微小RNA-155调节钙调磷酸酶和活化T细胞核因子4表达对心肌细胞肥大的影响

目的研究微小(microRNA,miR)-155对心肌细胞肥大的影响及对钙调磷酸酶(CaN-β)和活化T细胞核因子4(NFAT-4)表达的调控作用。方法培养大鼠心肌细胞H9C2(2-1),血管紧张素(Ang)Ⅱ诱导心肌细胞肥大,脂质体转染法将miR-155模拟物和miR-155抑制物转染入心肌细胞。分为对照组、AngⅡ组、mimics组、inhibitors组、AngⅡ+mimics组和AngⅡ+inhibitors组。实时荧光定量PCR检测心肌细胞miR-155的表达。逆转录PCR法检测心房钠尿肽(ANP)、β-肌球蛋白重链(β-MHC)和CaN-βmRNA表达水平。Western blot法检测CaN-β和NFAT-4蛋白表达水平。结果与AngⅡ组比较,AngⅡ+mimics组ANP、β-MHC、心肌细胞表面积、CaN-βmRNA和蛋白表达及NFAT-4蛋白表达明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 CaN-β可能为miR-155的作用靶点,miR-155可通过负性调控CaN-β和NFAT-4的表达,减少心肌细胞ANP和β-MHC表达,抑制心肌细胞肥大。     

微小核糖核酸-31对大肿瘤抑制因子2及心肌细胞肥大的调控作用

目的:通过下调肥大心肌细胞中微小核糖核酸(miR)-31的表达,观察miR-31对大肿瘤抑制因子2(LATS2)及心肌细胞肥大的调控作用。方法:体外分离大鼠心肌细胞并连续培养10天,按干预条件不同将心肌细胞分为4组:空白对照组、单纯血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)干预组、miR-31抑制物慢病毒感染组、阴性病毒感染组。培养第8天实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)检测各组心肌细胞miR-31、LATS2及肥大基因心房钠尿肽(ANP)、β-肌球蛋白重链(β-MHC)表达。培养第10天心肌细胞荧光探针染色观察心肌细胞形态变化。蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)检测LATS2蛋白表达变化。双荧光素酶报告基因质粒转染293T细胞并检测荧光素酶活性,鉴定miR-3l对LATS2的靶向作用。结果:与空白对照组相比,单纯AngⅡ干预组miR-31、心肌肥大基因ANP、β-MHC表达水平均显著上升(P0.05),心肌细胞相对表面积明显增大(P0.05),而LATS2基因及蛋白表达明显下调(P0.05);与单纯AngⅡ干预组比较,miR-31抑制物慢病毒感染组miR-31、心肌肥大基因ANP、β-MHC表达明显下调(P0.05),心肌细胞相对表面积减小(P0.05),而LATS2在基因水平略有上升,蛋白水平则显著上调(P0.05)。双荧光素酶报告基因检测显示TRAF6-3'UTR+miR-146b相对荧光素酶活性较TRAF6-3'UTR+miR-NC显著性下降(P0.01),LATS2-3'UTR+miR-31相对荧光素酶活性较LATS2-3'UTR-NC+miR-31显著性降低(P0.01),差异均有统计学意义。结论:下调肥大心肌细胞miR-31表达水平可一定程度逆转心肌细胞肥大,miR-31靶向作用LATS2参与调控心肌细胞的肥大。     

抑制鞘氨醇激酶-2活性加重血管紧张素II诱导的心肌细胞肥大

目的 本实验旨在明确鞘氨醇激酶（sphingosine kinase,SphK）2在血管紧张素（angiotensin,Ang）II诱导的心肌细胞肥大中的作用。方法 分离并体外培养SD乳鼠心肌细胞。给予AngII（10 μmol/L）处理24h诱导心肌细胞肥大。AngII刺激时分别给予溶媒或SphK2特异性抑制剂ABC294640（1 μmol/L）共处理。采用蛋白免疫印迹法检测心肌细胞SphK2蛋白表达。采用酶联免疫吸附试验（enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay,ELISA）检测心肌细胞细胞核1-磷酸鞘氨醇（sphingosine 1-phosphate,S1P）水平。采用结晶紫染色观察AngII诱导的心肌细胞肥大程度。采用实时定量聚合酶链式反应（real time-polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR）检测心肌细胞肥大标志基因心房钠尿肽（atrial natriuretic peptide,ANP）、脑钠尿肽（brain natriuretic peptide,BNP）和β-肌球蛋白重链（β-myosin heavy chain,β-MHC）mRNA表达水平。结果 与对照组比较,AngII处理上调心肌细胞SphK2蛋白表达和S1P浓度（均P<0.05）,并增加心肌细胞横截面积与ANP、BNP和β-MHC mRNA表达水平（均P<0.05）。与溶媒组比较,ABC294640处理显著降低了心肌细胞核S1P浓度,并进一步增加了AngII处理后的心肌细胞横截面积和肥大标志基因mRNA表达水平（均P<0.05）。结论 抑制SphK2活性加重AngII诱导的心肌细胞肥大。SphK2有可能成为治疗病理性心肌肥大的新靶点。     

