软纤维瘤的二维及彩色多普勒超声特征分析

目的分析软纤维瘤(皮赘)的二维及彩色多普勒超声特征。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的27例软纤维瘤患者的二维及彩色多普勒超声图像特点,二维超声观察病变的位置、大小、形态、边界、内部回声及病变与周围组织的关系;彩色多普勒超声评价肿块内血流丰富程度。结果 27例软纤维瘤患者,超声表现为皮肤层类圆形或椭圆形肿块,肿块最大径线≤10 mm者22例(81.5%),>10 mm者5例(18.5%),边界清楚24例(88.9%),形态规则24例(88.9%);位于皮肤表面有蒂与皮肤层相连20例(74.1%),位于皮肤层内7例(25.9%);呈弱回声24例(88.9%),呈稍强回声3例(11.1%);回声均匀24例(88.9%),回声不均匀3例(11.1%),其中1例团块内可见片状无回声区。肿块内部血流信号Adler分级:0级22例(81.5%);1~2级3例(11.1%);3级2例(7.4%),其中2、3级血流分级者均有病变伴感染。结论软纤维瘤超声表现具有一定特征性,具体包括形态规则的均匀弱回声结节,多数有蒂与皮肤层相连,最大径线多≤10 mm,内部无明显血流信号,伴感染者血流信号丰富。     

毛鞘囊肿的超声特征分析

目的分析毛鞘囊肿二维及彩色多普勒的超声声像图特征。方法回顾性分析43例经手术病理证实的毛鞘囊肿的二维和彩色多普勒图像特征。结果 43例毛鞘囊肿患者,女18例(41.86%),男25例(58.14%),年龄21~68岁,平均(47.6±13.9)岁,二维超声:42例为单发(97.67%),1例为多发(2.33%)(2个团块),共44个团块,均表现为位于皮肤及皮下层的弱回声团块,其中31个团块(70.45%)位于头皮,13个团块(29.55%)位于除头皮外的其他部位,团块最大径线3~41mm,平均(14.10±7.17)mm,边界清楚43例(97.73%),形态规则41例(93.18%),内部回声不均匀42例(95.45%),内部见小片状无回声区40例(90.91%),内部见点状或斑片状强回声38例(86.36%),CDFI示0级42例(95.45%),Ⅰ级2例(4.55%),Ⅱ级及Ⅲ级0例(0%)。结论毛鞘囊肿为好发中年人毛发茂盛区的结节,其超声图像具有一定特点,表现为皮肤及皮下层弱回声团块,边界多清楚,形态多规则,内部回声多不均匀,多有液性区及钙化,多无血流信号,当破裂伴感染时,形态可不规则,血流信号增多,增生性毛鞘囊肿表现为均匀回声结节。掌握其超声特征有助于提高诊断准确率。     

软组织上皮样肉瘤的临床及超声特征分析

目的分析软组织上皮样肉瘤临床及超声声像图特征。方法回顾性分析17例经手术病理证实的软组织上皮样肉瘤的临床、灰阶和彩色多普勒超声图像特征。结果 17例软组织上皮样肉瘤患者,女10例(58.8%),男7例(41.2%),年龄28~63岁,平均(44.29±11.40)岁,复发9例(52.9%),原发8例(47.1%),均为扪及质硬肿块就诊,2例(11.8%)伴溃疡。灰阶超声:8例为单发(47.1%),9例为多发(52.9%),远端型12例(70.6%),近端型5例(29.4%),多发者包块均位于同一部位,呈融合状,且超声表现相同。同时累及皮肤皮下层2例(11.8%),仅累及皮下层5例(29.4%),仅累及肌层5例(29.4%),同时累及皮肤、皮下层及肌层5例(29.4%),均表现为弱回声团块,团块最大径线0.8~15 cm,平均(6.36±4.02)cm,边界不清楚12例(70.6%),形态不规则15例(88.2%),内部回声不均匀16例(94.1%),伴液化13例(76.5%),伴钙化4例(23.5%)。CDFI示0级3例(17.6%),Ⅰ级4例(23.5%),Ⅱ级3例(17.6%),Ⅲ级7例(41.2%)。结论软组织上皮样肉瘤多发生于中青年,易复发,临床表现为软组织质硬包块,部分皮肤伴溃疡,好发于四肢,超声表现为软组织内弱回声团块,边界多不清楚,形态多不规则,内部回声多不均匀,常伴液化,偶伴钙化,血流信号较丰富。掌握其临床及超声特征有助于提高诊断准确率。     

