红细胞分布宽度对老年社区获得性肺炎预后的评估价值

目的:探讨红细胞分布宽度(RDW)与老年社区获得性肺炎(CAP)病情危重程度的关系及对预后的评估价值。方法:回顾性分析88例社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者的临床病历资料。根据28 d预后分为存活组52例与死亡组36例。分析RDW与肺炎严重程度评分(PSI)的关系。采用Logistic回归分析老年CAP患者预后的独立危险因素。绘制受试者工作(ROC)曲线评估RDW与生物标志物组合对老年CAP患者预后的预测价值。结果:死亡组的RDW、D-二聚体、APACHEⅡ评分及PSI评分明显高于存活组(P0.01或P0.05);RDW随着PSI评分升高而升高,两者呈正相关(r=0.49 P0.01);RDW、D-二聚体、APACHEⅡ评分及PSI评分均是老年CAP患者28 d死亡的独立预测因素;RDW、D-二聚体的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.81、0.76,截断值分别为12.98%,0.43 mg/L。RDW联合D-二聚体的AUC为0.86。结论:RDW对老年CAP患者的预后有一定评估价值。联合检测RDW及D-二聚体能提高老年CAP患者预后的评估价值。     

D-二聚体对老年重症社区获得性肺炎30天死亡率的预测价值

目的探讨D-二聚体水平对住院老年重症社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者30d死亡率的预测价值。方法152例符合诊断标准的老年重症CAP患者纳入研究,人院后即进行D-二聚体、c-反应蛋白（CRP）检测及肺炎严重度指数（PSI）评分,记录患者30d死亡率。采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）分析D-二聚体对30d死亡率的预测价值,计算曲线下面积（AUC）。结果PSI评分Ⅳ级患者的D-二聚体水平为（961．55±186．49）μg／L,V级为（1122．53±197．98）μg／L,两者差异有明显统计学意义（t=5．159,P〈0．001）;死亡患者的D-二聚体水平（1112．59±215．25）μg／L明显高于存活患者的D-二聚体水平（920．46±126．89）μg／L（t=6．239,P〈0．001）。Pearson相关性分析显示,D-二聚体和PSI有明显相关性（r=0．47,P〈0．0001）;ROC分析表明D-二聚体的AUC为：0．79（95％CI：O．72～0．85）,和PSI的AUC相比差异无统计学意义（0．85,95％CI：0．78～0．91,P=0．095）。结论D-二聚体水平对住院老年重症CAP患者30d死亡率有较好预测价值。     

肺炎严重度指数、CURB-65评分和血清降钙素原对老年社区获得性肺炎病情及预后的评估价值

目的 探讨肺炎严重度指数（pneumonia severity index,PSI）、CURB-65评分和血清降钙素原（procalcitonin,PCT）评估老年社区获得性肺炎（community acquired pneumonia,CAP）住院患者病情严重程度及预后的价值.方法 选取入住江苏省盐城市第三人民医院呼吸内科CAP患者191例,用PSI、CURB-65评分系统进行评估,同时测定患者PCT.比较两种评分系统、血清PCT对患者病情严重程度以及患者预后的价值（患者住院30 d后的存活情况）.结果 PSI低风险组79例,中风险组90例,高风险组22例,血清PCT中位数分别为0.27 ng/mL、0.41 ng/mL、1.13 ng/mL,30 d死亡人数分别为4、12、10例,30d死亡率分别为5.1％、13.3％、45.5％. CURB-65评分低风险组85例,中风险组90例,高风险组16例,血清PCT中位数分别为0.22 ng/mL,0.45 ng/mL,0.69 ng/mL,30 d死亡人数分别为6、13、7例;30d死亡率分别为7.1％、14.4％、43.8％.死亡组PSI、CURB65评分及血清PCT中位数明显高于存活组（P＜0.001）;3个风险组血清PCT水平存在显著差异,随着风险级别的增高,血清PCT水平明显升高（P＜0.001）.结论 PSI、CURB-65评分和血清PCT可有效评估老年CAP患者病情严重程度及预后.     