微小RNA-1负性调控L-钙通道β_2亚基抑制心肌细胞肥大的机制研究

目的:研究微小RNA-1(miR-1)对L-钙通道β2亚基的调控作用及对心肌细胞肥大的影响。方法:ISO诱导心肌细胞肥大。qRT-PCR和Western blot法分别检测心肌细胞ANP、β-MHC、miR-1和β2亚基mRNA和蛋白表达水平。应用Targetscan预测miR-1的靶基因。构建的重组质粒和miR-1共转染HEK293细胞。转染miR-1mimic使其过表达。RNAi干扰β2蛋白表达。激光共聚焦显微镜检测心肌细胞内钙离子浓度。结果:①ISO诱导心肌细胞肥大时,miR-1表达明显降低;转染miR-1mimic使其过表达,心肌细胞表面积、ANP和β-MHC mRNA表达均显著降低。②Targetscan预测显示,L-钙通道β2亚基为miR-1的潜在靶基因;将miR-1和含β23′UTR报告基因共转染HEK293细胞,其萤光值显著降低;转染miR-1mimic使其过表达,可明显抑制β2蛋白的表达。③ISO诱导心肌细胞肥大时,β2蛋白表达明显增加;RNAi干扰β2蛋白表达可明显抑制心肌细胞表面积、ANP和β-MHC mRNA表达的增加;④转染miR-1mimic使其过表达或RNAi干扰β2蛋白表达,心肌细胞内钙离子浓度均明显降低。结论:L-钙通道β2亚基为miR-1的靶基因。MiR-1可能通过负性调控L-钙通道β2亚基的表达,降低细胞内钙离子浓度,抑制心肌细胞肥大。     

微小RNA451a对心肌肥厚的影响

目的探讨微小RNA(miRNA)-451a在心肌肥厚的作用。方法腹主动脉缩窄术(abodminal aortic constriction,AAC)建立大鼠心肌肥厚模型,超声检测、心肌肥厚指数及组织病理学观察评估模型建立效果,蛋白印迹检测LC3II/I的比值,实时定量聚合酶链反应(quantiative real-time polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)检测心肌miRNA-451a及肥厚标志基因的表达。乳鼠心肌细胞分空白对照组及异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol,ISO)组,qRT-PCR检测miRNA-451a及肥厚标志分子基因的表达,免疫荧光测定细胞表面积及测定LC3II/I的比值。乳鼠心肌细胞分4组,即miR-451a mimic组及其阴性对照组、miR-451a inhibitor组及其阴性对照组,分别转染乳鼠心肌细胞24 h再予ISO处理48 h,qRT-PCR检测肥厚标志基因的表达,测定细胞表面积及LC3II/I比值。结果 AAC组大鼠心肌肥厚模型建立成功,其肥厚标志基因表达上调,miRNA-451a表达下调,LC3II/I比值增大。ISO组心肌细胞比空白对照组肥厚标志基因表达上调,miRNA-451a表达下调,LC3II/I比值及细胞表面积增大。miRNA-451a mimic+ISO组心肌细胞比阴性对照组肥厚标志基因表达下调,细胞表面积及LC3II/I比值减小;而miRNA-451a inhibitor+ISO组心肌细胞则表现相反。结论 miRNA-451a可能在心肌肥厚过程中具有调控作用。     

miR-350在腹主动脉部分缩窄大鼠心肌组织中的表达及意义

目的观察腹主动脉部分缩窄大鼠心肌组织miR-350在心肌肥厚形成过程中的表达变化并探讨其临床意义。方法将20只雄性SD大鼠随机分成正常组5只、假手术组5只和模型组10只,采用腹主动脉部分缩窄术制备大鼠心肌肥厚模型。采用Trizol法提取心肌组织RNA,芯片技术检测miRNA表达。构建过表达miR-350质粒载体,转染大鼠的胚胎心肌细胞H9c2;采用Real-time PCR方法检测心肌细胞中ANP、BNP、β-myosin及α-actin的表达。结果 miR-350在模型组的表达量明显高于对照组;过表达miR-350的细胞中ANP mRNA及BNP mRNA升高(P<0.05或<0.01)。结论在腹主动脉部分缩窄大鼠的心肌组织中miR-350表达升高,且介导心肌细胞肥厚。     

