓣在喉重建术中的临床应用价值。方法　对 38例喉癌行扩大部分喉切除术 ,包括扩大垂直喉切除术 2 7例 ,扩大额侧喉切除术 7例 ,次全喉切除术 4例 ,应用颈阔肌双蒂转门肌皮瓣同期进行缺损喉腔重建 ,结果　本组病例术后气管套管拔除率为 92 1% ( 35 /38) ,全部患者恢复了发音功能 ,语言响亮清晰者 95 0 % ( 36/38) ,吞咽防护功能全部恢复 ,局部复发率 7 9% ( 3/38) ,3年生存率 89 5 % ( 3/38)。结论　中晚期喉癌选择性地施行功能保全性喉手术是可行的 ,应用转门肌皮瓣进行缺损喉腔重建可获得满意的喉功能恢复效果     

翻转胸舌骨肌皮瓣气管重建实验研究

目的探讨翻转双蒂胸舌骨肌皮瓣及去表皮翻转双蒂胸舌骨肌皮瓣修补气管缺损后的转归。方法以18只兔作为实验对象，在气管前壁造全层圆形缺损，分别用翻转双蒂胸舌骨肌皮瓣(皮瓣组)及去表皮翻转双蒂胸舌骨肌皮瓣(去表皮组)修补，于术后2、4、8个月处死动物，用肉眼及组织学切片观察。结果8个月时皮瓣组移植物与气管交界处可见假复层纤毛柱状上皮从外周长入，但中央大部分仍为复层鳞状上皮，而去表皮组移植物表面全部被假复层纤毛柱状上皮覆盖。结论去表皮肌皮瓣修补气管缺损较肌皮瓣容易转变为气管黏膜上皮。     

Vaginal reconstruction after pelvic exenteration: when and which techniques?

Pelvic exenterations are commonly performed to treat locally advanced or recurrent tumours of the pelvic organs to achieve long-term survival. Those procedures may present complications. Reconstructive procedures have become an important part of radical pelvic surgery to improve quality of life. Various surgical procedure of vaginal reconstruction have been describe. Myocutaneous flaps are effective in the prevention of major morbidity with pelvic filling and physiological neovagina. Vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap is the technique of choice with simple harvesting and large pelvic filling. Gracilis and gluteal thight flaps are particularly adapted in pelvectomy with perineal resection. Enteroclpoplasty and omental flap must be used in radical colpectomie or difficulty pelvic access.     

头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损的修复(附46例报告)

目的　探讨头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损所需各肌皮瓣的设计、制备、转移和预防肌皮瓣坏死的措施。方法　分析我院 1989年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月应用头颈部局部肌皮瓣、额部带血管蒂皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣、唇瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损 46例效果。结果　术后肌皮瓣存活良好 ,外观与周围组织色泽相似 ,外观及丰满度满意度为 93.5 % ,功能满意度为 91.3%。结论　修复头颈部缺损所需肌皮瓣要邻近取材 ,以缺定需 ,适中取瓣 ,保证血供 ,保护功能 ,注意肤色 ,修复丰满     

134例头颈部肿瘤手术后缺损修复

目的：分析4种皮瓣修复头颈部缺损的效果、功能、并发症和供区创伤的大小，以为不同的缺损选择不同的皮瓣。方法：134例头颈部肿瘤患者，均行联合根治术加胸大肌肌皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、额瓣、前臂皮瓣修复。结果：胸大肌皮瓣全部存活96例，部分坏死21例，坏死≥1／25例，全部坏死2例，颈阔肌皮瓣全部存活2例，部分坏死1例，全部坏死1例，4例额瓣和2例前臂皮瓣全部存活。结论：口腔及颈部大面积缺损需要胸大肌肌皮瓣修复，对需要洞穿修复的，尤其是女性，应尽量避免用胸大肌折叠瓣，可用复合瓣。对一般的口腔缺损用前臂皮瓣修复最为合适。     

Surgical therapy of vulvar cancer: how to choose the correct reconstruction?

ObjectiveTo create a comprehensive algorithmic approach to reconstruction after vulvar cancer ablative surgery, which includes both traditional and perforator flaps, evaluating anatomical subunits and shape of the defect.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 80 cases of reconstruction after vulvar cancer ablative surgery, performed between June 2006 and January 2016, transferring 101 flaps. We registered the possibility to achieve the complete wound closure, even in presence of very complex defects, and the postoperative complications. On the basis of these experience, analyzing the choices made and considering the complications, we developed an algorithm to help with the selection of the flap in vulvoperineal reconstruction after oncologic ablative surgery for vulvar cancer.ResultsWe employed eight types of different flaps, including 54 traditional fasciocutaneous V-Y flaps, 23 rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps, 11 anterolateral thigh flaps, three V-Y gracilis myocutaneous flaps, three free style perforators V-Y flaps from the inner thigh, two Limberg flaps, two lotus flaps, two deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap, and one superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap. The structures most frequently involved in resection were vulva, perineum, mons pubis, groins, vagina, urethra and, more rarely, rectum, bladder, and lower abdominal wall.ConclusionThe algorithm we implemented can be a useful tool to help flap selection. The key points in the decision-making process are: anatomical subunits to be covered, overall shape and symmetry of the defect and some patient features such as skin laxity or previous radiotherapy. Perforator flaps, when feasible, must be considered standard in vulvoperineal reconstruction, although in some cases traditional flaps remain the best choice.     