D-二聚体、C反应蛋白、血沉与老年社区获得性肺炎严重程度的关系

目的探讨血浆D-二聚体、C反应蛋白（CRP）和血沉水平与老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）严重程度的关系。方法收集130例老年CAP患者的临床资料,按不同的病情严重程度评分标准对患者进行分组,分别测定患者血浆D-二聚体、CRP、血沉水平,分析其在不同分组间的差异。结果不同肺炎严重度指数（PSI）分级间、不同CURB-65分组间D-二聚体、CRP水平比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,重症肺炎组D-二聚体、CRP水平均显著高于非重症肺炎组（P〈0．01）。血沉水平在以上不同分组间比较差异均无统计学意义。血浆D-二聚体与CRP水平显著相关（r=0．368,P〈0．01）。结论血浆CRP、D-二聚体水平与CAP的严重程度有一定的相关性,可作为判断病情的指标。     

老年脓毒症患者预后相关因素的价值探讨

【】目的：探讨预测老年脓毒症患者预后的相关因素的价值。方法：对2014年7月至2015年7月北京医院急诊抢救室和监护室的139例老年脓毒症患者,入院时检测C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、D-二聚体和动脉乳酸,并分别记录24小时的急诊脓毒症病死率 (MEDS) 评分、急性生理学与慢性健康情况评价系统Ⅱ(APACHE II)评分。根据28天的转归,将139例脓毒症患者分为存活组和死亡组,比较上述指标在两组间有无统计学差异。采用多因素logistic回归分析筛选其预测死亡的独立危险因素,应用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)比较危险因素的预测能力。结果：存活组80例,死亡组59例。两组比较,发现上述指标均有统计学意义。多因素logistic回归分析发现D-二聚体(OR=1.050,P=0.047)、动脉乳酸(OR=1.529,P=0.014)、MEDS评分(OR=1.180,P=0.012)和APACHE II评分(OR=1.103,P=0.036)是预测死亡的独立危险因素。D-二聚体、动脉乳酸、MEDS评分和APACHE II评分的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.643、0.806、0.828、0.831。同APACHE II评分比较曲线下面积(AUC),动脉乳酸、MEDS评分的P值大于0.05,没有统计学意义。结论：MEDS评分、动脉乳酸、D-二聚体是预测老年脓毒症患者死亡的独立风险因素,MEDS评分、动脉乳酸预测能力与APACHE II评分相当。     

APACHEⅡ评分及血清C反应蛋白对成人社区获得性肺炎患者的近期预后评估

目的探讨APACHEⅡ评分和血清CRP在成人社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者近期预后评估中的价值。方法回顾性分析淮南市第一人民医院呼吸内科和ICU 2015年1月至2016年12月收治的125例成人CAP患者的APACHEⅡ评分和血清CRP,根据30天生存情况和PSI评分、CURB-65评分将CAP患者分为生存组、死亡组、低风险组、中风险组和高风险组,观察其在不同预后组和风险组间的差异。结果死亡组CAP患者APACHEⅡ评分、CRP均高于存活组(P0.001)。APACHEⅡ评分和CRP在不同风险组间比较,差异有统计学意义(APACHEⅡ评分,P0.001;CRP,P=0.001),两者均随风险增加而增加。APACHEⅡ评分、CRP与PSI评分、CURB-65评分间存在正相关性(r_s分别为0.885、0.835、0.358、0.345,P0.001)。使用ROC曲线分析APACHEⅡ评分、PSI评分和CURB-65评分预测CAP患者30天病死率的曲线下面积(AUC)均大于CRP,APACHEⅡ评分的AUC大于CURB-65评分(P0.05)。结论 APACHEⅡ评分和血清CRP与成人CAP患者病情严重程度和近期病死率呈正相关,使用APACHEⅡ评分和血清CRP检测对成人CAP患者近期预后评估具有重要的临床价值和指导意义。     

D-二聚体、急诊脓毒症病死率评分及急性生理学与慢性健康状况评价系统Ⅱ评分对急诊脓毒症患者预后的预测价值

目的探讨D-二聚体、急诊脓毒症病死率(MEDS)评分和急性生理学与慢性健康状况评价系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分对急诊脓毒症患者预后的预测价值。方法选择2013年1月—2015年6月江苏省南通大学附属医院急诊内科收治的急诊脓毒症患者140例,记录其一般情况并检测入院时白细胞计数、血红蛋白、清蛋白、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、D-二聚体,并分别记录入院24 h MEDS评分、APACHEⅡ评分。根据28 d转归将所有患者分为存活组和死亡组,比较两组患者上述指标的差异;采用多因素logistic回归分析筛选急诊脓毒症患者死亡的危险因素;绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析D-二聚体、MEDS评分及APACHEⅡ评分对急诊脓毒症患者预后的预测价值。结果存活组80例,死亡组60例。两组患者性别、年龄、感染部位、体温、白细胞计数、血红蛋白、清蛋白比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);死亡组患者CRP、PCT、D-二聚体、MEDS评分及APACHEⅡ评分高于对照组(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,D-二聚体〔OR=1.056,95%CI(1.014,1.257)〕、MEDS评分〔OR=1.102,95%CI(1.017,1.365)〕及APACHEⅡ评分〔OR=1.186,95%CI(1.057,1.698)〕是急诊脓毒症患者死亡的独立危险因素。ROC曲线显示,APACHEⅡ评分预测急诊脓毒症患者预后的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.854,MEDS评分为0.820,D-二聚体为0.610,MEDS评分及APACHEⅡ评分预测急诊脓毒症患者预后的AUC大于D-二聚体(P0.05);而MEDS评分与APACHEⅡ评分预测急诊脓毒症患者预后的AUC比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 D-二聚体、MEDS评分及APACHEⅡ评分是急诊脓毒症患者死亡的独立危险因素,MEDS评分与APACHEⅡ评分均对急诊脓毒症患者预后具有较高的预测价值。     

