镜像疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢肌肉表面肌电的影响

目的 探讨镜像疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢肌肉表面肌电的影响。 方法 将62例脑卒中偏瘫患者按分层随机分组法分为镜像组和对照组,每组31例。两组患者均进行常规康复训练,镜像组在此基础上增加镜像疗法。于治疗前和治疗4周后（治疗后）,采用无线表面肌电系统采集并分析患侧股直肌、股二头肌、胫骨前肌的最大收缩力量（MVC）及随意收缩时的积分肌电值（iEMG）、均方根值（RMS）,比较上述指标治疗前、后的变化情况,评估训练效果。 结果 治疗前,两组患者患侧下肢胫骨前肌、股二头肌、股直肌的MVC、iEMG及RMS比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗后,两组患者患侧下肢胫骨前肌、股二头肌、股直肌的MVC、iEMG及RMS均较组内治疗前改善（P<0.05）。治疗后,与对照组比较,镜像组患者患侧下肢胫骨前肌、股直肌、股二头肌MVC、iEMG及RMS的提高幅度较大,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 镜像疗法能增强脑卒中偏瘫患者患侧下肢肌肉运动过程中运动单位的募集及同步化程度,增加参与运动的运动单位数量及放电总量,并促进下肢肌肉力量恢复。     

踝背伸和跖屈肌群的最大等长收缩:脑卒中急性期患者与同龄健康老人表面肌电图对照研究

目的　比较健康老人与脑卒中急性期患者的踝背伸和踝跖屈肌群的收缩功能 ,为脑卒中急性期康复提供客观依据。方法　 2组对象参加研究 ,对照组为 11位健康老人 ,年龄 62 .3± 5 .7岁 ;脑卒中组为12位初发患者 ,年龄 66.6± 8.3岁。测试时下肢固定在支架上 ,压力传感器放在足底 ,肌电图的表面电极放在胫骨前肌和腓肠肌的体表上 ,记录踝背伸或踝跖屈时最大等长收缩、胫骨前肌和腓肠肌的肌电活动 ,并计算力矩和积分肌电图的变化。结果　健康老人左、右侧踝背伸和踝跖屈肌群收缩各参数之间的差异无显著性 ,脑卒中组患侧与健侧比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;协方差分析 (年龄作为协变量 )发现 ,脑卒中组的患侧与对照组比较 ,踝背伸和踝跖屈力矩、积分肌电图以及协同收缩率的差异有高度显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,脑卒中组健侧与对照组的踝背伸协同收缩率差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　脑卒中急性期患者踝背伸和踝跖屈肌群收缩功能明显降低 ,增强这些肌群的收缩功能 ,特别是增强主动肌的收缩 ,抑制拮抗肌的协同收缩应作为脑卒中急性期康复的目标     

肌肉牵伸模式下的电针拮抗法治疗脑卒中足下垂的临床观察

目的：观察痉挛肌牵伸模式下的电针拮抗法治疗脑卒中足下垂患者的临床疗效。方法：选取病程≤3个月的首次脑卒中偏瘫患者40例,随机分成对照组和观察组各20例。2组均给予常规康复治疗,在此基础上,对照组给予常规电针拮抗法,观察组则给予痉挛肌牵伸模式下的“电针拮抗法”,疗程为3周。利用下肢简式Fugl-Meyer运动评分量表（FMA）、改良Ashworth痉挛评定量表（MAS）及表面肌电（iEMG）技术分别评估患者的患侧下肢运动功能、小腿三头肌痉挛程度及踝背屈时胫骨前肌与小腿三头肌的协同收缩率(CR)。结果：治疗后2组FMA评分较治疗前均有明显提高（P<0.01）,MAS分级优于治疗前（P<0.01）;与对照组比较,观察组的FMA评分提高则更为显著（P<0.05）,观察组MAS分级更优于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,2组患者胫骨前肌和小腿三头肌iEMG 均高于治疗前（均P<0.05）、踝背屈CR低于治疗前（均P<0.05）,治疗后观察组患者胫骨前肌和小腿三头肌iEMG 均高于对照组（均P<0.05）、踝背屈CR 低于对照组（均P<0.05）。结论：痉挛肌牵伸模式下的电针拮抗法治疗能有效地降低小腿三头肌张力,改善脑卒中偏瘫患者踝背屈功能,促进下肢运动的改善。     