Reconstructive surgery of the pelvis after surgery for rectal cancer

The role of the reconstructive surgeon has increased with an increasingly aggressive surgical approach to locally advanced rectal carcinoma. Multiple options exist for pelvic floor reconstruction. Muscle and myocutaneous flaps for pelvic-floor reconstruction provide well vascularized tissues which may also serve as a biologic spacer. Flaps help to prevent post-radiation fistulae, small bowel obstruction, and pelvic sidewall adherence; flaps also may serve as a barrier to radiation injury. Often a more stable perineal wound closure is achieved. In cases that involve vaginal resection, flaps make neo-vaginal reconstruction possible. Pre-operative consultation with the reconstructive surgeon allows planning of complex, multi-disciplinary procedures, and facilitates patient understanding of the proposed procedure.     

Rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap in radical oncopelvic surgery: A safe and useful procedure

AIMS: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the usefulness of rectus abdominis myocutaneous (RAM) flaps to treat locally advanced pelvic gynaecological or digestive tumours. METHODS: We reviewed 46 patients, who received RAM flaps after radical oncopelvic surgery, including: (a) total vaginal reconstruction (TVR); (b) partial vaginal reconstruction (PVR); (c) perineal reconstruction (PR). RESULTS: Between 1989 and 1998, 46 patients underwent pelvi-perineal reconstruction with RAM flaps after radical pelvic surgery for carcinoma of the cervix (n=22), anal carcinoma (n=11), rectal carcinoma (n=7), or other pelvic tumours types (n=6). There were two post-operative deaths. Overall surgical morbidity was 45, 6% (n=21). Specific morbidity of the RAM flap was 21, 7% (n=10). Global re-intervention rate was 13% (n=6). CONCLUSION: Rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap in radical oncopelvic surgery is useful for vaginal or perineal reconstruction and prevention of pelvic collections after extended resections with a low rate of associated morbidity.     

Microvascular reconstruction of the breast

The growth of microsurgical procedures has led to significant technological, scientific, and clinical advances that have made these procedures safe, reliable, reproducible, and routine in most major medical centers. In many instances, free flap reconstruction has become the primary reconstructive method for many major defects, including breast reconstruction. The advantages of free flap breast reconstruction include better flap vascularity, broader patient selection, easier insetting of the flap, and decreased donor site morbidity. Free flap breast reconstruction can occur either at the time that the mastectomy is performed or as a delayed reconstruction following a previous mastectomy. Immediate reconstructions have the advantage of avoiding scar contracture and fibrosis within the mastectomy flaps and at the recipient vessel site. The most common recipient vessel sites are the thoracodorsal vessels and the internal mammary vessels. The thoracodorsal vessels are most frequently used in immediate reconstruction because they are partially exposed during the mastectomy procedure. The internal mammary vessels are used more frequently in delayed reconstructions, to avoid repeat surgery in the axilla. This recipient site also allows more medial placement of the reconstruction. Flap selections for free autogenous breast reconstruction include the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap, the superior gluteal myocutaneous flap, the inferior gluteal myocutaneous flap, the lateral thigh flap, and the deep circumflex iliac soft tissue flap (Rubens). The TRAM flap is most commonly used in free flap breast reconstruction. For patients with inadequate abdominal tissue or prior abdominal surgery, the superior gluteal flap is typically used. Both the TRAM flap and the superior gluteal flap can be designed as perforator flaps, preserving all of the involved muscle and, in the TRAM perforator, all the rectus fascia. These flaps are more technically demanding, with minimal impact on donor site function. The other flaps are less frequently used and limited to special patient circumstances. Free flap autogenous breast reconstruction provides a natural, long-lasting result with a high degree of patient satisfaction. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 19:264-271, 2000.     

舌骨下肌皮瓣修补口腔肿瘤术后缺损的临床观察

目的 观察舌骨下肌皮瓣修补口腔肿瘤术后缺损的临床效果及其合适的手术方式.方法 将行肌皮瓣修补口腔肿瘤术后缺损的38例患者随机分为观察组及对照组,各19例.观察组采用舌骨下肌皮瓣逆行法或顺行法进行修补,对照组采用其他部位肌皮瓣进行修补.比较2组患者皮瓣的完全成活率、总体成活率,术后3年、5年患者存活率及后期并发症发生率.比较观察组中2种手术方式的临床疗效.结果 观察组皮瓣完全成活率、总体成活率均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组术后3年及5年患者存活率略高于对照组,但差异具无统计学意义(P>0.05).观察组后期并发症发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05).观察组顺行法疗效明显优于逆行法(P<0.05).结论 舌骨下肌皮瓣应用于口腔肿瘤术后缺损的修补中疗效显著,其中顺行法修补疗效更为满意.     

Current advances in reconstruction of the mandible in head and neck cancer surgery

Today's reconstruction of head and neck cancer related deformities is based on an in-depth knowledge of soft and hard tissue repair coupled with the technical ability to transplant and reorient soft and hard tissues into a functional and cosmetic improvement for each patient. The recent advances of (1) the science of bone regeneration, (2) myocutaneous flaps, (3) hyperbaric oxygen, and (4) allogeneic bone cribs have resulted in reconstructions which are now predictable outcomes with few complications and minimal morbidity. This writing will discuss the contribution and mechanism of each of these four advances and how their application can be used to consistently reconstruct even large deformities with both hard and soft tissue loss, as well as in tissues which have been severely radiated.