低体重危重婴幼儿先天性心脏病的早期心内直视手术治疗

目的:回顾性分析低体重婴幼儿危重先天性心脏病早期心内直视手术的效果.方法:对17例出生体重<2 500 g的患儿在中低温体外循环下行心内直视矫治术.结果:手术效果满意,手术成功16例.结论:患先天性心脏病的低体重患儿,若临床心脏症状危重,早期行体外循环心内直视手术可有较满意的效果.     

肾功能不全患者血液透析后输血反应的观察

目的:对肾功能不全患者血液透析后输血反应分类分析.方法:肾功能不全患者血液透析后输注全血,红细胞悬液,去白细胞红细胞悬液3种治疗方法后出现输血反应进行对照统计.结果:输入去白细胞红细胞悬液后,通过发热反应、过敏反应、溶血反应、阻塞性肺梗塞等方面比较,效果明显优于其他2法.结论:肾功能不全者血液透析后使用去白细胞红细胞悬液效果比较满意.     

去白细胞红细胞悬液在弥散性血管内凝血治疗中的研究与应用

目的:研究去白细胞红细胞悬液在弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)治疗中的作用.方法:用去白细胞红细胞悬液和新鲜冰冻血浆联合输注进行临床观察,并与新鲜全血的临床效果进行比较,同时检测当天和储存3 d的新鲜全血以及7 d内去白细胞红细胞悬液中组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)的活性,以旁证去白细胞红细胞悬液在DIC治疗中的作用.结果:当天和储存3 d的新鲜全血,以及7 d内去白细胞红细胞悬液中t-PA的活性,三者间t-PA活性差异无统计学意义.用7 d内去白细胞红细胞悬液和新鲜冰冻血浆代替当天新鲜全血抢救DIC患者可取得同等效果.结论:7 d内去白细胞红细胞悬液中t-PA的活性与当天新鲜全血差异无统计学意义,抢救DIC时不必要强调输注新鲜全血,只要合理输注成分血,效果等同于新鲜全血.     

库存红细胞悬液乳酸和pH值检测的价值

目的检测库存红细胞悬液在贮存期内不同时间的乳酸和pH值结果变化,为临床不同病人输血治疗提供帮助,确保临床用血安全高效。方法取当天采集的全血(CPDA保养液),制备红细胞悬液(MAP添加剂)20人份,每份分装8小袋,保存于4℃专用贮血冰箱中,分别在1、3、5、7、14、21、28、35d时,检测乳酸(LAC)和pH值。结果 LAC随贮存时间的延长而明显增高,而pH值则随之下降。结论检测输注血液中的乳酸和pH值,可减少乳酸中毒的发生,增加临床输血治疗效果。     

婴幼儿先天性心脏病194例围术期处理体会

目的：回顾总结１９４例体重１０ｋｇ以下婴幼儿先天性心脏病围术期处理经验，探讨适合低体重婴幼儿特点的围术期处理常规。方法：患儿年龄３～３６个月，平均１４．７±１０．８个月；体重３．０～９．５ｋｇ，平均７．７±２．３ｋｇ。围术期处理主要采取以下措施：①术前完善各项检查，积极治疗肺炎、心力衰竭、贫血等并发症。②术后早期根据患儿肺部病变情况，动态地调整呼吸机参数，不主张长时间应用大潮气量、大呼气末正压的通气方式，适时选择拔管时机。③合理调整术后容量，避免短时间内输入大量库血，早期适量应用正性肌力药物改善心功能，对紫绀型小婴儿重视纠正低钙血症。结果：１９４例患儿中３０例（１５．４６％）出现术后并发症，死亡８例（４．１２％），主要原因为心跳骤停、肺动脉高压及多器官衰竭。结论：探讨并建立适合体重１０ｋｇ以下婴幼儿特点的围术期处理常规，这有助于降低术后并发症，减少死亡率。     

283例临床输血反应的分析

目的：回顾性分析我院近年来发生的输血反应。方法：对2006年1月-2009年9月期间输注各种血液成分的住院病例进行调查。结果：该期间共有41545人次的住院患者输注了111462U的各种血液成分,主要是去白红细胞悬液、新鲜冰冻血浆和冷沉淀;观察到283例发生了输血反应,反应发生率为0．25％,其中非溶血性发热性输血反应和过敏性输血反应占98．59％;不同的血液成分中,输注去白红细胞悬液、新鲜冰冻血浆和冷沉淀的输血反应发生率分别为0．16％、0．42％和0．30％。结论：急性输血反应主要是非溶血性发热性输血反应和过敏性输血反应,以输注新鲜冰冻血浆的反应发生率最高。     