阳离子磷酸胆碱聚合物MPC_(30)-DEA_(70)载MiRNA-195反义寡核苷酸转染心肌细胞的研究

目的:探讨新型阳离子磷酸胆碱聚合物MPC30-DEA70(PC)载MiRNA-195反义寡核苷酸(AMOMiRNA-195)转染心肌细胞及其对心肌细胞肥厚的影响。方法:应用琼脂糖凝胶电泳表征具有不同比值的MPC30-DEA70与AMO-MiRNA-195的复合物,将不同比例的MPC30-DEA70/AMO-MiR-195基因复合物(PC复合物)转染至体外培养的乳鼠心肌细胞。应用倒置荧光显微镜(FMI)及激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)观察MPC30-DEA70/AMO-MiR-195(FAM标记)在细胞内的分布及定位;流式细胞仪(FCM)检测转染效率及荧光强度;RT-PCR检测心肌细胞MiRNA-195的表达;RT-PCR法检测心肌肥厚标志物心房钠尿肽(ANP)、α-肌球蛋白重链(α-MHC)、β-肌球蛋白重链(β-MHC)编码基因Nppa、Myh6、Myh7基因的表达。结果:1不同比值的PC复合物在电泳中可见不同程度的电泳迟滞现象,随电性增强而显著;2FMI及CLSM观察到MPC30-DEA70/AMO-MiR-195(FAM标记)分布在细胞核周围,少量进入细胞核。3流式细胞术显示随N/P比值的增加,转染效率明显增大,荧光强度也随之增强;4RT-PCR法显示PC复合物可使MiRNA-195及心肌肥厚标志性基因Nppa、Myh7基因表达降低,且随着N/P比值的增大,MiRNA-195、Nppa及Myh7基因表达明显下降(P0.05),Myh6基因表达无明显变化。结论:MPC30-DEA70可作为AMO-MiRNA-195的载体转染至体外培养的乳鼠心肌细胞,并下调MiRNA-195及心肌肥厚标志性基因Nppa、Myh7基因表达。     

DJ-1蛋白在去氧肾上腺素诱导的心肌细胞肥厚中的作用

目的 探讨DJ-1对去氧肾上腺素（phenylephrine,PE）诱导的心肌细胞肥厚的调控作用.方法 应用PE诱导乳鼠导致心肌细胞肥厚;通过Western blot观察心肌细胞DJ-1在PE刺激下的表达量改变;通过腺病毒载体过表达DJ-1,检测过表达效率;荧光定量聚合酶链反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测心肌肥厚标志物心房利钠肽（atrial natriuretic peptide,ANP）和B型利钠肽（B type-natriuretic peptide,BNP） mRNA表达水平改变;显微镜观察心肌细胞面积改变.结果 在PE诱导的心肌细胞肥厚过程中,DJ-1表达水平下调;PE可诱导ANP和BNP表达水平升高,心肌细胞面积增加;过表达DJ-1则显著抑制ANP和BNP的上调,减少心肌细胞面积的增大.结论 DJ-1可抑制PE诱导的心肌细胞肥厚.     

1型多聚二磷酸腺苷核糖合成酶对去甲肾上腺素诱导心肌重构的影响

目的:探讨1型多聚二磷酸腺苷核糖合成酶[poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1,PARP-1]对去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)诱导培养的大鼠心肌细胞重构过程中的调节作用及其机制。方法:①培养乳鼠心肌细胞,10μmol/LNE刺激心肌细胞24h后,使用实时定量PCR法检测c-fos、ANP、β-MHC、α-MHC基因表达水平;观察抗氧化剂维生素C(VitC)和PARP-1抑制剂3-氨基苯甲酰胺(3-aminobenzamide,3-AB)对上述基因表达的影响。②检测心肌细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平,及PARP活性和PARP-1表达水平的变化。结果:NE诱导心肌细胞内c-fos、ANP、β-MHC基因表达水平明显增加。心肌细胞内ROS产生增加,PARP激活,PARP-1蛋白表达亦显著增加。使用VitC减少ROS产生,抑制了NE诱导的PARP-1活性及表达的增加,NE诱导的c-fos、ANP基因表达也显著降低。3AB可明显减少NE诱导的c-fos、ANP、β-MHC基因的表达及β-MHC/α-MHC的比值。结论:NE刺激心肌细胞增加了细胞内ROS的产生,大量的ROS激活了PARP并使PARP-1的表达水平显著增加,PARP-1参与调节了心肌重构过程胚胎基因c-fos、ANP、β-MHC、α-MHC的异常表达。PARP-1可能是心肌重构过程中的重要调节机制之一。     

5-氮胞苷对大鼠骨髓基质细胞心钠素及β-肌球蛋白重链表达的影响

目的 观察5-氮胞苷(5-AZ)诱导后体外培养骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)心钠素(ANP)、β肌球蛋白重链(β-MHC)表达的变化.方法 分离培养SD大鼠BMSCs及新生乳鼠心室肌细胞.BMSCs的诱导分化采用第8代BMSCs,于传代后第3 d分为4组:正常对照组、上清液组、5-AZ组、5-AZ+上清液组.反转录聚合酶链反应法测定心肌特异性蛋白ANP、β-MHC基因表达水平的变化.结果 正常培养及心肌细胞上清培养液诱导的BMSCs不表达心肌特异性ANP、β-MHC;5-AZ诱导后的BMSCs表达ANP、β-MHC,分别31.5±5.6、32.1±8.3和33.7±5.6、46.6±8.3.心肌细胞上清培养液增加5-AZ诱导的BMSCs中β-MHC的表达水平,而对ANP表达无影响.结论 体外培养大鼠成体BMSCs在5-AZ诱导下可表达心肌特异性ANP、β-MHC.心肌细胞上清培养液可增加β-MHC表达水平.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.