呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原学特点及对预后的影响

目的:调查重症监护室(ICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原菌特点及其对临床预后的影响。方法:回顾性调查ICU行机械通气48 h的327例患者,分为VAP组和非VAP组,VAP组又分为早发VAP组和晚发VAP组,对所有患者的呼吸道分泌物进行培养,同时观察各组患者的临床预后。结果:85例VAP患者中共分离出96株菌株,其中革兰氏阴性菌(G-菌)79株(82.29%),以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌及肺炎克雷伯菌最常见;72例患者(84.71%)为单细菌感染,13例患者(15.29%)为多细菌感染;早发型VAP患者36例,共培养出38株致病菌,主要为肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌及金黄色葡萄球菌,晚发型VAP患者49例,共培养出58株致病菌,主要为鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌及肺炎克雷伯菌;早发型VAP患者多重耐药菌7株,晚发型VAP患者24株,其差异有统计学意义(P=0.021);早发型VAP和晚发型VAP的机械通气天数分别为(8.49±4.36)d vs(26.06±14.90)d(P=0.001),总住院天数分别为(28.11±25.51)d vs(42.88±28.31)d(P=0.020),30 d病死率分别为50.0%vs 35.4%(P=0.180),60 d病死率分别为58.33%vs 45.83%(P=0.257)。VAP和非VAP组机械通气天数分别是(16.82±38.83)d vs(6.66±5.28)d(P=0.018),ICU住院天数分别为(24.16±40.42)d vs(11.79±11.63)d(P=0.007),住院期间病死率分别为54.12%vs39.67%(P=0.023)。结论:我院ICU中VAP的致病菌以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌及肺炎克雷伯菌等G-菌最常见,其中早发型VAP致病菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌及金黄色葡萄球菌为主,而晚发型VAP致病菌以鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌及肺炎克雷伯菌为主;多重耐药菌更常见于晚发型VAP病例;晚发型VAP的机械通气时间及总住院时间较早发型VAP组延长。     

早发性与晚发性呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌研究

目的:了解重症监护病房(ICU)早发性和晚发性呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌菌谱的构成和临床治疗效果,以提高经验性治疗的疗效。方法:回顾分析了ICU2003～2006年间发生VAP患者的临床资料,分为早发(机械通气时间≤4d)和晚发(机械通气时间>4d)2组。比较2组在病原菌菌谱构成、ICU住院时间、病死率等各方面差异。结果:早发组与晚发组的患者在病死率上无统计学差别。住ICU平均天数存在明显差异[(15.1±16.2)d比(32.3±50.3)d]。早发性VAP与晚发性VAP病原菌无差异,铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在早发组和晚发组中占前3位。结论:早发性和晚发性VAP均由多重耐药菌引起,铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌是常见致病菌。     

老年无多重耐药危险医院获得性肺炎患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨老年无多重耐药危险医院获得性肺炎(HAP)患者病原菌分布及耐药性对临床用药和治疗的指导。方法选择2008年1月至2013年12月该院住院确诊的老年HAP患者426例,根据发病时间分为早发HAP组和晚发HAP组,采集痰标本进行培养鉴定和药敏试验。结果 426例老年HAP患者中病原菌共检出481株;HAP最常见病原菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍曼不动杆菌等;早发HAP最常见病原菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌和铜绿假单胞菌等;而晚发HAP最常见病原菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等;早发和晚发HAP患者革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌的比例差异无统计学意义(P0.05);晚发HAP中检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌及耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌(CR-AB)比例增高;另外338株革兰阴性菌的药敏试验结果显示,哌拉西林及阿莫西林/克拉维酸对早发HAP与晚发HAP耐药率差异显著(均P0.05),其余常见抗菌药物耐药率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);111株革兰阳性菌的药敏试验结果显示,常用抗菌药物耐药率差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论老年无多重耐药危险HAP患者,早发和晚发HAP病原菌构成差别不大,尽管晚发HAP耐药率相对较高,但对大多数抗菌药物敏感,故合理选择抗菌药物是减少耐药菌株产生及降低二重感染率的有效措施。     

老年患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原学以及耐药性分析

目的观察老年患者呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原菌分布及药敏特点。方法对40例老年VAP患者的致病菌培养及药敏试验结果进行统计分析。结果本组40例患者共分离出65株致病菌,革兰阴性杆菌49株(75.38%),革兰阳性球菌14株(21.54%),真菌2株(3.08%)。革兰阴性杆菌中感染率居前三位分别为:铜绿假单胞菌18株(27.69%)、鲍曼不动杆菌12株(18.46%)及肺炎克雷伯杆菌9株(13.85%)。革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌最多见为10株(15.38%)。真菌均为白色假丝酵母菌。铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌对亚胺培南、头孢派酮-舒巴坦及哌拉西林-他唑巴担耐药率较低,金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感性达100%。结论老年VAP患者致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌多见,且呈多重耐药现象。     

呼吸机相关肺炎发生原因及对策

目的探讨机械通气时呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发生原因和防治对策。方法观察住MICU机械通气〉48h的患者85例。呼吸机相关性肺炎诊断：通过观察体温、气管内吸出脓性分泌物、外周血白细胞、痰细菌培养、X线胸片。结果机械通气〉48h的85例患者中,40例发生呼吸机相关性肺炎,发生率为47％;其中单纯致病菌16例,两种及两种以上致病菌24例。病原菌培养结果：铜绿假单胞菌16例、金黄色葡萄球菌12例、克雷伯杆菌16例、白色念珠菌12例、大肠埃希10例。结论铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、克雷伯杆菌、白色念珠菌是呼吸机相关性肺炎主要致病菌;缩短机械通气时间是防治肺炎的重要措施。     

