体重指数、腰围与血糖、血压的关系

目的 探讨体重指数、腰围与血糖、血压的关系.方法 2000年对克拉玛依市12个单位取样调查4830人测身高,体重,腰围（WC）,测血糖,血压,计算体重指数（BMI）.BMI、 WC按中国肥胖标准分组,男女按BMI各分为三组：（1）正常组BMI＜24 kg/m^2,（2）超重组BMI≥24～＜28 kg/m^2,（3）肥胖组BMI≥28 kg/m^2;男女按WC各分两组：男性正常组WC≤85 cm,腹型肥胖组WC＞85 cm;女性正常组WC≤80 cm,腹型肥胖组WC＞80 cm.男女各组间血糖,收缩压,舒张压进行统计学分析.结果 （1）男女各组间血糖、收缩压、舒张压均有显著性差异（P＜0.01）;（2）多元回归分析示男女血糖、收缩压、男性舒张压与BMI、 WC正相关（P＜0.01）,女性舒张压与BMI、WC无相关性（P＞0.05）.结论 为了防治糖尿病及高血压病,控制肥胖及腹型肥胖甚为重要,控制体重指数,腰围为基本的措施之一.     

不同体质量指数老年高血压患者血压水平与臂踝动脉脉搏波传导速度及踝臂血压指数的相关性

目的探讨不同体质量指数(BMI)老年高血压患者血压水平与臂踝动脉脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)及踝臂血压指数(ABI)的相关性。方法入选2015年5月至2018年5月确诊的老年高血压患者共251例,根据患者的BMI分为正常组(18.5～24.0)kg/m~2和非正常组[超重组(24.0～28.0)kg/m~2,轻度肥胖组(28.0～30.0)kg/m~2与重度肥胖组(≥30.0)kg/m~2]。比较各组患者的血压水平、baPWV及ABI的差异,分析不同BMI老年高血压患者的血压与baPWV及ABI的相关性。结果重度肥胖组患者血压水平高于轻度肥胖组、超重组和正常组(P0.05),baPWV水平高于超重组和正常组(P0.05);而ABI低于轻度肥胖组、超重组和正常组(P0.05);轻度肥胖组患者收缩压与baPWV水平高于超重组和正常组(P0.05),而ABI低于超重组和正常组(P0.05);超重组患者血压与baPWV水平高于正常组(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果表明,BMI非正常组患者收缩压与ABI呈负相关(r=-0.565,P0.01),与baPWV呈正相关(r=0.532,P0.01);舒张压与ABI呈负相关(r=-0.729,P0.01),与baPWV呈正相关(r=0.485,P0.01)。多元线性回归分析表明,BMI、收缩压、舒张压、年龄、吸烟、饮酒、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)是影响baPWV与ABI的主要因素(P0.05)。结论 BMI非正常组老年高血压患者的收缩压、舒张压与baPWV呈正相关,而与ABI呈负相关。     

老年人体质量指数、腰围与血压关系的探讨

目的 探讨老年人血压与体质量指数（BMI）和腰围（WC）的关系。方法 入选2010年1月至2014年12月期间在解放军总医院门诊部干部诊疗科接受查体的离退休老干部449例，按BMI将研究对象分为BMI正常组、超重组和肥胖组。按WC将研究对象分为WC正常组和腹型肥胖组，对其基本情况和血压情况进行记录分析。结果 在超重组、肥胖组和腹型肥胖组中，男性和女性间检出率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。超重者和肥胖者的24h平均收缩压（SBP24h）、24h平均舒张压（DBP24h）以及高血压检出率均显著高于正常BMI者；腹型肥胖者上述指标也显著高于WC正常者。相关分析证实BMI和WC与SBP24h、DBP24h均显著正相关。结论 本研究证实老年人群中BMI和WC与血压的正相关性，提示体质量管理在高血压防治中的重要性。     

