GRACE 风险评分及外周血红细胞分布宽度与冠状动脉病变严重程度的关系研究

目的探讨全球急性冠状动脉事件注册（GRACE）风险评分及外周血红细胞分布宽度（RDW）与冠状动脉病变严重程度的关系。方法选择2011年6月～2013年12月河北省秦皇岛市第二医院拟诊为冠心病、心肌梗死等疾病而行冠状动脉造影的患者218例为研究对象,对所有患者进行GRACE风险评分及RDW测定。根据RACE危险评分将其分为低危（GRACE〈90分）、中危（90～133分）、高危三组（〉133分）。结果132例患者有不同程度的冠状动脉病变,86例患者为非冠状动脉病变者。冠状动脉病变者RDW值为（14．11±1．27）％,非冠状动脉病变者RDW值为（12．82±1．56）％,两者比较差异有高度统计学意义（P〈0．01）。GRACE风险评分越高,冠状动脉病变血管支数越多,其中高危组3支血管病变率（32．6％）显著高于中危组（24．2％）和低危组（9．4％）,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。同时,GRACE风险评分越高,血管狭窄程度也越严重,其中高危组血管重度狭窄率（32．6％）显著高于中危组（24．2％）和低危组（5．7％）,两两比较差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。低危组、中危组、高危组RDW值分别为（13．38±1．79）％、（13．88±1．61）％和（14．21±1．98）％,三组两两比较差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。结论GRACE风险评分及RDW与冠状动脉病变严重程度密切相关,两者可为冠状动脉病变患者风险评估及个体化治疗提供依据。     

非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征患者血清Hcy水平和GRACE评分与冠状动脉病变的相关性

目的：探讨非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)患者血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平和全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(GRACE)评分与冠状动脉病变严重程度的关系。方法选取2015年1月至2016年1月就诊于湖南省人民医院符合纳入标准的NSTE-ACS患者116例,其中非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)组49例,不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)组67例,入院后所有患者均进行GRACE评分,同时第2天清晨空腹采集肘静脉血检测Hcy,与48例非冠心病患者进行对照比较,分析Hcy水平与GRACE评分的关联性以及Hcy水平和GRACE评分与冠脉病变支数的关系。结果①NSTE-ACS患者血清Hcy水平、GRACE评分与非冠心病组比较差异有统计学意义,UAP组、NSTEMI组Hcy水平分别为(16.3±5.7)μmol/L和(19.6±4.6)μmol/L,明显高于非冠心病组的(11.3±2.7)μmol/L;UAP组、NSTEMI组GRACE评分分别为(108.9±21.0)分和(133.4±26.3)分,明显高于非冠心病组的(99.0±16.0)分,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);②NSTE-ACS患者血清Hcy水平随GRACE危险程度增加而显著升高,低危组、中危组、高危组Hcy水平分别为(12.7±3.1)μmol/L、(18.4±5.2)μmol/L、(22.4±5.1)μmol/L,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);相关性分析结果显示,NSTE-ACS患者血清Hcy水平与GRACE评分呈明显正相关(r=0.546,P<0.01);③NSTE-ACS患者Hcy水平和GRACE评分与冠脉病变支数相关,三支血管病变组中Hcy水平、GRACE评分高于双支血管病变组,双支血管病变组高于单支血管病变组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 NSTE-ACS患者Hcy水平与GRACE评分密切相关,结合Hcy水平测定与GRACE危险评分可提高对NSTE-ACS的预测,且一定程度上能反映冠状动脉病变程度,对NSTE-ACS早期介入治疗风险和预后评估有重要价值。     

