PCT对老年脓毒性休克患者预后的评估价值

目的研究血降钙素原(PCT)对急诊老年脓毒性休克患者预后和病情的评估价值。方法收集我院内科2013年1月~2014年12月收治的103例老年脓毒性休克患者,分别于入院第1、3、6 d检查PCT、C反应蛋白(CRP)和乳酸等含量,根据入院第1 d数据进行急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ评分)和序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA评分)。随访28 d,根据预后分为死亡组和存活组,比较两组PCT、CRP、APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分的区别,并分析PCT和乳酸等与SOFA评分和APACHEⅡ评分的相关性。结果存活组和死亡组患者第1 d和第3 d的PCT含量比较无显著性差异,但存活组患者第6 d的PCT含量明显小于死亡组(P=0.001);死亡组第1 d乳酸、SOFA评分和APACHEⅡ评分明显高于存活组(P0.05);入院第6 d患者PCT含量与SOFA评分和APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(r=0.632,0.648,P0.01);PCT为2.0μg/L时敏感度为82.3%,特异度为71.5%。PCT的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.825。结论动态检测PCT含量的变化可以对老年脓毒性休克患者的预后进行正确评估。     

血清降钙素原、C-反应蛋白及乳酸对老年脓毒症患者的预后评估

目的探讨老年脓毒症患者血清降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)及乳酸水平与急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分及序贯性器官功能衰竭评估(SOFA)评分的相关性,分析其对脓毒症患者的预后评估价值。方法选取我院收治的老年脓毒症患者186例,根据其28 d生存情况的随访结果分为存活组(110例)和死亡组(76例)。检测两组患者血清PCT、CRP及乳酸水平变化,并记录入院时APACHEⅡ、SOFA评分情况。采用t检验、重复测量的方差分析、χ~2检验或Fisher精确检验对两组数据进行分析。应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清PCT、CRP及乳酸对老年脓毒症患者预后的评估价值。采用Pearson相关分析法分析死亡组血清PCT、CRP及乳酸水平与APACHEⅡ、SOFA评分的相关性。结果死亡组第1、3、7天血清PCT、CRP及乳酸水平均明显高于存活组(P0.05),且死亡组第7天血清PCT、CRP及乳酸水平明显高于第1、3天(P0.05)。存活组第7天血清PCT、CRP及乳酸水平均明显低于第1、3天(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析发现,PCT、CRP、乳酸及SOFA评分是老年脓毒症患者预后不良的独立影响因素。ROC曲线显示,PCT_(d3)、CRP_(d3)及乳酸_(d3)评估老年脓毒症患者预后的最佳截值分别为9.83μg/L、86.42 mg/L和3.72 mmol/L,其敏感度和特异度较好,分别为81.7%和85.3%,77.5%和79.8%,86.3%和76.2%。相关分析显示,死亡组血清PCT_(d3)与APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分的相关性较好(r=0.703,P0.001;r=0.802,P0.001)。结论血清PCT、CRP及乳酸水平与老年脓毒症患者的病情严重程度及预后密切相关,第3天血清PCT水平预测患者预后的价值最大。     

脓毒症患者血清硫氧还蛋白水平检测的临床意义

目的：探讨脓毒症患者血清硫氧还蛋白（Trx)水平及其临床意义。方法：选择脓毒症患者80例,根据病情严重程度分为脓毒症组48例,脓毒性休克组32例。另选择同期健康体检者40例作为对照组。比较3组白细胞计数(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、Trx水平;比较脓毒症组与脓毒性休克组急性生理与慢性健康状况评估（APACHEⅡ）评分、序贯器官衰竭评估（SOFA）评分以及住院病死率;比较死亡组与存活组血WBC、CRP、PCT、Trx水平;分析Trx与脓毒症患者血WBC、CRP、PCT水平、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分以及住院病死率的相关性。结果：脓毒症组与脓毒性休克组血WBC、CRP、PCT水平显著高于对照组,Trx水平显著低于对照组（均P＜0.05）;脓毒性休克组血WBC、CRP、PCT水平、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分以及病死率显著高于脓毒症组,Trx水平显著低于脓毒症组（均P＜0.05）。与死亡组比较,存活组血WBC、CRP、PCT水平显著更低,Trx水平显著更高（均P＜0.05）。Trx与WBC、CRP、PCT、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、病死率呈显著负相关（均P＜0.05）。结论:脓毒症患者血清Trx水平显著下降,且脓毒性休克患者下降更显著,Trx水平与患者病情严重程度呈显著负相关。     

