异基因造血干细胞移植治疗原发性噬血细胞综合征合并中枢神经系统病变病例报告

目的:探讨原发性噬血细胞综合征(HLH)合并中枢神经系统病变诊断要点以及异基因造血干细胞移植(Allo-HSCT)治疗情况。方法:对1例原发性HLH合并中枢神经系统病变患者的临床特点进行分析,完善基因测序、免疫学指标检测和家系调查,进行Allo-HSCT。结果:11岁男性病例,表现为反复发热、全血细胞减少,脾大、骨髓中可见噬血现象,自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性下降(10.39%)。基因检测和家系调查显示患者携带分别来自父系和母系的PRF1基因的复杂杂合改变,两位胞姐各自携带不同突变位点;全家成员穿孔素蛋白表达量均有不同程度下降。病程中出现癫痫,头颅核磁共振提示多发病变。确诊原发性HLH合并中枢神经系统病变。给予HLH-2004方案治疗后,接受胞姐HLA 5/10相合Allo-HSCT。目前移植后14个月,一般情况良好。结论:对于合并中枢神经系统病变的原发性HLH,尽早进行Allo-HSCT是获得长期生存及治愈的唯一方法。     

肿瘤相关性噬血细胞综合征的诊断及治疗

正噬血细胞综合征又称噬血细胞淋巴组织细胞增生症(hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,HLH),是一种单核巨噬系统过度反应性疾病,以儿童病例报告为多。根据病因分为遗传性(原发性)和获得性(继发性)两类(表1)~〔1〕,后者多与感染、肿瘤、风湿等相关。获得性HLH多发生于成     

多发性骨髓瘤CAR-T治疗后并发噬血细胞综合征1例报道并文献复习

目的:探讨嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T)治疗合并噬血细胞综合征(HLH)的发病机制、临床特征及诊疗。方法:回顾性分析1例复发难治性多发性骨髓瘤患者CAR-T治疗发生HLH的临床表现、诊疗经过及后期随访,并结合相关文献报道,分析CAR-T治疗的相关毒副反应及诊疗方案。结果:该例患者CAR-T输注后第2天即发生1级细胞因子释放综合征(CRS),输注后第35天出现3级CRS,且合并HLH,给予甲泼尼龙及托珠单抗治疗后缓解,现随访15个月余,原发病维持严格意义的完全缓解。结论:CAR-T相关HLH发生率虽然极低,但临床医师应该保持警惕,并延长观察时间,其治疗方案可参考HLH-2004方案。     

噬血细胞综合征的临床诊断

噬血细胞综合征（hemophagocytic syndrome,HPS）又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症（hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,HLH）,是由多种致病因素导致淋巴细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞系统异常激活、增殖,分泌大量炎性细胞因子所引起的严重甚至致命的炎症状态。该病分为原发性和获得性2大类,原发性HPS多见于儿童,     

细胞因子对继发性噬血细胞综合征和重型肝炎合并感染具有早期鉴别意义

目的：评价细胞因子在早期诊断继发性噬血细胞综合征中的临床意义。方法：收集华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院2018年1月~2020年12月收治的50例继发性噬血细胞综合征患者（HLH组）及50例重型肝炎合并感染（重肝组）患者的临床资料，通过单因素及多因素二元Logistic回归分析法分析疾病的独立危险因素，并绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线，分析其诊断价值。结果：HLH组的血细胞减少患者构成比、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、超敏C反应蛋白、铁蛋白、白细胞介素（IL）-2受体、IL-10和肿瘤坏死因子-α水平显著高于重肝组，IL-1β、IL-8水平明显低于重肝组（P均<0.05）。二元 Logistic回归显示LDH、IL-2受体为独立危险因素，ROC曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.910、0.908，当LDH≥398U/L时，其诊断HLH的灵敏度为78%，特异度为93.9%；当IL-2受体≥2861U/mL时，其诊断HLH的灵敏度为78%，特异度为95.9%。联合细胞因子谱诊断时AUC为0.911，灵敏度为74%，特异度为100%。结论：在HLH早期，LDH、IL-2受体具有很高的诊断价值，且细胞因子谱在HLH及重型肝炎合并感染患者中的表现差别较大，联合诊断价值更高。     

成人原发性噬血细胞综合征合并EB病毒感染1例

噬血细胞综合征(hemophagocytic histiocytosis,HLH)是一组以发热,肝、脾肿大,全血细胞减少以及骨髓、肝、脾、淋巴结组织出现噬血现象为主要临床特征的综合征.HLH分为原发性和继发性两种,多数原发性HLH为家族遗传性基因病,常少儿起病,而成人HLH患者很少考虑为家族性HLH.本文报道了 1例成...     

