双侧上肢运动联合强制性运动疗法对脑卒中患者上肢功能恢复的影响

目的 观察双侧上肢运动（BAT）联合强制性运动疗法（CIMT）对恢复期脑卒中患者上肢运动功能及日常生活活动(ADL)能力的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将90例恢复期脑卒中患者分为对照组、BAT组及观察组,每组30例。3组患者均给予常规康复干预,包括关节活动度训练、Bobath治疗、手功能训练等;BAT组在此基础上辅以上肢双侧运动训练,观察组则在BAT组干预基础上辅以CIMT治疗,同时限制健侧上肢活动。于治疗前、治疗6周后分别采用简式Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评分（上肢FMA）和Carroll上肢功能测试量表（UEFT）评估3组患者上肢运动功能水平,同时采用改良Barthel指数量表（MBI）评估患者日常生活活动（ADL）能力情况。 结果 经治疗6周后3组患者上肢FMA评分、UEFT评分及MBI评分均较治疗前显著改善（P<0.05）,并且BAT组上肢FMA评分［（42.55±11.04）分］和UEFT评分［（76.11±8.89）分］均显著优于对照组水平,观察组上肢FMA评分［（57.64±10.57）分］、UEFT评分［（89.72±9.07）分］及MBI评分［（86.73±12.21）分］均显著优于BAT组及对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 BAT疗法与CIMT疗法联用能进一步改善恢复期脑卒中患者上肢功能,提高其ADL能力,该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

急性期介入低频重复经颅磁刺激对缺血性脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的影响

目的 探讨急性期介入低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对缺血性脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的影响。 方法 选取急性期缺血性脑卒中患者82例,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和试验组,每组41例,研究过程中每组均脱落1例,最终对照组和试验组各纳入40例。2组患者均给予常规康复治疗,试验组予以低频rTMS治疗,对照组予以rTMS假刺激治疗。治疗前、治疗4周后,采用Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA）上肢部分、Wolf运动功能评价量表（WMFT）、改良Barthel指数（MBI）、运动诱发电位(MEP)潜伏期和波幅评价2组患者的上肢运动功能。 结果 治疗前,2组患者FMA评分、WMFT评分、MBI评分、MEP波幅和潜伏期比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。治疗4周后,2组患者的FMA、WMFT、MBI评分和MEP波幅均较组内治疗前明显改善（P＜0.05）,且试验组治疗4周后的FMA［(39.20±7.36)分］、WMFT［(54.43±9.28)分］、MBI［(62.18±9.53)分］、MEP波幅［（0.74±0.08）mV］改善较对照组显著（P＜0.05）。 结论 急性期介入低频rTMS可改善缺血性脑卒中患者的上肢运动功能,提高日常生活活动能力。     

优化运动技巧对脑卒中后上肢及手部精细功能恢复的影响

目的探讨优化运动技巧对脑卒中后上肢及手部精细功能恢复的影响。 方法选取脑卒中患者68例,按随机数字表法将其分为训练组和对照组,每组34例。2组患者均给予常规康复训练,训练组在此基础上增加优化运动技巧训练。训练前及训练6周后,采用Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA）上肢运动功能评分、改良Barthel指数（MBI）、Carr-Shepherd手精细功能评分对2组患者的康复疗效进行评定。 结果训练前,2组患者FMA上肢运动功能评分、MBI及Carr-Shepherd手精细功能评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。与组内训练前比较,2组患者训练6周后FMA上肢运动功能评分、MBI及Carr-Shepherd手精细功能评分均大幅度提高（P<0.05）。训练6周后,训练组FMA上肢运动功能评分［（41.41±15.05）分］、MBI［（83.46±15.65）分］及Carr-Shepherd手精细功能评分［（7.48±1.55）分］较对照组FMA上肢运动功能评分［（30.05±12.98）分］、MBI［（71.59±15.28）分］及Carr-Shepherd手精细功能评分［（4.19±1.52）分］高（P<0.05）。 结论在常规康复训练基础上增加优化运动技巧训练,可有效改善脑卒中患者上肢及手部的精细协调功能,提高其日常生活活动（ADL）能力。     