血清PCT、CRP、cTnI及NT-proBNP水平与感染性休克患者病情危重程度的相关性研究

目的:探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(c Tn I)及N-末端B型脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平与感染性休克患者病情危重程度及预后的相关性。方法:回顾性分析72例感染性休克患者的临床资料,根据治疗后30 d生存情况将其分为存活组(45例)与死亡组(27例)。观察并比较2组患者入院时及治疗后6、12、24 h的血清PCT、CRP、c Tn I及NT-proBNP水平及急性生理与慢性健康评估(APCHEⅡ)评分与序贯器官衰竭评估(SOFA)评分,两变量之间的相关性采用Spearman等级相关分析。结果:治疗后6、12、24 h,存活组患者血清PCT、CRP、c Tn I及NT-proBNP水平较入院时明显降低,而死亡组明显升高(均P 0. 05);且存活组患者各时间点血清PCT、CRP、c Tn I及NT-proBNP水平明显低于死亡组(均P 0. 05)。治疗后6、12、24 h,存活组患者APACHEⅡ评分与SOFA评分依次降低,死亡组患者依次升高,且存活组患者各时间点APACHEⅡ评分与SOFA评分明显低于死亡组(均P 0. 05)。Spearman等级相关分析表明,感染性休克患者APACHEⅡ评分与血清PCT、CRP、c Tn I及NT-proBNP水平呈正相关性(r值分别为0. 563、0. 895、0. 701、0. 627,均P 0. 05); SOFA评分与血清PCT、CRP、c Tn I及NT-proBNP水平呈正相关性(r值依次为0. 547、0. 753、0. 916、0. 708,均P 0. 05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示APACHEⅡ评分(OR=2. 163,95%CI:1. 271～3. 697)、SOFA评分(OR=1. 594,95%CI:1. 035～2. 268)、PCT (OR=2. 429,95%CI:1. 764～3. 271)、CRP(OR=1. 568,95%CI:1. 023～2. 734)、c Tn I (OR=1. 871,95%CI:1. 315～3. 498)、NTpro BNP(OR=1. 435,95%CI:0. 932～1. 942)为感染性休克患者预后的独立影响因素(均P 0. 05)。结论:血清PCT、CRP、c Tn I及NT-proBNP水平较高的感染性休克患者病情较严重,生存情况较差。APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、血清PCT、CRP、c Tn I、NT-proBNP水平均为感染性休克患者预后的独立影响因素。     

感染性休克患者降钙素原和C-反应蛋白动态变化研究

目的观察降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)等指标在感染性休克患者中的动态变化和急性生理和慢性健康(APACHEⅡ)评分在预后评估中的作用。方法回顾性分析45例感染性休克患者入院第1、3、5天以及出院或死亡前最后一次的血清PCT、CRP及入院时APACHEⅡ评分,根据预后将患者分为死亡组及存活组,并对其进行分析。结果 45例感染性休克患者生存20例,死亡25例,病死率为55.6%。死亡组患者入院时APACHEⅡ评分明显高于存活组[(28.84±8.03)分vs(21.82±7.10)分]。两组在入组第1、3天的PCT和CRP水平比较差异均无统计学意义。死亡组PCT和CRP水平在第5天及观察终点均明显高于存活组。各组内PCT和CRP与观察第1天相比,存活组随观察时间延长而明显下降,差异有统计学意义,而死亡组则无明显变化。结论患者血清中PCT、CRP呈持续高水平提示预后不佳,指标的高低对临床指导治疗和评估预后有参考意义。     