成人噬血细胞综合征23例临床特征分析

目的：分析成人噬血细胞综合征（HPS）的临床特征,对比 HLH-2004诊断标准,以提高对本病的认识,早期诊断,减少误诊,提高存活率。方法回顾分析近5年收治的23例因肝功能异常入院最终确诊为噬血细胞综合征患者的病因、临床症状、体征、实验室检查结果及转归。结果23例患者原发病分析显示,恶性淋巴瘤9例,感染8例,风湿性疾病5例,其他原因1例。主要临床表现以持续发热（95．7％）、脾脏肿大（100．0％）及肝脏肿大（82．6％）为突出表现,其他表现为淋巴结肿大（73．9％）、黄疸（73．9％）、呼吸系统症状（52．2％）、多浆膜腔积液（56．5％）、中枢神经系统症状（47．8％）、皮疹（34．8％）、出血（21．7％）及肾功能损害（30．4％）。实验室检查以肝功能损害最为突出,主要是 LDH、AST 升高（100．0％）,血细胞减少（两种血细胞下降占30．4％、全血血细胞下降占69．6％）,纤维蛋白原（Fg）下降（82．6％）,PT 延长（47．8％）。死亡组患者的LDH 和AST水平明显高于存活组（t＝4．509、3．339,P＝0．003）,而死亡组患者的血小板计数和Fg水平明显低于存活组（t＝7．892、3．561,P＝0．002）。首次骨髓检查有噬血细胞现象14例,第2次或多次骨髓检查有噬血细胞现象9例。23例经治 HPS患者12周总体生存率为43．5％。结论 HPS可由多种病因引起,临床表现多样,病死率高。LDH 和AST升高,PLT和Fg降低是疾病的不良预后因素。骨髓的多次检查有助于及时诊断。     

以呃逆为首发症状的肝硬化合并噬血细胞综合征1例

<正>噬血细胞综合征(hemophagocytic syndrome, HPS)又称噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症(hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, HLH),是一种免疫异常激活综合征,其特征是单核细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞过度活跃,吞噬细胞增多,多器官功能损害,是一种罕见病[1]。HLH主要分为2大类,原发性及继发性,原发性HLH为常染色体或性染色体隐性遗传病,主要见于婴幼儿,90%为2岁以下;     

EB病毒相关性噬血综合征6例诊治分析

噬血细胞综合征（HPS）是一组以良性巨噬细胞增生、活化及吞噬血细胞现象的一类综合征。EB病毒（EBV）引起的称为EB病毒相关淋巴细胞增生性噬血综合征（EBV—HLH）。2005年1月～2006年12月，我们共收治EBV—HLH6例。现分析如下。     

EB病毒感染相关性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症的研究进展

正噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,HLH)又称噬血细胞综合征,是一种罕见的致命性免疫调节异常综合征,以过度的免疫反应及过度活化的巨噬细胞和T淋巴细胞广泛浸润各组织器官,导致多器官系统功能衰竭为特征~([1])。HLH包括原发性和继发性两种类型。其中继发性HLH主要由感染、肿瘤、风湿免     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症一例病因和遗传学研究