极低出生体重儿红细胞输注的危险因素分析

目的:确立极低出生体重儿红细胞输注的独立危险因素,并探讨独立危险因素数量与红细胞输注发生率之间的关系。方法:对2020年6月至2021年3月在华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院住院治疗的出生体重≤1500 g的患儿进行回顾性分析,根据有无红细胞输注,将患儿分为输血组和非输血组。比较2组的临床资料、检查结果、临床并发症和住院期间的治疗措施,以确定红细胞输注的危险因素,并分析极低出生体重儿输血危险因素数量与红细胞输注发生率的关系。结果:70例极低出生体重儿中,44例接受红细胞输注,输注率为62.9%,输血组与非输血组比较,患儿的出生体重、住院身长、住院天数、妊娠天数、妊娠并发症总数以及5 min Apgar评分<7分、机械通气、肺出血、支气管肺发育不良、脓毒血症、颅内出血、住院天数>40 d的例数差异有统计学意义,多因素二元logistic回归分析表明,机械通气、5 min Apgar评分<7分和妊娠并发症是极低出生体重儿红细胞输注的独立临床预测因素,极低出生体重儿输血危险因素数量与红细胞输注发生率的关系呈正相关。结论:新生儿成熟度和临床严重程度相关的临床特征与极低出...     

5kg以下低体重婴幼儿先天性心脏病围手术期的护理

先天性心脏病是儿科常见的心血管疾病,随着医学技术的进步,儿童心脏外科的诊治逐渐向婴幼儿、新生儿和低体重儿的复杂性先心病领域发展。5kg以下低体重患儿往往病情重、易发生呼吸道反复感染[1],因此手术前后的护理工作尤其重要。近三年来,我科治疗5kg以下低体重婴幼儿先天性心脏病88例,效果良好,现报告如下。     

术前稀释式联合术中回收式自体输血在心脏手术中应用

目的:探讨术前稀释式联合术中回收式自体输血在心脏手术中血液保护效果。方法:选择2013-03-2015-06行冠状动脉搭桥术、心脏瓣膜置换术、先天性心脏病矫治术患者156例为研究对象,以采用自体输血的患者86例作为自体输血组,以采用库血输注的患者70例作为库血输注组。记录2组患者失血量、库血输注量以及自体输血组术前预存血量和术中回收血量。观察2组手术前后RBC、Hb、HCT、WBC、PLT、PT、APTT等血液指标变化情况。观察2组输血不良反应发生及预后情况。结果:1自体输血组共有71例依靠术前预存血和术中回收血渡过围手术期,15例因术中出血或术后引流血过多输注了库存血,而库血输注组70例患者中有68例输注了库存血。自体输血组平均库血输注量为(1.79±1.16)U,明显低于库血输注组(5.69±1.60)U(P0.05)。22组患者手术后第1天RBC、Hb、HCT、WBC、PLT、PT、APTT等血液指标与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05),但2组间手术后第1天比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。3自体输血组未发生输血不良反应情况,库血输注组发生发热反应2例和过敏反应1例。结论:在心脏手术联合应用术前稀释式和术中回收式自体输血,可明显减少输注异体血量和输血不良反应,是一种安全有效的输血方式。     

婴幼儿先天性心脏病476例外科治疗

目的 探讨婴幼儿先天性心脏病外科治疗经验.方法 2001年1月～2005年6月行婴幼儿先天性心脏病直视手术476例,男289例,女187例,年龄13日～36个月,体重3～16kg.非紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿307例,全部Ⅰ期根治,紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿169例,行Ⅰ期根治或分期手术.合并症有:中、重度肺动脉高压107例,中重营养不良37例,反复肺炎、抗心力衰竭药不能控制47例.结果 95.2%(453/476)痊愈出院.全组手术死亡率为4.8%(23/476),2004年以来死亡率2.9%(5/175);死亡病儿多为年龄小于1岁和复杂先天性心脏病,主要死因为低心输出量综合征和肺部并发症;限期手术死亡率6%(3/47).结论 婴幼儿先天性心脏病早期手术疗效良好.     