超重/肥胖与动态血压变化的关系

目的:探讨超重/肥胖和动态血压(ABP)变化的相互关系。方法:根据体重指数(BMI)共选择121例肥胖(n=62)、超重(n=39)和正常对照组(n=20)做24h动态血压检测(ABPM),比较3组ABP值的变化。结果:24h、日间和夜间平均收缩压和舒张压水平、日间和夜间血压负荷值在肥胖组>超重组>正常对照组(P<0.01),以夜间收缩压升高更明显;30%超重和56.8%肥胖者血压昼夜节律消失(P<0.01),夜间血压下降率<10%,呈非杓型曲线;BMI、腰围(WC)和ABP各值、负荷值、夜间血压下降率均呈正相关(r=0.32～0.467,P<0.05～<0.01),相关程度夜间高于日间,WC优于BMI。结论:超重、肥胖或腹型肥胖不仅加重血压负荷,还影响昼夜血压节律,这种改变WC高于BMI,且多出现在夜间。     

糖尿病患者24小时动态血压特点

86例Ⅱ型糖尿病病人行24小时动态血压监测,根据结果,分为糖尿病合并高血压（高压组）组42例,未合并高血压（未高组）组44例。结果：高压组较未高组的胰岛素、胰岛素敏感指数、体重指数、腰围／臀围、白天平均舒张压及夜间平均收缩压、舒张压均显增高,夜间收缩压及舒张压下降百分率均显降低;86例病人24小时平均收缩压与胰岛素、胰岛素敏感指数呈显正相关;24小时平均舒张压与体重指数及腰围／臀围呈显正相关。提示：Ⅱ型糖尿病肥胖减轻体重是预防高血压的有利措施,合并高血压时,夜间适当给予抗高血压治疗。     

老年患者24h动态血压监测及血压变异性与踝臂指数的相关性分析

目的探讨老年患者24 h动态血压监测及血压变异性(blood pressure variability,BPV)与踝臂指数(ankle-brachial index,ABI)之间的相关性。方法选择于2014年1月至2015年8月来广州市番禺区中心医院就诊的65~80岁老年患者220例,按照ABI数值将所有老年人分为正常ABI组(ABI0.9)和异常ABI组(ABI≤0.9或ABI1.3),其中正常ABI组121例,异常ABI组119例。比较两组患者24 h动态血压参数和BPV参数。按照血压高低将患者分为高血压组(95例)和非高血压组(125例),分析比较两组BPV参数及ABI差异。采用Logistic回归分析法分析ABI的独立危险因素。结果高血压组24 h收缩压BPV、夜间收缩压BPV明显高于非高血压组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。异常ABI组24 h舒张压、白天舒张压、夜间舒张压、24 h收缩压BPV明显低于正常ABI组,夜间收缩压BPV明显高于正常ABI组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,夜间舒张压、夜间收缩压BPV是ABI的独立危险因素。结论老年患者的舒张压、夜间舒张压、夜间收缩压BPV是影响ABI的独立危险因素,BPV与ABI明显相关,平稳控制血压对延缓动脉硬化的发生有一定影响。     

人体质量指数与运动血压的相关性研究

目的：观察人体质量指数（BMI）不同的患者行平板运动试验时运动血压的变化。方法：BMI正常患者224例（正常对照组）,肥胖患者109例（肥胖组）,行平板运动实验检查,比较两组之间运动血压的差别,并分析BMI和运动血压之间的相关性。结果：肥胖组患者静息血压（收缩压、舒张压）,运动峰值血压（收缩压、舒张压）,恢复期血压（收缩压、舒张压）和恢复期脉压均明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）。肥胖组患者运动高血压的发生率明显高于正常对照组（9.2%比3.6%,P〈0.05）,且BMI与运动血压呈明显正相关（r=0.123～0.205,P〈0.05）。结论：肥胖患者运动中血压变化异常,提示肥胖患者有血管舒缩功能障碍和心脏自主神经功能紊乱。     