老年重症肺炎合并脓毒性休克病人预后影响因素分析

目的探讨老年重症肺炎合并脓毒性休克病人预后的影响因素。方法采用回顾性研究方法,纳入148例老年重症肺炎合并脓毒性休克病人的临床资料,根据第28天是否死亡分成死亡组和生存组。分析2组病人临床指标的差异,应用单因素分析、Logistic回归分析影响预后的危险因素,并采用ROC曲线评价这些指标对老年重症肺炎合并脓毒性休克病人预后的预测价值。结果单因素分析显示,2组合并DM、高血压及脑血管疾病人数,初始APACHEⅡ评分、初始全身性感染相关性器官功能衰竭(SOFA)评分、第1小时乳酸(Lac1)水平、6 h血乳酸清除率、第1天降钙素原(PCT1)水平、第5天PCT清除率(△PCT5)、第7天PCT清除率(△PCT7)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均0. 05)。高APACHEⅡ评分、高SOFA评分、高Lac1是老年重症肺炎病人并脓毒性休克病人28 d死亡的独立危险因素。高6 h血乳酸清除率、高△PCT5是老年重症肺炎合并脓毒性休克病人28 d死亡的保护因素(P均0. 01)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、Lac1水平、6 h乳酸清除率和△PCT5预测病人死亡的AUC分别为0. 92、0. 83、0. 62、0. 77和0. 79。结论 APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分及动态指标(早期乳酸清除率和△PCT5)对老年重症肺炎合并脓毒性休克病人的预后有较好的预测价值。     

降钙素原及APACHE-Ⅱ、SOFA评估复杂腹腔感染后脓毒性休克预后的价值

目的:探讨降钙素原及APACHE-Ⅱ、SOFA评分评估复杂腹腔感染后脓毒性休克预后的价值。方法:选择2013-01—2018-03在ICU救治的复杂腹腔感染导致脓毒性休克患者83例,根据28 d随访的结果分成存活组35例和死亡组48例。观察2组入院后第1、3、7天PCT水平及APACHE-Ⅱ、SOFA评分。分析PCT水平与APACHE-Ⅱ、SOFA评分的相关性。运用ROC曲线评价PCT水平与APACHE-Ⅱ、SOFA对脓毒性休克预后的预测价值。结果:83例复杂腹腔感染患者共分离出阳性病原菌79株,其中G~-菌51株、G~-菌23株、真菌5株,分别占总菌株数的64.6%、G~+菌29.1%、真菌6.3%。死亡组第1、3、7天PCT水平及APACHE-Ⅱ、SOFA评分均高于存活组(P0.05)。存活组第7天以上指标较第1、3天明显降低(P0.05);死亡组第3、7天以上指标较第1天明显升高(P0.05)。相关性分析显示,PCT水平与第1、3、7天的APACHE-Ⅱ、SOFA评分均呈显著正相关(P0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,第1、3天PCT的AUC为0.869、0.893,均高于APACHE-Ⅱ和SOFA评分。结论:与APACHE-Ⅱ及SOFA比较,PCT早期水平能更有效地预测复杂腹腔感染后脓毒性休克预后。     