Biliary microlithiasis,sludge,crystals,microcrystallization,and usefulness of assessment of nucleation time

BACKGROUND:The process of microcrystallization,its sequel and the assessment of nucleation time is ignored.This systematic review aimed to highlight the importance of biliary microlithiasis,sludge,and crystals,and their association with gallstones,unexplained biliary pain,idiopathic pancreatitis, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction.DATA SOURCES:Three reviewers performed a literature search of the PubMed database.Key words used were"biliary microlithiasis","biliary sludge","bile crystals","cholesterol crystallisation","bile microscopy","microcrystal formation of bile","cholesterol monohydrate crystals","nucleation time of cholesterol","gallstone formation","sphincter of Oddi dysfunction"and"idiopathic pancreatitis".Additional articles were sourced from references within the studies from the PubMed search.RESULTS:We found that biliary microcrystals account for almost all patients with gallstone disease,7%to 79%with idiopathic pancreatitis,83%with unexplained biliary pain, and 25%to 60%with altered biliary and pancreatic sphincter function.Overall,the detection of biliary microcrystals in gallstone disease has a sensitivity ranging from 55%to 87%and a specificity of 100%.In idiopathic pancreatitis,the presence of microcrystals ranges from 47%to 90%.A nucleation time less than 10 days in hepatic bile or ultra-filtered gallbladder bile has a specificity of 100%for cholesterol gallstone disease.CONCLUSIONS:Biliary crystals are associated with gallstone disease,idiopathic pancreatitis,sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, unexplained biliary pain,and post-cholecystectomy biliary pain.Pathways of cholesterol super-saturation,crystallisation, and gallstone formation have been described with scientificsupport.Bile microscopy is a useful method to detect microcrystals and the assessment of nucleation time is a good method of predicting the risk of cholesterol crystallisation.     

Antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime in comparison with cefixime,cefdinir, cefetamet,ceftibuten, loracarbef,cefprozil, BAY 3522, cefuroxime,cefaclor and cefadroxil

Summary The new oral cephalosporins cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten demonstrate enhanced activity against Enterobacteriaceae susceptible to the established compounds as well (e.g. cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefadroxil). In addition, cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten include in their spectrum species hitherto resistant to oral cephalosporins (Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp.,Yersinia enterocolitica). Besides, the majority of these compounds demonstrate relevant activity (MIC₅₀ equal to or below 2 mg/l) againstEnterobacter spp.,Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp. andMorganella morganii. Ceftibuten is the most potent oral cephalosporin against most of the Enterobacteriaceae. Non-fermentative bacilli (Acinetobacter spp.,Pseudomonas spp.) remain completely resistant to oral cephalosporins (except someAcinetobacter species against cefdinir andPseudomonas cepacia against ceftibuten). Antistaphylococcal activity for oral cephalosporins is highest for cefdinir followed by BAY 3522, cefprozil, cefuroxime and cefpodoxime. Loracarbef, cefaclor and cefadroxil are about equally active, while the other compounds are only weakly active (cefixime) or inactive (cefetamet, ceftibuten). Enterococci are insensitive to new generation oral cephalosporins as they have been to established compounds. The most active oral cephalosporins against hemolytic streptococci are cefdinir and cefprozil.Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri andStreptococcus mitior are most susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefdinir, cefuroxime and BAY 3522. Penicillin resistant pneumococci have to be regarded as resistant to all oral cephalosporins. Fastidious pathogens likeHaemophilus spp.,Moraxella catarrhalis andNeisseria gonorrhoeae are more susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten than to the other oral cephalosporins. The activity of oral cephalosporins is only weak againstListeria spp.,Helicobacter pylori and anaerobic pathogens (except BAY 3522).Bordetella pertussis remains resistant to all absorbable cephalosporins. Progress in antibacterial activity of oral cephalosporins was mainly achieved by cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten against Enterobacteriaceae and the fastidious pathogens and against staphylococci and the nonenterococcal streptococci by cefdinir, BAY 3522, cefprozil and cefpodoxime.