急性冠脉综合征患者GRACE危险评分与冠脉病变严重程度分析

目的探讨急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者GRACE危险评分与冠脉病变严重程度,评价GRACE危险评分法在ACS患者冠状动脉病变中的预测价值。方法选取2013年11月—2014年10月急性冠脉综合征患者101例,对其入院时的相关临床预测变量进行GRACE危险评分,并以GRACE危险评分为依据将入选病例分为高危组31例,中危组40组,低危组30例。探讨急性冠脉综合征患者GRACE危险评分与冠脉病变严重程度。结果低危组单支血管病变、双支血管病变、三支血管病变的例数分别为18例、11例、1例,中危组各病变例数分别为20例、18例、2例,高危组各病变例数分别为10例、8例、13例;低危组血管轻、中、重度狭窄的例数分别为10例、14例、6例,中危组分别为6例、16例、18例,高危组分别为8例、7例、16例。结论 GRACE评分越高,患者冠状动脉病变数越多,狭窄程度越严重,GRACE危险评分法在ACS冠状动脉病变中具有较高的预测价值,值得推广。     

NSTEMI患者GRACE评分与cTnI、BNP、GA水平相关性及其预测价值

［摘要］ 目的探究非ST段抬高性心肌梗死（non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,NSTEMI）患者全球急性冠状动脉事件注册（global registry of acute coronary events,GRACE）评分与心肌肌钙蛋白I（cardiac troponin I,cTnI）、脑利钠肽（brain natriuretic peptide,BNP）、糖化血清白蛋白（glycated albumin,GA）水平相关性及其预测价值。 方法选取NSTEMI患者153例作为研究对象,根据 GRACE评分分为3组,高危组（49例）GRACE评分＞140分,中危组（58例）GRACE评分109～140 分,低危组（46例）GRACE评分≤108分。检测各组患者cTnI、BNP、GA水平,术后6个月随访主要心血管事件（major adverse cardiac event,MACE）发生情况,并采用受试者工作特征曲线（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）分析GRACE评分、cTnI、BNP、GA水平对MACE的预测价值。 结果不同GRACE危险分级患者cTnI、BNP、GA水平比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;高危组、中危组cTnI、BNP、GA水平高于低危组,而高危组cTnI、BNP、GA水平又高于中危组（P＜0.05）。GRACE评分与cTnI、BNP、GA水平呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。术后6个月内高危组发生MACE 12例,中危组发生MACE 5例,低危组MACE 1例（P＜0.05）。12例ROC曲线分析结果显示,GRACE评分、cTnI、BNP、GA水平对MACE预测结果的AUC分别为0.761、0.674、0.662、0.669;Cut-off值分别为151.00分、3.83 mg/L、340.72 μg/L、20.01%;敏感度分别为66.70%、94.40%、77.80%、50.00%,特异度分别为74.10%、45.20%、54.10%、81.50%,Youden指数分别为0.408、0.396、0.374、0.318。 结论NSTEMI患者GRACE评分与cTnI、BNP、GA水平呈显著正相关,且均对MACE有预测价值及其预测价值,其中GRACE评分的预测价值相对较高。     

氨基末端脑钠肽前体及全球急性冠状动脉事件注册危险评分与冠状动脉病变相关性研究

目的探讨急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者血浆氨基末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平及全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(GRACE)危险评分与冠状动脉病变相关性。方法选取2012年2月—2014年9月在心内科住院诊断为ACS患者315例,统计患者基本临床资料及入院24 h内实验室检查结果,所有患者均进行GRACE危险评分并行冠状动脉造影,分析ACS患者冠状动脉病变的特点、血浆NT-proBNP水平及GRACE危险评分与冠状动脉病变的关系。结果根据GRACE危险评分分为低危组85例,中危组124例,高危组106例,其中GRACE危险评分高危组患者冠状动脉病变双支、三支明显多于中、低危组(P<0.05),冠状动脉狭窄程度明显重于中、低危组(P<0.05),Geninis积分明显高于中、低危组(P<0.05)。根据冠状动脉造影结果分为单支病变组123例、双支病变组94例,三支病变组98例,其中双支病变组、三支病变组GRACE危险评分高于单支病变组(P<0.05),三支病变组患者血浆NT-proBNP水平明显高于单支、双支病变组(P<0.05)。GRACE危险评分高危组患者血浆NT-proBNP水平明显高于中、低危组(P<0.05),且GRACE危险评分与血浆NT-proBNP水平呈正相关(r=0.42,P<0.05)。结论血浆NT-proBNP水平及GRACE危险评分与冠状动脉病变具有良好相关性,对ACS患者冠状动脉病变支数、狭窄程度有一定的预测价值。     

