西藏棱子芹的植物基原考证及生药学研究

目的：对西藏棱子芹进行基原考证和生药学鉴别研究。方法：利用生药学方法,对西藏棱子芹进行本草考证,对其植物形态特征、组织粉末显微特征和薄层色谱进行鉴别;同时还进行水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分和醇溶性浸出物的相关检查,以及挥发油的含量测定。结果：提供西藏棱子芹使用的历史依据,对其基原进行修正,薄层色谱鉴别的特征斑点清晰,相关检查数据符合《中华人民共和国药典》2015年版项下要求,6批西藏棱子芹挥发油平均含量不少于0.3%。结论：通过相关的试验研究,为西藏棱子芹的品种鉴别、生药学研究和质量标准制定以及药材的进一步开发和利用提供参考。     

北败酱（苣荬菜）药材质量标准研究

摘 要 目的：建立北败酱（苣荬菜）药材的质量标准。方法: 对北败酱（苣荬菜）药材生药学进行研究,建立TLC定性鉴别及HPLC定量分析。结果: 北败酱（苣荬菜）药材显微特征明显,薄层鉴别斑点显色清晰,对10批北败酱（苣荬菜）药材所含绿原酸进行了定量研究。结论:通过实验研究制定了北败酱（苣荬菜）药材的质量控制标准。     

鸡骨草的资源调查与生药学鉴定

目的 对南药鸡骨草进行资源调查与生药学鉴定,为正确鉴别鸡骨草药材以及安全合理开发利用鸡骨草中药资源提供科学依据。方法 通过对广州相思子Abrus cantoniensis Hance （鸡骨草）与毛相思子Abrus mollis Hance进行文献、标本、野外调查及商品药材调查,明确其资源分布,通过形态学比较与显微切片观察比较鸡骨草与毛鸡骨草的鉴别特征。结果 鸡骨草主要分布于广东、广西、湖南等地,毛鸡骨草主要分布于广东、广西、福建等地。民间毛鸡骨草用作鸡骨草的代用品。两者原植物的主要区别在于形态、小叶及被毛等特征的不同。显微结构主要体现在非腺毛以及次生木质部导管分布等方面的差异。结论 鸡骨草与毛鸡骨草的植物形态、药材性状与显微结构均存在一定差异,可以作为区别两者的鉴别特征,为鸡骨草药材的安全使用提供科学依据。     

康咳灵合剂质量标准研究

目的 建立康咳灵合剂的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对矮地茶、百部进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定岩白菜素的含量。色谱柱为Lichrospher C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相：甲醇-水（20：80）;检测波长：275 nm;柱温：30℃;流速：1 ml/min。结果 TLC法能准确鉴别矮地茶和百部,斑点清晰;岩白菜素在0.064 8~0.648 μg（r=0.9998）范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率100.24%（RSD为1.9%,n=6）。结论 本实验建立的方法简便、专属性高、重复性好,结果准确可靠,可用于康咳灵合剂的质量控制。     

三藤口服液的质量标准研究

目的 建立三藤口服液的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法鉴别处方中的大血藤和鸡血藤,采用HPLC法测定绿原酸的含量,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB-C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相为乙腈-水（0.1%甲酸）（9∶91,v/v）等度洗脱;流速：1.0 ml/min;柱温：30 ℃;检测波长：330 nm;进样量：20 μl。结果 薄层鉴别色谱中特征斑点明显,专属性强。绿原酸在2.70~202.50 μg/ml浓度范围内线性关系良好,其回归方程为Y = 60.14X－6.37（r>0.999 9）。结论 该法简便、稳定可靠、重复性好,能够较好地控制三藤口服液的质量。     

质谱导向的肾指海绵Reniochalina sp.中环肽类成分研究

目的 以质谱为导向对肾指海绵Reniochalina sp.中的环肽类成分进行研究。方法 采用质谱引导的程序性分离手段定向追踪并分离纯化海绵中的环肽类成分;通过理化常数测定、波谱数据比对确定化合物结构;利用CCK-8法对化合物进行初步细胞毒活性评价。结果 从肾指海绵Reniochalina sp.中分离获得3个环肽类化合物,分别鉴定为stylopeptide 1 (1)、hymenamide D (2)、axinastatin 2 (3)。化合物1对6种人肿瘤细胞株具有细胞毒性,IC₅₀值范围为6.09 ~ 17.26 μmol/L。结论 化合物1 ~ 3首次分离自Reniochalina属海绵,化合物1是细胞毒性环七肽。     

