Wistar大鼠乳鼠与成年鼠心室肌细胞的分离与性质鉴定

目的 探索和优化稳定的适于电生理实验研究的乳鼠及成年大鼠心室肌细胞分离方法。方法 切碎乳鼠心室肌,胰蛋白酶消化,差速贴壁2 h纯化心室肌细胞,台盼蓝染色判定心肌细胞活力,体外培养48 h后分别行倒置显微镜观察细胞形态,免疫组化鉴定,微电极阵列记录细胞搏动频率和场电位。采用Langendorff灌流成年大鼠心脏,主动脉逆行插管,胶原酶域反复灌流消化约30 min,无钙台氏液冲洗心脏5 min,剪下心室肌组织,台氏液中室温下剪碎,吹打,孵育5 min后,用200目筛网过滤,将细胞悬液用逐步复钙法复钙后,室温静置1 h,用于膜片钳记录。结果 经4 -6次消化后,乳鼠心室组织消化完全,细胞存活率大于80%。倒置显微镜下观察,细胞呈梭形、多角形。 12 h有少部分细胞搏动,48 h细胞交织成网,搏动呈同步性,搏动频率30 - 80次/分。 琢鄄辅肌动蛋白（琢鄄actin）经免疫组化检测,纯度达96%。 Langendorff灌流酶解法可获得形态呈杆状、横纹清晰、膜周边光滑完整、立体感强的单个成年鼠心肌细胞,存活率85%,复钙后存活率50%,可用于膜片钳记录。结论 采用本方法可以获得高产量与高质量的用于电生理检测的心室肌细胞。     

成年糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞的分离

目的 探索成年糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞成功分离的方法。方法 取体质量150～200 g的Sprague-Dawley大鼠20只,单次腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立DM大鼠模型,3周后取大鼠心脏行主动脉逆行灌流分离心室肌细胞;并在倒置显微镜下观察分离的单个心室肌细胞状态。结果 建模成功率达90%,糖尿病大鼠的血糖水平稳定维持在20 mmol/L以上;分离的单个心室肌细胞存活率达70%～90%,且纹理清晰状态好。结论 该糖尿病心室肌细胞的分离方法简单有效。     

犬三层心室肌细胞的分离和鉴别

目的探讨有效分离和鉴别犬三层心室肌细胞的方法。方法用带有左室前降支的犬心肌组织块灌流分离心室肌细胞,得到的心肌细胞先根据解剖部位大致分成三层,再采用膜片钳技术,在电流钳模式下,随机选择各层15个细胞记录动作电位(AP),根据AP的形态、时程、频率依赖性进一步判断是否为相应层的心室肌细胞。结果经左室前降支插管灌流心肌组织块,可以得到数量多、状态好的心肌细胞。在15个心室肌细胞中,能准确判断其层次的有:外层7个、中层5个、内层8个。结论经冠状动脉插管灌流分离犬心室肌细胞是可行的,结合解剖部位和动作电位特点,能有效鉴别不同层的心室肌细胞。     

胚胎期及出生后不同年龄段小鼠心肌细胞体外分离方法及优化

目的:基于目前已有报道的心肌细胞体外消化及分离方法,对胚胎期及出生后不同年龄段小鼠心肌细胞体外分离的方法进行系统探索和优化。方法:取胚胎期及出生后不同年龄段小鼠心脏,运用不同方法分离心肌细胞。利用Count Star仪器检测心肌细胞大小及活性。取细胞悬液涂片,针对心肌细胞标志物α辅肌动蛋白(α-actinin)表达进行免疫荧光染色,用共聚焦显微镜观察心肌细胞形态。结果:用胰酶消化法分离胚胎期小鼠心肌细胞,获得存活率大于94%的心肌细胞。用心脏解离试剂盒法(Gentle MACS法)体外分离新生小鼠(出生后1～3 d)心肌细胞,获得存活率约为97%的心肌细胞。分别用Gentle MACS法、非Langendorff灌流法分离出生后4 d和7 d的小鼠心肌细胞,前者仅获得存活率为58%的心肌细胞,而后者获得的心肌细胞存活率为70%～80%。对于成年小鼠,非Langendorff灌流法和Langendorff灌流法均可获得杆状率、存活率都在70%左右的心肌细胞。结论:结合文献以及本实验结果发现,分离胚胎期小鼠心肌细胞可用胰酶消化法;分离出生后1～3 d小鼠心肌细胞可用Gentle MACS法。对于出生后4 d和7 d的小鼠,非Langendorff灌流法可获得存活率及杆状率均较高的心肌细胞,分离成年小鼠心肌细胞则适合用非Langendorff灌流法和Langendorff灌流法。     

艾司洛尔对心室肌细胞动作电位及L-型钙离子通道的影响

目的 观察艾司洛尔对豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位(AP)和L-型钙离子通道的影响.方法 Langendorff离体心脏逆向灌流法分离豚鼠心室肌细胞,随机选取心室肌细胞分为正常对照组和艾司洛尔(50 μmol/L和100 μmol/L)组.应用全细胞电流钳模式记录心室肌细胞AP,应用电压钳模式记录L-型钙离子通道电流(ICa-L).结果 艾司洛尔(100 μmol/L )可使心肌细胞AP时程APD20、APD50明显缩短(P<0.05),心室肌细胞ICa-L峰值电流明显降低(P<0.05).结论 艾司洛尔缩短心室肌细胞AP时程和抑制钙通道可能是其抑制交感风暴的机制之一.     