TIMI评分和GRACE评分系统对中国非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者院内事件的评估价值

目的 探讨心肌梗死溶栓（TIMI）和全球急性冠状动脉事件注册（GRACE）评分系统对中国非ST段抬高型心肌梗死（NSTEMI）患者院内事件的评估价值。方法 连续纳入2017年1月1日至12月1日在上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院心血管内科住院治疗的NSTEMI患者。终点事件为院内死亡、再梗死、心力衰竭、心源性休克和心搏骤停。患者入院时根据TIMI和GRACE评分结果进行危险分层评分,采用ROC曲线评估2种评分系统及两者结合对院内事件的预测价值。使用TIMI评分筛选所有人群,再将TIMI评分中危患者进一步分为GRACE评分高危亚组（GRACE评分≥140分）和GRACE评分非高危亚组（GRACE评分<140分）,比较两个亚组患者院内事件发生情况。结果 本研究共纳入232例患者,其中男163例、女69例,平均年龄为66.1（95% CI 64.6~67.6）岁。TIMI评分低危、中危、高危患者分别为69例（29.7%）、142例（61.2%）和21例（9.1%）,3组院内事件发生率分别为14.5%（10/69）、24.6%（35/142）和33.3%（7/21）;GRACE评分低危、中危、高危患者分别为41例（17.7%）、85例（36.6%）和106例（45.7%）,3组院内事件发生率分别为7.3%（3/41）、11.8%（10/85）和36.8%（39/106）。GRACE评分和TIMI评分对是否发生院内事件均显示出较好的区分度,GRACE评分对院内事件的预测价值更高（AUC 0.81 vs 0.62,P<0.001）。TIMI评分中危组患者中,GRACE评分高危亚组的院内事件发生率高于GRACE评分非高危亚组[38.2%（29/76）vs 9.1%（6/66）,OR=6.2,95% CI 2.4~16.1,P<0.001]。TIMI评分与GRACE评分结合对院内事件具有良好的预测价值（AUC=0.71,95% CI 0.65~0.77）,并且其阳性预测值（37.1%）高于TIMI评分（33.3%）和GRACE评分（36.8%）。结论 在中国NSTEMI患者中,GRACE评分的预测准确性优于TIMI评分,但简便性不足。TIMI评分与GRACE评分结合应用的危险分层方法为预测中国NSTEMI患者的院内事件提供了一种简便且有效的判别工具。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者血清内皮素-1与GRACE评分相关性研究

目的：探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者血清内皮素-1（ET-1）浓度与GRACE评分的相关性及临床意义。方法：104例STEMI患者为观察组,40例健康体检者为对照组,比较两组ET-1浓度。根据血清ET-1浓度对观察组患者进行四分位数分组,分为≤25％组17例,26%～50％组26例,51％～75％组29例和≥75％组32例,比较不同ET-1浓度组的GRACE评分。根据GRACE评分将观察组患者分为低危组、中危组和高危组,比较不同危险分层患者的血清ET-1浓度,并分析血清ET-1浓度与GRACE评分的相关性。结果：观察组血清ET-1为107.64±8.3 pg/mL,明显高于对照组的72.15±7.36 pg/mL,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。GRACE评分,≤25％组为99.54±21.28分,26％～50％组为110.34±18.79分,51％～75％组为134.10±24.31分,≥75％组为151.45±20.17分,随着血清ET-1浓度升高,各组GRACE评分依次升高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。血清ET-1浓度低危组为83.13±6.49 pg/mL,中危组为94.21±8.22 pg/mL,高危组为109.93±7.62 pg/mL,各组间差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。血清ET-1浓度与GRACE评分呈正相关（r=0.6352,P＜0.01）。结论：血清ET-1浓度是STEMI进展及预后评估的一项重要指标,对于STEMI患者的危险分层有一定价值。     