脑卒中患者小腿肌肉运动协调性的表面肌电特征研究

目的探讨脑卒中恢复期患者小腿前后肌群在踝关节屈伸周期性运动时的表面肌电特征变化。 方法选取10例脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者作为病例组和10例年龄、性别与之相匹配的健康者作为健康对照组。在进行踝关节屈伸运动的同时,采用表面肌电图仪记录患者患侧、健侧及健康对照组的胫骨前肌、腓肠肌外侧头、腓肠肌内侧头和比目鱼肌的肌电信号,并对积分肌电值（iEMG）、收缩率等指标进行分析比较。 结果在周期性踝屈伸运动过程中,踝背伸时,患者患侧胫骨前肌、腓肠肌内侧头、腓肠肌外侧头、比目鱼肌的iEMG均明显小于健侧（P<0.05）,患侧腓肠肌外侧头、腓肠肌内侧头、比目鱼肌的iEMG也明显小于健康对照组（P<0.05）;踝跖屈时,患侧胫骨前肌、腓肠肌外侧头、腓肠肌内侧头的iEMG明显小于健康对照组（P<0.05）,患侧腓肠肌内侧头的iEMG明显小于健侧（P<0.05）,患侧比目鱼肌收缩率明显大于健侧及健康对照组（P<0.05）。 结论脑卒中恢复期患者在周期性踝屈伸运动时,患侧小腿前后肌群除比目鱼肌外,肌肉收缩功能均明显下降;患侧踝跖屈时,比目鱼肌取代正常跖屈时的腓肠肌外侧头或腓肠肌内侧头成为主要的主动跖屈肌。     

基于镜像神经元理论的动作观察疗法对脑卒中后足下垂患者的疗效研究

目的:探讨基于镜像神经元理论的动作观察疗法对脑卒中后偏瘫伴足下垂患者下肢运动功能的临床疗效。方法:选取脑卒中后偏瘫伴足下垂患者50例,采用随机数字表法分为试验组(n=25)和对照组(n=25)。对照组采用常规康复疗法进行治疗,试验组在此基础上增加基于镜像神经元理论的动作观察疗法(AOT)进行治疗。分别于治疗前及治疗6周后评定患者踝背屈肌最大收缩时的肌电波幅,测量踝背屈主动关节活动度,同时应用Fugl-Meyer评分(FMA)对患者的下肢运动功能进行评定。结果:治疗6周后,2组患者踝背屈肌最大收缩时的肌电波幅、踝关节背屈角度、下肢FMA评分较治疗前均明显增加,差异有显著性意义(P0.05),且试验组明显优于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:基于镜像神经元理论的动作观察疗法对脑卒中后偏瘫患者足下垂有显著疗效,能增加胫前肌的肌力,改善踝关节主动背屈角度,从而改善偏瘫侧下肢运动功能,值得临床推广应用。     

不同恢复期脑卒中患者胫骨前肌和腓肠肌表面肌电信号的研究

目的：探讨脑卒中偏瘫患者恢复期sEMG信号的特点及规律。方法：17例偏瘫患者分为两组．A组9例均为BrunnstromⅣ期的患者，B组8例均为BrunnstromⅤ期的患者，在进行踝关节背屈最大自主收缩的同时，采用表面肌电图仪记录患侧和健侧的胫骨前肌和腓肠肌外侧头收缩的肌电信号，并对两组的积分肌电值、协同收缩率等观测指标进行分析比较。结果：B组患侧胫骨前肌积分肌电值明显高于A组（P〈0．01），B组患侧协同收缩率则明显低于A组（P〈0．01），而两组的患侧腓肠肌、健侧胫骨前肌、健侧腓肠肌积分肌电，以及健侧的协同收缩率之间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;A、B两组的患侧与健侧胫骨前肌积分肌电、患侧与健侧协同收缩率之间均有不同程度的差异（P〈0．01或P〈0．05），而两组患侧与健侧腓肠肌积分肌电之间差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：恢复后期的偏瘫患者踝背屈主动肌的收缩功能及对拮抗肌协同收缩的控制能力明显好于恢复前期的偏瘫患者。sEMG作为一种简便的、非创伤性的检查方法，在脑卒中偏瘫运动功能评价中具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