基于DNA条形码技术鉴定蒙药材刺柏叶及其混淆品

目的：基于DNA条形码技术鉴别蒙药材刺柏叶及其混淆品。方法：采用国际通用的条形码序列 ITS2、psbA-trnH、matK和rbcL,对刺柏叶及其混淆品圆柏叶共计11份样品进行DNA提取、扩增,采用CodonCode Aligner进行序列拼接,并用MEGA软件对拼接序列进行变异位点分析、邻接(NJ)聚类分析,并计算其平均种内、种间遗传距离。结果：4对引物的PCR扩增产物测序成功率分别为ITS2 100%、 psbA-trnH 100%、rbcL 100%、matK 0%;ITS2序列和psbA-trnH序列均可通过变异位点比较区分刺柏叶及其混淆品;NJ聚类分析的结果显示,psbA-trnH序列的NJ聚类树中刺柏叶与圆柏叶均能分别聚为一支,且psbA-trnH序列的平均种间遗传距离明显大于平均种内遗传距离。结论：psbA-trnH序列能有效区分圆柏叶与刺柏叶,可作为鉴别刺柏叶及其混淆品圆柏叶的条形码序列,为蒙药材刺柏叶及其混淆品的鉴别提供支持。     

益视明目颗粒质量标准研究

目的 建立益视明目颗粒的质量标准。方法 用薄层色谱法（TLC）鉴别制剂中的枸杞子、丹参;用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）定量测定丹参素钠的含量。色谱柱：Kromasil C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）;流速：0.4 ml/min;检测波长：280 nm;柱温：30 ℃;进样量：10 μl;流动相：甲醇-0.5%醋酸水溶液（10∶90）。结果 薄层色谱斑点清晰可见、阴性干扰小,可用于鉴别益视明目颗粒中的枸杞、丹参;丹参素钠在2.00~60.00 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 7（n=6）,平均加样回收率105.6%,RSD=1.60%。结论 建立的方法简便、准确、可靠性高、重现性好,可作为控制益视明目颗粒质量的有效方法。     

芪黄扶正颗粒的质量控制方法研究

目的 建立芪黄扶正颗粒的质量控制方法。方法 采用TLC法对方中黄芪、熟地黄、山茱萸、当归、川芎、赤芍、牡丹皮、麦门冬进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法对臣药山茱萸中马钱苷进行含量测定。结果 建立了主要药味的TLC鉴别方法,斑点清晰,阴性无干扰;马钱苷在4.02~80.40 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率为99.02%,RSD为0.64%（n=9）。结论 本研究建立的质量控制方法准确、可靠、专属性强,为芪黄扶正颗粒的质量控制奠定了基础。     

乌金胶囊的质量标准研究

目的 建立乌金胶囊的质量控制方法。方法 采用薄层色谱（TLC）法对乌金胶囊中的臣药郁金和使药山楂进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测（HPLC-ELSD）法测定乌金胶囊中通关藤苷H的含量,色谱柱：Waters Xbridge C₁₈柱（100 mm×3.0 mm,3.5 μm）,柱温：35 ℃,流动相为水-乙腈（50：50）,等度洗脱;流速为0.8 ml/min;采用ELSD检测器进行检测,蒸发器温度：35 ℃,雾化器温度：60 ℃,氮气流速：1.50 L/min,运行时间：5 min。结果 TLC法鉴别郁金、山楂,色谱斑点清晰,阴性样品无干扰;通关藤苷H出峰时间为2.98 min,且在11.60~580.00 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 0）,加样回收率为101.54%。结论 本实验建立的TLC法鉴别郁金、山楂,操作步骤简单;建立的HPLC-ELSD联用方法专属性强,灵敏度高,重复性好,可作为乌金胶囊质量控制的方法。     

中药材掺伪染色鉴别技术研究进展

目的：对近年来中药材掺伪染色的形式及鉴别技术进行总结,为中药材掺伪、染色的鉴别提供参考。方法：通过收集近年来发表的中药材掺伪染色相关的文献报道,归纳相应的鉴别技术,总结鉴别技术的研究进展。结果：中药材的掺伪染色多样,形式不同,适用的鉴别方法亦不同。结论：性状、显微鉴定、理化鉴定或分子生物学方法均有其特长,在实际工作中应根据品种情况有针对性地选择合适的方法,或者使用多种方法相结合以达到鉴别中药材的目的。     

地锦草饮片炮制问题探讨与质量改进对策

目的：揭示中药饮片质量面临的困境,提出中药饮片监管思路与方法。方法：以地锦草的炮制研究为例,分析中药饮片炮制存在的问题。结果与结论：目前地锦草混淆品较多且与地锦草难以区分,炮制过程中缺少相应的炮制规程及相应的控制手段。根据实际出现的问题,有针对性地提出建议：生产企业应加强中药材源头控制,有条件的生产企业应该统筹规划、协调发展,对于基原复杂的药材,应按照GAP要求进行种植;加强专业技术培训,提高饮片生产流通单位业务人员的中药材鉴别能力;加强中药炮制研究,统一炮制标准,保证饮片质量稳定均一。     