血乳酸清除率和D-二聚体联合检测判断老年重症肺炎患者转归分析

目的分析动态检测血乳酸及D-二聚体水平在预测老年重症肺炎患者转归中的应用价值。方法选取老年重症肺炎患者94例作为研究对象,根据患者的转归分为存活组(63例)和死亡组(31例),比较分析两组患者的动脉血乳酸、6 h内乳酸清除率及D-二聚体水平的变化、疾病评估预后系统(APACHEⅡ)评分。结果存活组患者血乳酸水平在入院治疗12~24 h后迅速降低到正常水平,而死亡组患者血乳酸呈持续高水平状态;死亡组患者D-二聚体水平治疗72 h内无明显下降,明显高于存活组(P0.05);APACHEⅡ评分与血乳酸浓度呈正相关(r=0.656,P0.05)。结论动态监测老年重症肺炎患者的血乳酸及D-二聚体水平,可以评估疗效,判断预后,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

HAP评分联合BISAP评分及D-二聚体检测对重症急性胰腺炎有较高的预后评估价值

目的：探讨HAP评分联合急性胰腺炎严重程度床边指数（BISAP）评分及血浆D-二聚体水平对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）预后评估的价值。方法：选取2017年6月-2018年12月在东莞市人民医院收治的急性胰腺炎（AP组）患者180例，其中，轻症急性胰腺炎（MAP组）56例，中度重症急性胰腺炎（MSAP组）60例，SAP（SAP组）64例。根据住院期间预后情况分为预后良好组（33例）和预后不良组（31例）。180例健康体检者作为对照组。对AP患者进行无害性胰腺炎（HAP）评分、BISAP评分；免疫比浊法检测血浆D-二聚体水平；采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估HAP评分、BISAP评分及血浆D-二聚体水平对SAP患者预后评估的价值；Z检验比较预后价值。结果：AP组患者血浆D-二聚体水平较对照组明显升高（P＜0.05）；随着AP病情的加重，患者HAP评分、BISAP评分及血浆D-二聚体水平逐渐升高（P均＜0.05）。预后不良组SAP患者HAP评分、BISAP评分及血浆D-二聚体水平较预后良好组明显升高（P均＜0.05）；HAP评分、BISAP评分、血浆D-二聚体水平单独预测SAP患者不良预后的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.826（95%CI：0.724~0.928）、0.838（95%CI：0.741~0.935）、0.831（95%CI：0.730~0.932），截断值分别为1.765、2.420、0.950mg/L，敏感度分别为74.2%、87.1%、80.6%，特异性分别为75.8%、69.7%、75.8%；三者联合预测的ROC曲线下面积为0.952（95%CI：0.905~0.999），敏感度为96.8%，特异性为81.8%；联合预测SAP患者不良预后与单独预测比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：SAP患者HAP评分、BISAP评分及血浆D-二聚体水平明显升高，三者联合检测对SAP具有较高的预后评估价值。     

早期血乳酸监测在老年社区获得性肺炎中的临床价值

目的研究早期乳酸和乳酸清除率监测对老年社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者预后的评估价值。方法收集我院急诊科入院时血乳酸升高老年CAP患者55例,根据预后分为死亡组和存活组,比较两组患者的乳酸水平、6 h和24 h乳酸清除率、机械通气、急性生理学及慢性健康状况评价Ⅱ（acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ,APACHEⅡ）评分等指标的区别;把55例乳酸升高CAP患者根据乳酸清除率≥10%和〈10%分为两组,比较两组病死率和APACHEⅡ评分等指标的区别。结果死亡组与存活组患者比较,在入院乳酸值、6 h和24 h乳酸清除率有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;6 h乳酸清除率≤10%的老年CAP患者病死率明显大于乳酸清除率≥10%患者（P〈0.01）。结论入院时乳酸值和6 h乳酸清除率是评价老年CAP患者预后的良好指标。6 h清除率≤10%时提示患者预后较差。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.