目的 提高对家族性噬血性淋巴组织细胞增多症(FHL)的诊疗水平.方法 报告1例人类疱疹病毒7型(HHV7)阳性FHL2型患者的临床、病因及遗传学特征;人类疱疹病毒(HHV1～HHV8)DNA筛查采用PCR方法 ;NK细胞穿孔素(PRF1)蛋白表达采用流式细胞术检测;PRF1基因突变采用PCR技术和DNA序列分析鉴定;PRF1蛋白构象通过ExPASy和I-TASSER网站在线分析系统进行生物信息学分析;对患者亲属34例进行遗传家系分析.结果 该患者HHV7病毒DNA为350拷贝/106外周血有核细胞;PRF1阳性的NK细胞比例和PRF1表达显著降低;患者PRF1基因存在c.503G＞A/p.S168N和c.1177T＞C/p.C393R突变,其S168N突变遗传自父系,C393R突变遗传自母系.抗病毒、地塞米松、VP16及联合化疗对患者疗效短暂,经人类白细胞抗原10/10相合的非血缘异基因造血干细胞移植治疗后已健康存活9个月.结论 应加强对FHL患者免疫功能及其相关分子遗传学的研究;异基因造血干细胞移植是FHL治疗的根本措施.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the etiological factor and genetic feature of a familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis patient with PRF1 mutation (FHL2) with human herpesvirus 7 (HHV7)infection and its family constellation. Methods Clinical characteristics, laboratory examinations of a FHL2 case with HHV7 infection were reported. HHV1-HHV8 virus DNA was screened by PCR; NK cell function was analyzed by flow cytometry; PRF1 gene mutations were analyzed by PCR and direct sequencing, structure of mutant PRF1 proteins were analyzed using ExPasy and I-TASSER server and genetics pedigree were analyzed. Results The patient's HHV7 viral was detected positive with DNA copy number of 350/106 peripheral nucleated cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed decrease both in proportion of perforin positive NK cells and perforin protein expression. Genetic testing showed PRF1 biallelic heterozygote mutations (c. 503G ＞ A/p. S168N and c. 1177T ＞ C/p. C393R) and pedigree analysis showed they were inherited. The patient was then treated with antivirus therapy, dexamethasone and VP16 therapy, but only achieved partial response. The patient was then followed by human leukocyte antigen 10/10 allele identical nonconsanguinity allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (allo-HSCT) and soon the successful implantation of donor hematopoietic cells and persistent recovery was achieved. The patient was now surviving without recurrence for 9 months after allo-HSCT. Conclusions FHL is prone to be misdiagnosed as lymphoma. Genetic analysis of related gene mutation and herpes simplex virus detection will help in early and accurate diagnosis. Allo-HSCT is a fundamental treatment of FHL.     

Adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with severe pulmonary hypertension and a novel perforin gene mutation

Adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and deadly hyperinflammatory syndrome presenting both diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. HLH may be primary, due to an underlying genetic abnormality, and/or secondary to infection, malignancy, or rheumatologic conditions. We describe a case of HLH-associated severe pulmonary hypertension paralleling Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) reactivation in a 52-year-old male in whom a novel perforin missense mutation was found (PRF1 1517C>T). Although intolerant of standard therapy (HLH-2004 protocol), a 6-week course of anti-CD52 (alemtuzumab) was associated with freedom-from-transfusion from weeks 4 to 13. However, 15 weeks after the onset of salvage therapy, he succumbed to polymicrobial sepsis despite treatment with prophylactic anti-infectives, with necropsy revealing disseminated blastomycosis and relapsed HLH. This case illustrates uncertainties in the relationships between pulmonary hypertension, a newly described PRF1 mutation, and possible pre-existing latent infectious risk factors (such as EBV or Blastomyces) in the pathogenesis and therapeutic perils of adult HLH.     

Perforin gene mutations in adult-onset hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Perforin gene (PRF1) mutations cause the primary form of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). We report a genetic defect of PRF1 in a 62-year-old Japanese man with recurrent episodes of HLH. Sequencing of PRF1 from both peripheral blood mononuclear cells and nail clippings showed compound heterozygous mutation, including deletion of two base pairs at codons 1090 and 1091 (1090-1091delCT) and guanine-to-adenine conversion at nucleotide position 916 (916GAEA). Although primary HLH has been detected in infants and children, genetic mutation of PRF1 or other genes should be considered a differential diagnosis of HLH even in the elderly.     

Review of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in children with focus on Japanese experiences

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is characterized by fever and hepatosplenomegaly associated with pancytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypofibrinogenemia. Increased levels of cytokines and impaired natural killer activity are biological markers of HLH. HLH can be classified into two distinct forms, including primary HLH, also referred to as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL), and secondary HLH. Although FHL is an autosomal recessive disorder typically occurring in infancy, it is important to clarify that the disease may also occur in older patients. It is now considered that FHL is a disorder of T-cell function; moreover, clonal proliferation of T lymphocytes is observed in a few FHL patients, and cytotoxicity of these T lymphocytes for target cells is usually impaired. In 1999, perforin gene (PRF1) mutation was identified as a cause of 20-30% of FHL (FHL2) cases. In Japan, two specific mutations of PRF1 were also detected. Furthermore, in 2003, MUNC13-4 mutations were identified in some non-FHL2 patients (FHL3). Identification of other genes responsible for remaining cases is a major concern. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been established as the only accepted curative therapy for FHL. Thus, appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment with HSCT are necessary for FHL patients. Genetic analysis for PRF1 and MUNC13-4 and functional assay of cytotoxic T lymphocytes are recommended to be performed in each patient. In those patients displaying impaired cytotoxic function but lacking genetic defects, samples should be employed for identification of unknown genes. In the near future, an entire pathogenesis should be clarified in order to establish appropriate therapies including immunotherapy, HSCT and gene therapy.     

Treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with alemtuzumab in systemic lupus erythematosus

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an immune disorder characterized by cytokine dysregulation and uncontrolled activation of T lymphocytes and macrophages. It is categorized as primary when associated with specific genetic mutations or secondary when associated with infections, malignancies, or autoimmune disorders. Clinical features of HLH include unexplained fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, and severe hyperferritinemia. Treatment of primary HLH has become standardized based on the HLH-2004 protocol using cyclosporine, etoposide, and dexamethasone with or without intrathecal methotrexate followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Treatment of secondary HLH is directed at control of the underlying condition. If unsuccessful, cytotoxic agents such as those in HLH-2004, steroids, intravenous γ-globulin, or targeted immune therapy have been used. Immunotherapy targeting CD52 expressed on immune effector cells of HLH is a rational therapeutic approach in patients too ill for traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. We describe the successful use of alemtuzumab to treat HLH due to systemic lupus erythematosus.     

难治性病毒感染和原发噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症相关基因突变研究

目的 研究难治性病毒感染或噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(HLH)中免疫基因突变的发生率、类型及其临床特征.方法 采用基因测序方法 检测难治性病毒感染或HLH患者是否有原发性HLH相关的PRF1、UNC13D、STX11、STXBP2、SH2D1A和XIAP基因突变,并追踪其临床特点及转归.结果 共25例难治性病毒感染性疾病或HLH患者接受了基因突变筛查,其中13例检测到上述基因突变:PRF1突变6例,UNC13D突变3例,STX11、STXBP2、SH2D1A、XIAP突变各1例;其中6例起病表现为病毒相关性HLH,1例为原因不明HLH,4例为慢性活动性EB病毒(EBV)感染(CAEBV),2例为EBV相关性淋巴瘤.12例未检测出基因突变的患者中,4例为EBV相关HLH,其中1例发展为外周T细胞淋巴瘤,另8例为CAEBV.结论 原发性HLH相关免疫基因突变是难治性病毒感染或HLH的重要原因,大部分表现为HLH,部分患者以CAEBV或EBV相关淋巴瘤起病.基因检测是明确此类疾病诊断的有力证据.

Abstract：

Objective To study the type and corresponding clinical characteristics of primary hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis (HLH) associated immune gene mutations in the refractory virus infection or HLH of unknown causes. Methods From December 2009 to July 2010, the patients with refractory virus infection or HLH of unknown causes were screened for the primary HLH associated immune genes mutations by DNA sequence analysis, including PRF1, UNC13D, STX11, STXBP2, SH2D1A and XIAP. The clinical characteristics and outcomes were followed up. Results Totally 25 patients with refractory virus infection or HLH of unknown causes were investigated for the 6 genes and 13 cases were found carrying gene mutations, composing of 6 of PRF1 mutation, 3 of UNC13D, and each one of STX11,XIAP, SH2D1A and STXBP2, respectively. Among the 13 cases with gene mutations, 5 suffered from Epstein-Barr virus associated HLH( EBV-HLH), 1 human herpes virus 7 associated HLH (HHV7-HLH),1 HLH without causes, 4 chronic activated EB virus infection (CAEBV) with 1 progressing to Hodgkin's lymphoma carrying abnormal chromosome of t ( 15; 17 ) (q22; q25 ) and hyperdiploid, 2 EBV associated lymphoma. Among the other 12 patients without gene mutation, 4 suffered from EBV-HLH with 1 progressing to peripheral T lymphoma, 8 suffered from CAEBV. Conclusions Primary HLH associated immune gene mutations are critical causes of refractory virus infection of unknown causes, most patients manifest as HLH,some cases appear in CAEBV and EBV associated lymphoma. DNA sequence analysis is helpful to early diagnosis and correct decision-making for treatment.     