民族药小槐花质量标志物候选成分的研究

目的：开展对豆科山蚂蝗属药用植物小槐花（Desmodium caudatum（Thunb.）DC.）叶的化学成分研究,为小槐花质量标准体系的建立提供物质基础。方法：将小槐花叶经70%乙醇提取后,综合运用大孔吸附树脂柱色谱、硅胶柱色谱、制备型高效液相色谱等方法分离和纯化小槐花叶的化学成分,根据所得单体理化性质及波谱数据鉴定各化合物结构。结果：从小槐花叶中分离鉴定了13个化合物：清缸酒酚（1）、柠檬酚（2）、8-异戊烯基山柰酚（3）、二氢山柰酚（4）、neophellamuretin（5）、异柠檬酚（6）、槲皮素（7）、山柰酚（8）、牡荆素（9）、当药黄素（10）、大豆皂醇 B（11）、黄槿酮A （12）、黄槿酮 D （13）,其中化合物7、8、12和13为小槐花中各药用部位均含有的成分。结论：化合物7、8、12和13可作为小槐花的候选质控成分。     

药用植物芸香与对叶大戟比较鉴别研究

目的： 用传统的鉴别方法对芸香及其替代品对叶大戟进行比较分析,为芸香的初步鉴定提供参考依据。方法： 采用性状比较、显微观察和TLC等方法进行鉴定。TLC选用甲苯-乙酸乙酯-水（10：4：3）为展开剂,以5%氯化铝乙醇溶液为显色剂,置紫外光灯（365 nm）下检视。结果： 芸香与对叶大戟的外观性状在茎、叶、果等部位均有差异,显微特征明显,TLC色谱斑点清晰。结论： 本方法直观、简便,可为芸香药材的后续研究提供参考和支撑。     

传统壮药滇桂艾纳香及其易混品种东风草品种考证及资源调查

目的：对传统壮药滇桂艾纳香及其易混品种东风草进行品种考证和资源调查，以正本清源，为合理利用该药材提供科学依据。方法：采用文献调查及实地考察相结合的方法，掌握滇桂艾纳香和东风草的药用历史沿革及资源分布现状。结果：滇桂艾纳香与东风草的来源于两种较为相似的植物，且两者功能主治亦相近，在文献记载及民间使用中常发生混淆；滇桂艾纳香资源分布范围窄，仅广西、云南部分地区有少量分布，东风草资源分布范围广，全国南方地区基本均有分布。结论：滇桂艾纳香与东风草基原相近、功能主治相似、资源分布重叠，两者极易发生混淆，在使用及研究中应注意甄别。     

Ethnobotanical research of medicinal plants in Mihalgazi (Eskişehir,Turkey)

Context: Human beings have long utilized plants for medicinal purposes. Investigation of these plants has led to the discovery of several modern drugs.

Objective: This paper documents and evaluates traditional knowledge on medicinal plants used by the local people of Mihalgazi district of Eski?ehir, Turkey.

Materials and methods: Six villages of the study area were visited between February 2014 and April 2015 to collect the data. One hundred and eighty-nine informants were interviewed by the survey method and face to face semi-structured interviews. Taxonomic identification, the most commonly used plant parts, preparation and administration methods were evaluated. Ethnomedicinal data were analyzed quantitatively with relative importance (RI) and the informant consensus factor (FIC).

Results: This paper reported a total of 52 medicinal plants (37 wild, 15 cultivated) belonging to 34 families. Some uses of 22 plants were not found in the literature and are reported for the first time in this study. Furthermore, one of the plants, Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth (Poaceae), was reported for the first time as being used within the scope of traditional therapies.

Discussion and conclusion: This study recorded traditional knowledge on medicinal plants used in Mihalgazi, Turkey. This paper provides a basis for further investigations to discover efficient pharmaceuticals.     

Evaluation of antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of white cabbage essential oil

Context: There have been no reports of the extraction of essential oil (EO) from white cabbage [Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata (L.) Alef. f. alba DC. (Brassicaceae)] (Bocfal) or its chemical composition, antioxidant activity, or hepatoprotective effects.

Objective: To extract Bocfal EO, to identify and quantify its chemical components, to assess their antioxidant capacity, and to evaluate the hepatoprotective properties of Bocfal EO.

Materials and methods: Bocfal EO was obtained using hydrodistillation (200?mm Hg/58?°C). The chemical composition was analyzed using GC-MS and was quantified using GC-FID. The antioxidant activity of Bocfal EO and its main constituents was evaluated using TBARS in rat brain homogenates. A Bocfal EO hepatoprotective effect (192?mg/kg) on acute carbon tetrachloride (CT)-induced liver damage was determined in rats using biochemical markers and histological analysis. Diallyl disulphide (DADS) (1?mmol/kg) was used as a control for comparison.