上肢康复机器人联合常规康复训练对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力恢复的影响

目的探讨上肢康复机器人联合常规康复训练对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能和日常生活活动（ADL）能力恢复的影响。 方法选取脑卒中恢复期患者42例,按照随机数字表法将其分为观察组和对照组,每组21例。对照组进行常规康复训练,观察组在对照组基础上增加上肢康复机器人训练,每日2次。训练前、训练3个月后（治疗后）,采用Wolf运动功能评价量表（WMFT）、Fugl-Meyer评定量表（FMA）和改良Barthel指数（BMI）对2组患者的上肢运动功能及ADL能力进行评价。 结果治疗过程中,观察组缺失1例,缺失率为4.76%,对照组缺失2例,缺失率为9.52%,缺失率均＜20%。与组内训练前比较,2组患者训练后WMFT、FMA、MBI评分均较高（P<0.05）。与观察组训练后比较,对照组训练后WMFT［（46.58±3.90）分］、FMA［（31.95±2.89）分］、MBI评分［（79.74±9.81）分］均较低（P<0.05）。 结论上肢康复机器人联合常规康复训练可明显改善脑卒中患者的上肢运动功能和ADL能力,值得临床应用、推广。     

改良强制性运动疗法对脑卒中患者上肢功能及日常生活能力的影响

目的观察改良强制性运动疗法对脑卒中患者上肢功能及日常生活活动（ADL）能力的影响。 方法选取脑卒中偏瘫患者60例,采用随机数字表法将其分为改良组和常规组,每组30例。改良组采用改良强制性运动疗法,常规组治疗以Bobath技术、运动再学习技术为主,进行上肢功能训练。治疗前、后,采用简式Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评价量表（FMA）、简易上肢功能检查量表（STEF）评定患者的上肢功能,采用改良Barthel指数（MBI）评定患者的ADL能力。 结果治疗前,2组患者FMA、STEF、MBI评分间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。与组内治疗前比较,2组患者治疗8周后（治疗后）FMA、STEF、MBI评分均较高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与常规组治疗后比较,改良组治疗后FMA［（52.80±5.37）分］、STEF［（63.17±5.34）分］、MBI评分［（66.67±6.16）分］明显较高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论改良强制性运动疗法可显著改善脑卒中患者的上肢功能,提高患者的日常生活能力,值得临床应用、推广。     

虚拟现实技术结合运动想象疗法对脑卒中患者上肢功能恢复的影响

目的探讨虚拟现实（VR）技术结合运动想象疗法对脑卒中患者上肢功能恢复的影响。 方法选取39例脑卒中偏瘫患者,按随机数字表法将其分成治疗组（20例）和对照组（19例）,对照组给予运动想象疗法,治疗组在此基础上辅以VR技术,每次30min,每周6次,共8周。治疗前、后对2组患者进行评定,采用上肢Fugl-Meyer评分(FMA)评定患者的上肢运动功能,采用改良Barthel指数（MBI）评定患者的日常生活活动能力,并采用肌电图仪测定患者偏瘫侧上肢相关肌肉的肌电积分（iEMG）。 结果治疗前,2组患者上肢FMA评分、MBI评分及患侧上肢肌肉iEMG值组间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）;治疗8周后,2组患者上述指标均较治疗前显著改善（P<0.05）,且治疗组FMA评分［（32.7±5.5）分］、MBI评分［（59.6±10.1）分］、三角肌iEMG值［（52.4±11.6）μV］、肱三头肌iEMG值［（38.6±7.3）μV］、前臂伸肌肌群iEMG值［（29.4±5.7）μV］的改善幅度均较对照组显著（P<0.05）。 结论VR技术结合运动想象疗法可更有效改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的上肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力。     

镜像疗法结合运动想象疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响

目的 观察镜像疗法（MT）结合运动想象疗法（MI）对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响。 方法 选取脑卒中偏瘫上肢功能障碍患者90例,采用随机数字表法分成运动想象组（A组）、镜像疗法组(B组)和综合治疗组(C组),每组患者30例。所有患者均接受常规康复治疗,A组在此治疗的基础上增加运动想象疗法,B组在此治疗基础上增加镜像疗法,C组在此治疗基础上增加运动想象和镜像疗法,3组患者均治疗8周。于治疗前和治疗4、8周后采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA)、Carroll手功能评定(UEFT)以及改良的Barthel指数评定（MBI）对3组患者进行疗效评定。 结果 治疗4、8周后,3组患者FMA评分、UEFT评分、MBI评分较组内治疗前均明显改善,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗4、8周后,B组患者的FMA、UEFT、MBI评分均优于A组同时间点,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗4、8周后,C组患者的FMA［（30.03±4.06）分和（42.67±3.54）分］、UEFT［（58.03±3.76）分和（65.17±2.78）分］、MBI评分［（59.57±3.34）分和（66.93±3.35）分］均优于A组和B组同时间点,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 镜像疗法优于运动想象疗法,但镜像疗法结合运动想象疗法则能更有效地促进脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的改善,提高患者的日常生活活动能力,且疗程越长疗效越佳。     