3D打印踝足矫形器与传统踝足矫形器对脑卒中患者步行功能恢复的疗效观察

目的 探讨3D打印踝足矫形器与传统踝足矫形器对脑卒中患者步行功能恢复的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将34例脑卒中后偏瘫患者分为观察组及对照组,每组17例。2组患者均给予良肢位摆放、关节活动度训练、站立及步行功能训练等。在进行站立及步行训练过程中,观察组、对照组患者均分别全程穿戴3D打印踝足矫形器或传统踝足矫形器,2组患者均连续治疗4周。于治疗前、治疗4周后分别采用10米步行测试（10MWT）、6分钟步行测试（6MWT）、起立-行走计时测试（TUGT）对２组患者的步行速度、步行耐力及动态平衡能力进行评估;同时检测2组患者步行时双侧下肢股直肌、胫骨前肌及腓肠肌积分肌电值（iEMG）,并比较上述肌肉健/患侧iEMG比值,以评估患侧下肢肌肉激活情况。 结果 治疗后2组患者10MWT、6MWT及TUGT均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且观察组10MWT、6MWT及TUGT［分别是（22.5±3.6）s、（136.6±23.3）m和（ 19.1±3.0）s］亦显著优于对照组水平（P<0.05）。治疗后2组患者股直肌、胫骨前肌、腓肠肌健/患侧iEMG比值均较治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）,并且观察组上述肌肉健/患侧iEMG比值亦显著低于对照组水平（P<0.05）。 结论 穿戴3D打印矫形器或传统矫形器均能有效提高脑卒中偏瘫患者的步行速度、步行耐力及动态平衡能力,促进患侧下肢肌肉激活,降低其跌倒风险,且以穿戴3D打印矫形器的疗效相对更显著。     

踝足矫形器辅助本体感觉训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者运动功能及表面肌电图的影响

目的:探讨踝足矫形器辅助本体感觉训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者运动功能及表面肌电图的影响。方法:将脑卒中后偏瘫患者116例随机分为2组各58例,对照组给予动态式踝足矫形器治疗,研究组给予动态式踝足矫形器辅助本体感觉训练治疗。比较2组治疗前后运动、平衡功能、表面肌电图、三维步态时空与时相参数的变化情况。结果:治疗3个月后,2组Fugl-Meyer运动量表(FMA)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)评分均高于治疗前(均P0.05),且研究组均更高于对照组(均P0.05)。2组治疗后股四头肌、腓肠肌、胫骨前肌的肌电积分值(iEMG)均高于治疗前(均P0.05),且研究组治疗后上述指标的iEMG均高于对照组(均P0.05)。2组治疗后股四头肌、腓肠肌、胫骨前肌的方根振幅(RMS)均低于治疗前(均P0.05),且研究组治疗后上述指标的RMS均低于对照组(均P0.05)。2组治疗后步速、步频、跨步长比率均高于治疗前(均P0.05),且研究组治疗后上述指标均高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:踝足矫形器辅助本体感觉训练脑卒中后偏瘫患者可明显改善其运动功能、平衡功能,促进股四头肌、腓肠肌、胫骨前肌功能的恢复。     

综合康复干预对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能恢复的影响

目的 观察综合康复干预（包括常规康复训练、肌电生物反馈训练及穴位按摩等）对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能恢复的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将60例脑卒中后偏瘫患者分为观察组及对照组,每组30例。对照组患者给予常规康复训练,观察组患者在此基础上辅以肌电生物反馈训练及患肢肌肉、穴位按摩治疗。于治疗前、治疗10周后分别采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）、改良Ashworth痉挛量表(MAS)及改良Barthel指数评分（MBI）对2组患者进行疗效评定。 结果 治疗前2组患者屈腕肌、踝跖屈肌MAS评分、上肢及下肢FMA评分、MBI评分组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;经10周治疗后发现2组患者上述疗效指标均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且观察组屈腕肌、踝跖屈肌MAS评分［分别为（1.5±0.5）分、（1.8±0.4）分］、上肢及下肢FMA评分［分别为（51.3±2.1）分、（26.4±4.1）分］、MBI评分［（62.7±20.9）分］均显著优于对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 在常规康复干预基础上辅以肌电生物反馈训练及患肢肌肉、穴位按摩治疗,能进一步促进脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能恢复,提高患者生活质量。     

表面肌电生物反馈治疗对偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响

目的探讨表面肌电生物反馈治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响。 方法将40例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组（20例）和对照组（20例）。2组患者均常规给予神经内科药物治疗及康复训练，治疗组同时辅以表面肌电生物反馈（sEMG-BFB）治疗。分别于治疗前及治疗4周后采用Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA）评定偏瘫侧上肢功能，采用改良Ashworth痉挛指数（MAS）评定偏瘫侧肘关节屈、伸肌张力，采用sEMG评定偏瘫侧肱二头肌、肱三头肌在进行屈伸肘（最大等长收缩）动作时的肌电积分值（IEMG），并计算肘屈曲、伸展协同收缩率。 结果2组患者治疗前，其患侧上肢FMA、MAS评分以及肘关节屈伸协同收缩率间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；2组患者经相应治疗后，其偏瘫侧上肢FMA、MAS评分以及肘关节屈伸协同收缩率均较治疗前显著改善（P＜0.01），且治疗组患者FMA、MAS评分以及肘关节伸展协同收缩率的改善幅度明显优于对照组（P＜0.01）。 结论表面肌电生物反馈治疗可显著缓解偏瘫患者肘关节屈伸肌痉挛，进一步改善偏瘫患者肘关节屈伸肌协调性，提高上肢运动功能。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.