彩色多普勒超声对局限性Castleman病的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在局限性Castleman病(CD)诊断中的价值。方法分析总结19例局限性CD的彩色多普勒声像图表现。结果二维超声表现为实质性低回声病灶,边界清楚,内部回声均匀3例(15.8%),回声欠均10例(52.6%),内部回声不均并可见强回声分隔者6例(31.6%),彩色多普勒超声提示15例(78.9%)表现为血流信号极其丰富,6例(31.6%)可见粗大血流束进入病灶。结论彩色多普勒超声是术前诊断局限性CD的重要检查方法 。     

软骨肉瘤的超声表现分析

目的:分析软骨肉瘤的二维超声及彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)声像图,探讨软骨肉瘤的特征性超声表现。方法:回顾性分析经病理学确诊的19例软骨肉瘤患者的超声声像图表现,并结合其临床表现及病理分级综合分析。结果:19例软骨肉瘤,17例(89.5%)位于肌层深面,紧贴骨皮质表面;2例(10.5%)位于乳腺。肿块最长径≥5 cm者18例(94.7%),弱回声15例(78.9%),边界清晰12例(63.2%),形态不规则15例(78.9%),内部回声不均匀19例(100%),伴发骨质破坏17例(89.5%),钙化形成17例(89.5%)。CDFI血流评级0级和Ⅰ级血流12例(63.2%)。低级别软骨肉瘤9例(47.4%)、高级别软骨肉瘤10例(52.6%)。两组CDFI血流评级及钙化类型的差异有统计学意义,低级别组0级血流及斑片状钙化更多(P<0.05),但大小、边界、形态、内部回声、有无钙化、骨质破坏等方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:软骨肉瘤多表现为肌层深面、紧贴骨皮质生长的弱回声团块,肿块最长径多≥5 cm,边界多清晰,形态不规则,内部回声不均匀,多伴发骨质破坏、钙化形成,肿块内血供较少。低级别与高级别软骨肉瘤的超声差异主要是低级别中血供更少,钙化多为斑片状。     

浅表软组织肿块的超声检查评价

目的探讨二维高频超声及彩色多普勒超声对浅表软组织肿块的诊断价值.方法对121例浅表软组织肿块应用二维高频超声及彩色多普勒超声进行检查和分析.全部病例均经手术和病理学检查证实.结果良性肿块102例(其中脂肪瘤65例,腱鞘囊肿12例,神经鞘瘤7例,神经纤维瘤2例,血管瘤8例,结核脓肿5例,内膜移位1例).恶性肿块19例(其中恶性神经鞘瘤5例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤4例,隆突性皮肤纤维肉瘤4例,脂肪肉瘤4例,恶性颗粒细胞瘤1例,横纹肌肉瘤1例).良性肿块中边界不清者40例(39%),圆度系数＞2.0者59例(57.8%),内部回声多半分布均匀,彩色血流检出率20.58%.恶性肿块边界清晰者10例(52.6%),圆度系数＜1.5者12例(63.1%),内部回声多半不均匀,彩色血流检出率100%.结论二维高频和彩色多普勒超声有助于确定浅表软组织肿块的形态、大小及深度,区分肿块的囊实性与血流特征,具有一定的临床应用价值.     