基于游戏的运动反馈训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能恢复的影响

目的探讨基于游戏的运动反馈训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能恢复的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将80例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为对照组及观察组,每组40例。2组患者均给予常规康复干预（包括运动再学习训练、作业治疗及低频电刺激等）,观察组患者在此基础上增加基于游戏的运动反馈训练。于训练前、训练2周及训练4周后分别采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）上肢部分及改良Barthel指数(MBI)对2组患者上肢功能和日常生活活动能力改善情况进行评定;同时于上述时间点采用PABLO型上肢功能评估系统检测2组患者偏瘫侧腕关节背伸活动度。 结果治疗前2组患者上肢FMA、MBI评分、腕关节背伸活动度组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。从治疗第2周开始,观察组患者上肢FMA评分［（37.56±8.66）分］、MBI评分［（48.49±8.92）分］及腕关节背伸活动度［（11.62±3.54）°］均显著优于训练前水平(P<0.05);对照组患者上肢FMA、MBI评分及腕关节背伸活动度在训练4周后才显著优于训练前水平(P<0.05)。通过组间比较发现,在治疗4周后观察组患者上肢FMA评分［（48.63±9.57）分］、MBI评分［（75.76±9.28）分］及腕关节背伸活动度［（21.22±4.86）°］均显著优于对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论在常规康复干预基础上增加基于游戏的运动反馈训练,能进一步改善脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢运动功能,该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

虚拟情景互动训练结合作业疗法对脑卒中患者上肢功能恢复的影响

目的探讨虚拟情景互动训练结合作业疗法对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能、日常生活活动（ADL）能力及生存质量的影响。 方法选取脑卒中后上肢运动功能障碍患者72例,按随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组36例。2组患者均接受常规康复训练和作业治疗,观察组在此基础上增加虚拟情景互动训练。治疗前及治疗8周后（治疗后）,采用Fugl-Meyer量表(FMA)、改良Barthel指数（MBI）及健康调查简易量表（SF-36）对2组患者的上肢功能、ADL能力及生存质量进行评定。 结果治疗前,2组患者FMA、MBI及SF-36评分之间比较,差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。治疗后,2组患者FMA、MBI及SF-36评分均较组内治疗前有所提高（P<0.05）。与对照组治疗后比较,观察组FMA评分［（56.63±11.57）分］、MBI评分［（75.6±12.2）分］及SF-36评分［（83.5±12.4）分］明显高于对照组FMA评分［（42.32±10.43）分］、MBI评分［（65.1±11.8）分］及SF-36评分［（68.3±10.6）分］,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。经相关性分析后,发现脑卒中患者上肢运动功能改善与ADL能力（r=0.882,P<0.01）和生存质量（r=0.715,P<0.05）改善之间存在明显相关性。 结论虚拟情景互动训练结合作业疗法有助于脑卒中患者上肢运动功能恢复,对其ADL能力和生存质量有一定的改善作用。     

镜像视觉反馈疗法对脑卒中后偏瘫患者上肢功能及其日常生活活动能力的影响

目的观察镜像视觉反馈疗法(MVF)对脑卒中后偏瘫患者上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力的影响。 方法将脑卒中后偏瘫患者27例按随机数字表法分为治疗组14例和对照组13例。组患者均根据自身功能障碍情况给予对应的常规康复疗法（包括物理治疗和作业治疗），治疗组在上述治疗方案的基础上增加MVF疗法治疗，对照组则仅进行假MVF疗法治疗。于治疗前和治疗4周后（治疗后）采用Brunnstrom分期、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表(FMA)上肢部分、功能独立性评定（FIM）自理能力部分以及改良的Barthel指数（MBI）分别评估2组患者的上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力。 结果治疗后，2组患者上肢和手的Brunnstrom分期［（4.36±1.08）期和（3.57±1.34）期］、FMA上肢部分评分［（37.93±19.96）分］、MBI评分［（82.71±14.44）分］、FIM自理能力评分［（26.79±5.74）分］与组内治疗前比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01），且除手部Brunnstrom分期外，其余各项与对照组治疗后比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论MVF疗法可显著改善脑卒中后患者偏瘫上肢的运动功能和日常生活活动能力。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.