血清抗凝血酶Ⅲ、纤维蛋白原对高危 NSTE-ACS 患者的评估价值

目的 探讨非ST 段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征（NSTE-ACS）患者血清抗凝血酶Ⅲ（AT- Ⅲ）、 纤维蛋白原（FIB）水平对高危患者的评估价值。方法 选取2015 年1 月-2016 年12 月该院根据临床特征和冠 状动脉造影（CAG）确诊为NSTE-ACS 患者280 例为实验组,依据全球急性冠状动脉事件注册（GRACE） 评分将实验组分为低危组47 例（≤ 108 分）、中危组106 例（109 ～ 140 分）、高危组127 例（>140 分）;根据 临床特征和CAG 排除NSTE-ACS 患者40 例作为对照组。分析AT- Ⅲ、FIB 水平在不同组间的差异和与 GRACE 评分的相关性以及GRACE 评分的独立影响因素;受试者工作曲线（ROC）分析AT- Ⅲ、FIB 对高危 NSTE-ACS 的预测价值,Logistic 多因素回归分析高危NSTE-ACS 的预测指标。结果 实验组AT- Ⅲ水平低于 对照组,而FIB 水平高于对照组（P <0.05）;AT- Ⅲ水平与GRACE 评分负相关（P <0.05）,FIB 水平与GRACE 评分正相关（P <0.05）;AT- Ⅲ、FIB 是GRACE 评分和高危风险的预测因素（P <0.05）。ROC 分析显示： AT- Ⅲ、FIB ROC 曲线面积为0.797、0.756（P <0.05）;最佳界值分别为85.50 和4.03 ;敏感性分别为69% 和 66% ;特异性分别为91% 和93%。结论 NSTE-ACS 患者血清AT- Ⅲ、FIB 水平与其危险分层密切相关,是评估 危险分层和高危风险的预测因子。     

B型脑钠肽及全球急性冠状动脉事件注册危险评分与急性冠状动脉综合征患者冠状动脉病变的关系

目的探讨急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者血浆B型脑钠肽(BNP)水平及全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(GRACE)危险评分对冠状动脉病变的预测关系。方法 ACS患者317例,其中急性心肌梗死患者68例,不稳定性心绞痛患者249例,所有患者均行冠状动脉造影,测定血浆BNP水平,并进行GRACE危险评分,分析不同组别患者冠状动脉病变的特点、血浆BNP水平及GRACE危险评分与冠状动脉病变的关系。结果 GRACE危险评分低、中、高危患者在冠状动脉病变支数和冠状动脉狭窄程度上差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。GRACE危险评分高危组患者血浆BNP水平明显高于中、低危组(P<0.01)。GRACE危险评分与血浆BNP水平呈正相关(r=0.26,P<0.01)。结论 GRACE危险评分和血浆BNP水平对ACS患者冠状动脉病变支数、狭窄程度有一定的预测价值。     

GRACE 风险评分联合外周血红细胞分布宽度对急性心肌梗死近期死亡风险的预测价值

目的探讨全球急性冠状动脉事件注册（GRACE）风险评分联合外周血红细胞分布宽度（RDw）对急性心肌梗死（AMI）近期死亡风险的预测价值。方法选择2013年1月～2014年1月在秦皇岛市第二医院急诊科就诊的AMI患者280例为研究对象,根据治疗结局将患者分为死亡组和生存组,应用标准GRACE对两组患者进行风险评分,全自动血细胞分析仪测定RDW,比较两组患者GRACE评分和RDW的水平差异;以受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）下面积（AUC）表示对个体预后的判断能力。结果死亡组GRACE评分及RDW水平均显著高于存活组患者,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。GRACE评分及RDW对AMI患者发病30d内因心血管疾病（CVD）死亡者的AUC分别为0．825、0．621,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;GRACE联合RDW的AUC为0．905,高于单独应用GRACE评分的AUC（P〈0．05）。结论RACE评分联合RDW可提高对AMI患者30dCVD的预测价值。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.