正常耐钙Spraque-Dawley大鼠心室肌细胞分离方法及体会

目的探讨稳定分离用于膜片钳实验的耐钙Spraque-Dawley大鼠心室肌细胞的方法。方法在自制心脏灌流装置上,采用三步法行逆行主动脉灌流获得单个耐钙心肌细胞,以膜片钳全细胞方式记录离子流。结果在分离过程中如整个心脏保持红润,则细胞数量在90%以上,耐钙细胞KB液中孵育后在70%左右;在分离过程中心脏局部保持红润部位的细胞数量在80%以上,耐钙细胞在60%左右,而苍白区细胞数量变异较大,但一般均在50%以下,且耐钙细胞较少;在分离过程中如整个心脏始终苍白,则细胞数量不仅低于30%,且几乎没有耐钙细胞。结论在心肌细胞分离过程中如严格按照本文的介绍,能获得大量具有正常电生理特性的耐钙心肌细胞。     

犬心房肌细胞分离的方法学探讨

目的建立稳定的适于膜片钳实验研究的犬心房肌细胞分离方法。方法取健康成年犬心脏12个,采用Langendorff灌流,行回旋支插管,正常台式液灌流10 s,使心脏自主收缩排除残留余血。持续高钾液灌流,同时结扎其他血管及分支,剪去其余心脏组织,待左房及左心耳充盈,无钙台氏液灌流5 min,125 U/ml胶原酶Ⅱ200ml反复灌流消化约30~45 min,后用无钙台氏液冲洗心脏5 min,剪下心房肌组织,KB液中室温下剪碎,吹打,孵育5 min后,用200目筛网过滤,逐步复钙法复钙后,室温静置1 h,应用于膜片钳记录。结果分离的活性心肌细胞比率约90%,形态呈杆状、横纹清晰、膜周边光滑完整。结论采用本方法可以获得高产量与高质量的用于膜片钳离子流检测的心房肌细胞。     

成年家兔心房肌细胞的分离和电生理记录

目的建立一种简单稳定的成年家兔心房肌细胞的分离、培养方法并进行电生理记录。方法麻醉后取出成年家兔心脏,采用Langendorff灌流装置及急性酶裂解法分离心房肌细胞,差速贴壁法进行纯化后培养于DMEM培养基。在倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态,利用透射电镜观察细胞超微结构,用免疫荧光染色法对心房肌细胞进行鉴定,利用全细胞膜片钳技术记录动作电位和内向钙电流和外向钾电流。结果本方法分离的心房肌细胞纯度和细胞存活率较高,并使用膜电钳技术成功记录了L-型钙电流和瞬时外向钾电流。结论该方法简便有效,细胞存活率高且为进一步进行各种电生理实验打下了基础。     

神经调节蛋白-1对小鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流的影响

目的观察神经调节蛋白-1(NRG-1)对大鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流(ICa-L)的影响。方法 C57小鼠取其心脏,经主动脉逆行插管后行Langendorff灌流,以酶解法分离获得单个心室肌细胞,采用全细胞膜片钳技术,记录NRG-1对L型钙电流(ICa-L)的影响。结果 0.05,0.1,0.2μmol/L NRG-1对ICa-L峰电流的抑制率分别为15.3%±2.2%,32.0%±4.7%,52.6%±6.1%(n=6,P0.05),并使电流-电压曲线上移,激活延迟,失活后恢复时间延长。结论 NRG-1通过延迟钙通道的激活,延长失活后恢复时间,抑制心肌细胞ICa-L。     

兔心室肌细胞的急性分离及电生理记录

目的建立一种简单、稳定的兔心室肌细胞分离方法并进行多种电生理记录。方法采用Langendorff灌流装置及急性酶解分离技术获取单个兔心室肌细胞,并利用全细胞膜片钳技术记录动作电位及多种膜电流。结果耐钙心室肌细胞的存活率在50%～60%,其静息膜电位在-80～90mV,并成功地记录到典型的动作电位及钾、钠、钙等电流。结论该方法简便、稳定,细胞存活率高且易于进行各种电生理实验。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.