医院获得性肺炎发病时间对病原构成影响的回顾性队列研究

目的　了解不同时间发生的医院获得性肺炎(HAP)病原体构成及抗菌药物敏感性的差异。方法　在北京、上海和广州6所大学教学医院回顾调查2001年1月至2003年12月间有呼吸道标本培养致病菌阳性的HAP病例,记录患者一般资料、高危因素、HAP严重程度及致病菌药敏试验结果。所有资料用SPSS120统计软件进行汇总分析,比较早、中、晚发HAP的危险因素、病原体构成及其抗菌药物敏感性的差异。结果　共有562例患者入选,入院时间≤5d发病者(早发)136例,6~14d发病者(中发)326例,≥15d发病者(晚发)100例。不同时间发生的HAP的高危因素有所差异:抗生素使用率由早期的684%增至晚期的880%(P=0002),入住重症监护室(ICU)由294%增加至460%(P=003),免疫功能受损由15%增至150%(P=0001)。分离出致病菌918株,其中铜绿假单胞菌(171株)、金黄色葡萄球菌(148株)、不动杆菌(148株)、克雷伯菌(132株)和肠杆菌属细菌(81株)为最多见的前5位致病菌。统计学分析显示不同发病时间的HAP中,病原体构成比较有统计学意义(P<005):早发性HAP以克雷伯菌最常见(183%),肺炎链球菌(24%)和嗜血杆菌(43%)占有一定比例;而晚发性HAP以铜绿假单胞菌(242%)和耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)(193%)为主,未发现肺炎链球菌和嗜血杆菌。HAP病原体对头孢曲松的敏     

心外监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎病原学分析

对心外监护病房147例呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者人工气道分泌物行病原学检测,并行药敏试验.结果 共检出病原菌220株,其中G-杆菌151株,G+球菌39株,真菌30株.G-杆菌中铜绿假单胞菌占首位,其次为鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食假单胞、肺炎克雷伯杆菌;均显示多重耐药.G+球菌中金葡菌比例最高(11株),其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占45.4%;真菌以白色念珠菌为主.认为VAP患者以G-杆菌感染为主,G+菌中MRsA所占比例较高,混合感染较常见,应根据药敏选择抗生素;减少机械通气时间是预防VAP的关键.     

呼吸机相关肺炎危险因素、病原体及耐药性分析

目的探讨呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生的危险因素、病原体及耐药情况。方法采用回顾性调查对呼吸机相关肺炎发生的影响因素进行分析,对VAP患者气道分泌物进行细菌培养和药敏试验。结果机械通气时间>7天组VAP发生率明显高于≤7天组,应用H2受体阻滞剂组VAP的发生率较未用组高;VAP患者培养出病原菌79株,革兰阴性(G-)杆菌与革兰阳性(G )球菌分别为91.1%和6.3%。分离出的G-杆菌以铜绿假单胞菌、克雷伯杆菌、不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌为主,G-杆菌对多种抗生素有较高的耐药率,仅亚胺培南-西司他丁、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、头孢他啶耐药率较低。结论减少机械通气时间、避免应用H2受体阻滞剂可减少VAP发生;VAP致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,细菌耐药性严重,治疗上应选用敏感的抗菌药物。     

沧州地区重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎病原学分析及防治

目的 对沧州地区呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)的病原菌分布、耐药情况及预后进行临床研究,以期指导临床治疗.方法 对2008年1～12月在沧州市3家三级甲等医院261例行机械通气治疗患者中发生VAP的106例患者进行临床病例的统计,对致病菌进行细菌鉴定,采用纸片扩散法检测其耐药性,采用单因素分析方法 进行预后分析.结果 VAP平均发病时间为机械通气后7 d,VAP发生率41.0%,病死率35.0%.106例VAP患者呼吸道分泌物中分离出病原菌共126株.其中革兰阴性细菌103株(81.7%),革兰阳性细菌18株(14.3%),真菌5株(4.0%).铜绿假单胞菌37株(29.3%),鲍曼不动杆菌26株(20.6%),肺炎克雷伯菌18株(14.3%),洋葱假单胞菌9株(7.2%),大肠埃希菌9株(7.2%).嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌6株(4.8%),阴沟肠杆菌2株(1.6%),脑膜脓毒性黄杆菌2株(1.6%),金黄色葡萄球菌9株(7.1%),凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌5株(3.9%),肠球菌3株(2.4%),依次为沧州地区VAP患者最常见的病原菌.致病菌仍以细菌尤其是革兰阴性杆菌为主,铜绿假单胞菌居首位.革兰阴性细菌对头孢菌素等各种常见抗菌药物耐药情况均十分严重.本研究中VAP大多数病例为迟发性VAP.机械通气时间>7 d的VAP发生率显著高于<7 d组.>60岁患者发生VAP明显高于≤60岁患者.应用H2受体阻滞剂组的VAP发生率较未用组高.气管插管VAP发生率显著低于气管切开.VAP总病死率为35%,其中严重低白蛋白血症,肾功能衰竭合并葡萄球菌感染和抗生素治疗不当为预后不良的危险因素.结论 沧州地区VAP病原菌耐药严重,病死率高,须加强预防及合理进行经验性抗生素治疗.     

重症监护室呼吸机相关性肺炎57例病原菌分布特点

目的探讨重症监护室(ICU)中呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者的病原菌分布特点。方法分析了ICU中57例VAP患者的病原菌分布。结果从57例VAP患者的下呼吸道分泌物标本中分离出菌株131株,常见病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌(41.99%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(28.24%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(12.98%)。结论革兰阴性菌是ICU中VAP的主要致病菌,且耐药现象明显,应尽量减少侵入性操作,严格隔离消毒制度,防止交叉感染,合理使用抗菌药物。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.