---

Antibakterielle Aktivität von Cefpodoxim im Vergleich mit anderen oralen Cephalosporinen

Zusammenfassung Die neuen oralen Cephalosporine Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten zeigen eine verstärkte Aktivität auch gegen solche Enterobacteriaceae, die gegen etablierte Substanzen empfindlich sind (z.B. Cefuroxim, Cefaclor, Cefadroxil). Zusätzlich schließt das Spektrum von Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten Spezies ein, die gegen die bisherigen oralen Cephalosporine resistent waren (Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp.,Yersinia enterocolitica). Daneben zeigt die Mehrheit der neuen Substanzen erhöhte Aktivität (MHK₅₀<2 mg/l) gegenEnterobacter spp.,Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp. undMorganella morganii. Gegen die meisten Enterobacteriaceae ist Ceftibuten das wirksamste orale Cephalosporin. Non-Fermenter (Acinetobacter spp.,Pseudomonas spp.) bleiben gegenüber oralen Cephalosporinen vollständig resistent (mit Ausnahme einigerAcinetobacter-Spezies gegen Cefdinir undPseudomonas cepacia gegen Ceftibuten). Die Antistaphylokokken-Aktivität oraler Cephalosporine ist am höchsten bei Cefdinir, gefolgt von BAY 3522, Cefprozil, Cefuroxim und Cefpodoxim. Loracarbef, Cefaclor und Cefadroxil sind etwa gleich aktiv, während die anderen Substanzen nur schwach aktiv (Cefixim) oder inaktiv sind (Cefetamet, Ceftibuten). Enterokokken sind gegenüber der neuen Generation oraler Cephalosporine ebenso unempfindlich wie gegenüber den etablierten Substanzen. Die aktivsten oralen Cephalosporine gegen hämolysierende Streptokokken sind Cefdinir und Cefprozil.Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri undStreptococcus mitior sind am empfindlichsten gegen Cefpodoxim, Cefdinir, Cefuroxim und BAY 3522. Penicillin-resistente Pneumokokken müssen als resistent gegenüber allen oralen Cephalosporinen betrachtet werden. Anspruchsvolle Erreger wieHaemophilus spp.,Moraxella catarrhalis undNeisseria gonorrhoeae sind gegen Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten empfindlicher als gegen die anderen oralen Cephalosporine. Die Aktivität oraler Cephalosporine gegenListeria spp.,Helicobacter pylori und Anaerobier (Ausnahme BAY 3522) ist nur schwach.Bordetella pertussis bleibt gegen alle resorbierbaren Cephalosporine resistent. Der Fortschritt in der antibakteriellen Aktivität oraler Cephalosporine wurde gegen Enterobacteriaceae und anspruchsvolle Erreger hauptsächlich durch Cefpodoxim, Cefixim, Cefdinir, Cefetamet und Ceftibuten erlangt, gegen Staphylokokken und Streptokokken (außer Enterokokken) durch Cefdinir, BAY 3522, Cefprozil und Cefpodoxim.

---

---

Supported by Luitpold-Werk, a company of the Sankyo group.     

Electrochemical Recovery and Behaviors of Rare Earth (La,Ce, Pr,Nd, Sm,Eu, Gd,Tb, Dy,Ho, Er,Tm, and Yb) Ions on Ni Sheets

The electrochemical behaviors of rare earth (RE) ions have extensively been studied because of their high potential applications to the reprocessing of used nuclear fuels and RE-containing materials. In the present study, we fully investigated the electrochemical behaviors of RE(III) (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) ions over a Ni sheet electrode in 0.1 M NaClO₄ electrolyte solution by cyclic voltammetry between +0.5 and −1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Amperometry electrodeposition experiments were performed between −1.2 and −0.9 V to recover RE elements over the Ni sheet. The successfully RE-recovered Ni sheets were fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The newly reported recovery data for RE(III) ions over a metal electrode provide valuable information on the development of the treatment methods of RE elements.     

Clinical trials update: highlights of the scientific sessions of The American College of Cardiology 2002: LIFE,DANAMI 2, MADIT-2, MIRACLE-ICD,OVERTURE, OCTAVE,ENABLE 1 & 2, CHRISTMAS,AFFIRM, RACE,WIZARD, AZACS,REMATCH, BNP trial and HARDBALL

This article continues a series of reports updating recent research developments of particular interest to personnel involved in the treatment and management of patients with heart failure. This is a summary of selected presentations made at the American College of Cardiology 51st Annual Scientific Session held in Atlanta on 17-20 March 2002. Reports of the following clinical studies are included: LIFE, DANAMI 2, MADIT-2, MIRACLE-ICD, OVERTURE, OCTAVE, ENABLE 1 & 2, CHRISTMAS, AFFIRM, RACE, WIZARD, AZACS, REMATCH, BNP trial and HARDBALL.