血清降钙素原诊断危重感染临床分析

目的:探讨降钙素原(PCT)在危重感染患者临床病情评估、预后预测中的价值。方法:选取139例脓毒症患者,根据患者入住ICU 24 h内的病情状况将患者分为脓毒症组47例、严重脓毒症组54例和脓毒症休克组38例,分别比较3组患者的血清PCT水平、急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)、全身性感染相关器官衰竭评分(SOFA)等指标,并根据患者预后分为存活组和死亡组,进行亚组分析。结果:入住ICU 24 h内,不同病情分组患者的血清PCT、WBC、CRP水平、APACHEⅡ及SOFA评分比较(脓毒症组严重脓毒症组脓毒症休克组),差异均具有统计学意义(均P0.05);脓毒症患者的血清PCT水平与患者WBC、CRP、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分均呈显著正相关(均P0.05);存活脓毒症患者的血清PCT、WBC、CRP水平、APACHEⅡ及SOFA评分均显著低于死亡组患者(均P0.05);PCT判断患者预后的最佳临界值为19.84 ng/m L,此时的ROC曲线下面积AUC值为0.857,灵敏度为89.27%,特异度为86.34%。结论:血清PCT水平在危重感染患者临床病情评估、预后预测中具有较高的临床价值。     

血清PCT、CRP及内毒素对G~-菌血流感染所致脓毒症病情的指导意义

目的:探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、内毒素对革兰氏阴性(G~-)菌血流感染所致脓毒症病情和预后的关系,为临床治疗提供指导。方法:纳入126例G~-菌血流感染所致脓毒症患者进行血清PCT、CRP、内毒素水平检测,分析不同感染程度(脓毒症、严重脓毒症、脓毒症休克)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、序贯器官衰竭(SOFA)评分、预后(存活、死亡)患者血清PCT、CRP、内毒素水平差异。Pearson相关性分析血清PCT、CRP、内毒素与APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分之间的关联程度和方向。受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析PCT、CRP、内毒素鉴别G~-菌血流感染所致严重脓毒症/脓毒症休克的效能以及对患者预后的预测价值。结果:血清PCT、CRP、内毒素水平在不同感染程度、APACHEⅡ和SOFA评分患者中差异有统计学意义(P0.05),死亡组患者血清PCT、CRP、内毒素水平高于存活组(P0.05)。相关性分析结果显示,PCT与APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分呈高度正相关(r=0.661、0.682,P均0.001),CRP、内毒素分别与APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分呈中低度正相关(r=0.375、0.413、0.312、0.391,P均0.05)。ROC分析结果示PCT鉴别严重脓毒症/脓毒症休克,预测患者预后的曲线下面积分别达0.784(95%CI:0.639～0.928,P=0.002)、0.935(95%CI:0.880～0.991,P=0.000),高于CRP和内毒素。结论:血清PCT、CRP、内毒素水平与G~-菌血流感染所致脓毒症患者病情危重程度、预后均存在密切关系,PCT能更好的判断G~-菌血流感染所致脓毒症患者病情严重程度和不良预后。     

PCT诊断危重感染临床分析

【】 目的 探讨降钙素原(PCT)在危重感染患者临床病情评估、预后预测中的价值。方法 选取本院重症监护病房(ICU)2012年2月～2015年7月收治的139例脓毒症患者作为研究对象,根据患者入住ICU 24h内的基本情况将患者分为脓毒症组47例、严重脓毒症组54例和脓毒症休克组38例,分别对比三组患者的血清PCT水平、急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)、全身性感染相关气管衰竭评分(SOFA)等指标,并根据患者治疗结局分为存活组和死亡组进行亚组分析。结果 入住ICU 24h内,脓毒症患者的PCT、WBC、CRP、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分在不同病情分组患者间的水平为脓毒症组<严重脓毒症组<脓毒症休克组患者且差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);入住ICU 24h内,脓毒症患者的PCT水平与患者WBC、CRP、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分均呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.05);ICU期间,存活脓毒症患者的PCT、WBC、CRP、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分均呈显著的正低于死亡组患者(P<0.05); PCT判断患者预后的最佳临界值为19.84ng/ml,此时的ROC曲线下面积AUC值为0.857,灵敏度为89.27%,特异度为86.34%。结论 PCT在危重感染患者临床病情评估、预后预测中具有较高的临床价值。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.