隆突性皮肤纤维肉瘤23例超声表现分析

目的:评价超声在隆突性皮肤纤维肉瘤(DFSP)的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析23例手术证实DSFP的超声特点。结果:团块位于皮肤或皮下组织,内部回声以低回声为主,15例单发呈椭圆形,8例多发者呈分叶状。彩色血流显示:18例检出血流,8例级血流,6例级血流,4例级血流,动脉Vmax 15~32 cm/s,RI:0.56±0.05。结论:超声检查对DFSP有重要的诊断价值。     

乳腺癌声像图特征分析

目的探讨乳腺癌声像图与彩色血流特征的表现。方法通过二维超声了解乳腺癌的形态、边界、内部回声、纵横比、有无后方回声衰减等,再辅以彩色多普勒检查,观察病灶内部及周边的血流情况,并根据血流丰富程度分4个等级:0、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级。结果恶性肿块多表现为形态不规则者60例(94%)、边界粗糙者52例(81%)、内部回声不均匀者58例(91%)、纵横比大于1者61例(95%)、后方回声衰减者56例(88%)。根据CDFI血流分流,恶性肿块血流多为Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,54例(84%)。结论高频超声辅以CDFI进行乳腺恶性肿块的检测,能明显提高诊断率,为乳腺癌的早期诊断提供了有效的检查方法。     

脂肪母细胞瘤的临床及超声声像图分析

目的:回顾分析脂肪母细胞瘤的临床和超声表现特征。方法:回顾性分析四川大学华西医院46例脂肪母细胞瘤患者的资料,分析总结该病的临床与超声表现特征。结果:46例患者中,年龄≤3岁者35例(76%)。包块均为单发、无触痛;包块质软或质中39例(85%),活动良好或较好41例(89%)。包块位于皮下26例(57%)、肌层14例(30%)、皮下及肌层均受累2例(4%)、腹膜后或系膜上4例(9%)。包块最大径≥3.0 cm41例(89%)。包块表现为稍高回声33例(72%)、低回声11例(24%)、杂乱回声2例(4%)。包块边界清楚35例(76%),形态规则35例(76%),内部可见线状、条索状强回声分隔36例(78%),包块内出现钙化1例,裂隙状弱回声者1例。肿块内部血流信号Adler分级:0级20例(43%)、Ⅰ级23例(50%)、Ⅱ级3例(7%)。比较脂肪母细胞瘤弥漫型(10例)与局限型(36例),发现质地、活动度、部位、大小、形态、内部强回声分隔差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:脂肪母细胞瘤临床和超声表现有一定特点,好发于3岁以下婴幼儿,均单发,包块多质软或质中,活动良好或较好。声像图特征为包块多位于皮下,最长径>3 cm,多为内部伴有强回声分隔的稍高回声团块,边界清楚,形态规则,半数以上可见Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级血流信号。弥漫型脂肪母细胞瘤较局限型质硬,多位于肌层,最长径>6 cm,形态不规则,内部无强回声分隔。     

结节性筋膜炎的超声表现及误诊分析

目的探讨结节性筋膜炎二维及彩色多普勒超声声像图特点,分析超声误诊原因。方法回顾性分析53例经手术和病理证实的结节性筋膜炎患者的术前超声声像图表现,并归纳总结结节性筋膜炎的临床及超声病理特征。结果 53例结节性筋膜炎超声表现为单发圆形或类圆形结节,浅分叶状;43例为低回声,部分夹杂中高回声结构,8例为中等回声,2例为高回声;边界清楚或欠清楚,无明显包膜;53例结节后方回声均无衰减,50例结节后方回声增强;活动度好,与皮肤无粘连;CDFI:20例结节内部及周边未见明显血流,adler分级0级,33例结节内部或周边可测及血流信号,adler分级Ⅰ级18例,Ⅱ级15例,脉冲多普勒显示为动脉血流。其中病变累及皮下脂肪层45例,累及肌肉筋膜6例,累及血管2例。超声提示皮下结节44例(83%,44/54),超声误诊9例(17%,9/54,脂肪瘤5例,淋巴结2例,血管瘤2例)。结论结节性筋膜炎超声声像图有一定的特征性,彩色多普勒超声对结节性筋膜炎的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.