Results: Bocfal EO contained organic polysulphides (OPSs), such as dimethyl trisulphide (DMTS) 65.43?±?4.92% and dimethyl disulphide (DMDS) 19.29?±?2.16% as major constituents. Bocfal EO and DMTS were found to be potent TBARS inhibitors with IC₅₀ values of 0.51 and 3?mg/L, respectively. Bocfal EO demonstrated better hepatoprotective properties than did DADS (p?per se, as observed using histopathology.

Discussion and conclusion: The antioxidant properties of Bocfal EO and DMTS may be the mechanism of hepatoprotective action; the parenchymal disturbances by Bocfal EO or DADS alone may be related to the high doses used.     

Antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of selected species used in livestock health management

Context: Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae), Colophospermum mopane (J.Kirk ex Benth.) J. Léonard (Leguminosae) and Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight &; Arn. (Leguminosae) crude extracts are used by local farmers against many livestock infections with little or no side effects usually associated with synthetic antimicrobials. However, their efficacy has rarely been tested.

Objective: These plants were tested for potential antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC33862 and Escherichia coli ATCC25922. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the crude plant extracts were determined.

Materials and methods: Aqueous and methanol extraction of 100?g each of the bark of C. mopane, roots of D. cinerea and leaves of S. persica was done by placing the samples in 250?mL of either water or methanol. Nutrient broth was used as growth medium for the bacteria, and McFarland standard for bacterial standardization. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazoliumchloride (TTC) was the indicator salt. Each of the aqueous and methanol extracts (100?μL) was tested. Gentamycin and ampicillin were the controls.

Results: MIC of aqueous extracts ranged from 1.03–14.6?mg/mL against S. aureus, and from 12.1–34.3?mg/mL against E. coli. Methanol extracts ranged between 5.31 and 9.64?mg/mL against S. aureus, and between 7.86 and 13.6?mg/mL against E. coli. Aqueous and methanol extracts of S. persica were significantly higher (p?C. mopane and D. cinerea.

Discussion and conclusion: Colophospermum mopane, S. persica and D. cinerea exhibited antibacterial activity, with methanol extracts performing better than aqueous extracts, justifying use as ethnoveterinary medicine. Further study to isolate the active components should be pursued.     

冬虫夏草人工繁育品、野生品及亚香棒虫草中氨基酸比较

目的：比较冬虫夏草人工繁育品、野生品与亚香棒虫草中水解和游离氨基酸的含量。方法：采用氨基酸分析仪测定冬虫夏草人工繁育品、野生品以及亚香棒虫草中17种氨基酸的含量。结果：冬虫夏草人工繁育品的水解氨基酸含量为16.776%~19.080%,野生冬虫夏草为14.857%~21.959%,亚香棒虫草为13.043%~14.933%。冬虫夏草人工繁育品的游离氨基酸含量为1.767%~2.373%,野生冬虫夏草为1.753%~2.521%,亚香棒虫草为2.856%~3.197%。结论：冬虫夏草人工繁育品和野生品中氨基酸含量基本一致,和亚香棒虫草有显著性差异。本研究为冬虫夏草的鉴别及人工繁育品的进一步开发利用提供科学依据。     

Antimalarial and antiplasmodial activity of husk extract and fractions of Zea mays

Context: Zea mays L. (Poacae) husk decoctions are traditionally used in the treatment of malaria by various tribes in Nigeria.

Objective: To assess the antimalarial and antiplasmodial potentials of the husk extract and fractions on malaria parasites using in vivo and in vitro models.

Materials and methods: The ethanol husk extract and fractions (187–748?mg/kg, p.o.) of Zea mays were investigated for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei using rodent (mice) malaria models and in vitro activity against chloroquine sensitive (Pf 3D7) and resistant (Pf INDO) strains of Plasmodium falciparum using the SRBR green assay method. Median lethal dose and cytotoxic activities against HeLa and HEKS cells were also carried out. The GCMS analysis of the most active fraction was carried out.

Results: The husk extract (187–748?mg/kg, p.o.) with LD₅₀ of 1874.83?mg/kg was found to exert significant (p?P. berghei infection in suppressive, prophylactive and curative tests. The crude extract and fractions also exerted prominent activity against both chloroquine sensitive (Pf 3D7) and resistant (Pf INDO) strains of P. falciparum with the ethyl acetate fraction exerting the highest activity with IC₅₀ values of 9.31?±?0.46?μg/mL (Pf 3D7) and 3.69?±?0.66?μg/mL (Pf INDO). The crude extract and fractions were not cytotoxic to the two cell lines tested with IC₅₀ values of?>100?μg/mL against both HeLa and HEKS cell lines.

Discussion and conclusion: These results suggest that the husk extract/fractions of Zea mays possesses antimalarial and antiplasmodial activities and these justify its use in ethnomedicine to treat malaria infections.