Characteristic perforin gene mutations of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis patients in Japan

Perforin gene (PRF1) mutations appear to occur in about 30% of patients with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). We tested perforin expression and gene mutations in 14 HLH patients and six patients with Epstein-Barr virus-associated HLH (EBV-HLH) in Japan. Five of the 14 HLH patients had perforin abnormalities. The presence of PRF1 genetic abnormality correlated well with the lack of perforin expression as determined by flow cytometry. Sequencing showed that four patients had a compound heterozygous mutation while the fifth patient had a homozygous mutation. Three of the mutations we detected were novel. In contrast, none of the six EBV-HLH patients showed perforin abnormalities. Our data, combined with the PRF1 mutations in three previously reported Japanese patients, suggest that the 1090-1091delCT and 207delC mutations of the perforin gene are frequently present in Japanese HLH patients (62.5% and 37.5% respectively). Examination of the geographical origins of the ancestors in the perforin-mutant HLH patients revealed that they mostly came from the Western part of Japan, suggesting that the present-day cases may largely derive from a common ancestor.     

A novel mutation of the transcobalamin II gene in an infant presenting with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Transcobalamin II (TC II) deficiency is a rare disorder of cobalamin (CBL, vitamin B12) metabolism that occurs due to mutations in transcobalamin gene (TCN2). Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in contrast is a syndrome characterized by uncontrolled immune response with hyperinflammation. A 2-month-old male baby was admitted with complaints of fever, cough, diarrhea, and respiratory distress. The parents were first cousins. The baby exhibited five of the eight diagnostic criteria for HLH-2004 and was diagnosed as HLH. A second bone marrow aspiration demonstrated megaloblastic changes in the erythroid series. The patient’s vitamin B12 level was normal; however, hyperhomocysteinemia was present. A genetic deficiency of TC II was suspected. The patient and his parents were tested for TCN2 mutation. He had a homozygote mutation that was not included in Human ‘Gene Mutation Database Cardiff’. The patient was treated with intramuscular vitamin B12, which was followed by improvement in both clinical and laboratory findings. He was 12 months old at the time of this report, with normal physical and neuromotor development. In this case presenting with the clinical and laboratory findings of HLH, TC II deficiency was diagnosed. A new mutation was found that was not reported before. Potential causative mechanisms of HLH induced by defects of cobalamin synthesis merit further investigation.     

Molecular diagnosis of German patients with late-onset glycogen storage disease type II

In patients with late-onset glycogen storage disease type II, one mutation, c.-32-13T>G, in the α-glucosidase (GAA) gene is identified frequently in European populations from different regions along with many rarer mutations. We have performed molecular genetic investigations in 18 German index patients with late-onset disease. The c.-32-13T>G, c.525delT (p.Glu176fsX45), and c.2481+102_2646+31del mutations were detected by PCR/restriction enzyme digest. Other mutations were detected by sequencing. All patients were compound heterozygous and 17 patients harboured the c.-32-13T>G mutation. Seven other previously described mutations (including the c.-32-13T>G) were identified, of which the p.C103G (c.307T>G) and the c.2481+102_2646+31del mutations were present each in three unrelated patients. Sequencing revealed five novel mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic testing was able to identify the genetic defects in all patients and screening of the c.-32-13T>G mutation identified 94% of the cases. This is important for quick and reliable diagnosis, especially in view of enzyme replacement. Among the rarer mutations, c.2481+102_2646+31del and p.C103G are rather frequent in Germany.     

扩张型心肌病家系罕见受磷蛋白致病基因突变

目的 对一扩张型心肌病(dilated cardiomyopathy, DCM)家系行候选致病基因全外显子高通量测序,以寻找该家系的致病基因,并分析其基因型和表型的关系。方法 收集在武汉大学人民医院就诊的一位DCM患者及其家系成员的临床资料及血液标本。与先证者及其家属签订知情同意书,绘制家谱图,由我院临床分子诊断中心对先证者进行候选致病基因全外显子高通量测序,获得可疑突变后,用Sanger测序对家系其他成员进行验证,寻找致病基因。结果 家系先证者6号染色体外显子上存在受磷蛋白(phospholamban, PLN)基因的精氨酸缺失突变c.36_38delAAG (p.Arg13del),为该家系的可疑致病基因。先证者目前心脏扩大,心功能显著下降,且超声心动图提示左心室附壁血栓形成,心电图提示肢导低电压以及胸导联R波极度减低。先证者母亲及其大姐因心脏病死亡,二姐目前患有扩张型心肌病,其子女未检测到致病基因。受磷蛋白作为肌质网钙离子循环中的调节蛋白,它的基因表达、分布、功能与心室的收缩功能密切相关。结论 本研究发现DCM家系中存在PLN基因缺失突变：PLN c.36_38delAAG (p.Arg13del),是家族性扩张型心肌病的重要致病基因,此突变在汉族人群中尚属首次报道。