高血压病合并2型糖尿病患者动态血压与CAVI及ABI相关性研究

目的探讨高血压病（EH）及合并2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者24 h动态血压水平及与心踝血管指数（CAVI）、踝臂指数（ABI）的相关性。方法随机入选90例高血压病患者,分为单纯高血压病组（EH组,n=47）,高血压病伴糖尿病组（EH＋T2DM组,n=43）。所有入选者进行24 h动态血压监测,CAVI、ABI指标及颈动脉超声检查。对两组上述指标进行比较,并对动态血压与CAVI、ABI进行直线相关分析。结果与EH组患者比较,EH＋T2DM组患者各时段的平均收缩压（SBP）、脉压（PP）、收缩压负荷（SBP-L）及CAVI呈增高趋势,而ABI和夜间血压下降率降低,两组比较均有统计学差异（P均〈0.05）。EH组患者杓型血压占42.5%,EH＋T2DM杓型血压占23.3%,两组比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。CAVI与24 h平均收缩压（24 hSBP）、夜间平均收缩压（nSBP）、24 h平均脉压差（24 hPP）、日间平均脉压差（dPP）、夜间平均脉压差（nPP）、夜间收缩压负荷（nSBP-L）、夜间舒张压负荷（nDBP-L）呈正相关,ABI与24 hSBP、白天平均收缩压（dSBP）、dPP、白天收缩压负荷（dSBP-L）、nSBP-L等指标呈负相关。结论合并T2DM可增加EH患者收缩压、脉压及收缩压负荷水平,并加速动脉硬化的进展。     

高血压合并外周动脉疾病患者动态血压特征分析

目的 探讨高血压合并外周动脉疾病患者的动态血压特征和临床意义.方法 选择高血压患者150例,行动态血压监测及踝肱指数（ankle-brachial index,ABI）检查,根据ABI检查结果将患者分为高血压合并外周动脉疾病组40例和单纯高血压组110例,比较两组动态血压情况.结果 高血压合并外周动脉疾病组较单纯高血压组患者24h、昼间和夜间平均收缩压,舒张压,动脉压均显著增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,且非杓型血压发生率较单纯高血压组也显著增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.Spearman相关性分析显示ABI值与24h、昼间和夜间平均收缩压,舒张压,动脉压均呈负相关（r=-0.29～-0.39,P＜0.05）.结论 持续血压升高是发生外周动脉疾病的重要影响因素,且外周动脉疾病更易引发血压昼夜节律调节紊乱.     

重庆地区人群体质量指数、腰围与血压水平及高血压关系的分析

探讨重庆地区人群体质量指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）与血压水平及高血压的关系。方法：采用分层整群抽样的方法，抽取重庆地区15岁以上城乡人口5246人进行血压、脉搏、身高、体质量、WC、臀围的测量，并问卷调查。结果：重庆地区人群收缩压、舒张压水平及高血压患病率均随着BMI的增加呈明显的线性上升趋势（线性趋势检验P〈0．01）。腹型肥胖的人群收缩压、舒张压水平及高血压患病率均高于WC正常的人群，差异均有非常显著意义（线性趋势检验P〈0．01）。     

Wrist blood pressure overestimates blood pressure measured at the upper arm

OBJECTIVE: Whether blood pressure (BP) measured at the wrist differs from blood pressure measured at the arm is not well known. The aim of this study was to compare the BP readings obtained at the arm with those obtained at the forearm and to assess whether the wrist-arm discrepancies were related to subjects' clinical characteristics. METHODS: We measured blood pressure at the forearm and at the upper arm in 85 subjects using conventional sphygmomanometry. Wrist-arm blood pressure discrepancies were assessed in relation to gender, age, body mass index, skin-fold thickness, arm size, blood pressure level, and arterial compliance measured with the HDI/Pulsewave CR-2000. RESULTS: Blood pressure measured at the wrist consistently overestimated blood pressure taken at the arm with a mean (+/-SD) discrepancy of 8.2 +/- 9.7/9.2 +/- 6.4 mmHg. The systolic blood pressure differences were greater in men than in women (p=0.006) and, among the men, varied according to arm adiposity (positive association, p=0.01). In men, diastolic blood pressure differences correlated with diastolic blood pressure level (negative association, p=0.01). Among the women, only age (p=0.04) was a significant positive independent predictor of the wrist-arm diastolic BP differences. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that forearm blood pressure measurement markedly overestimates upper arm blood pressure and that the between-site difference may vary from subject to subject. Wrist blood pressure measurement is not a valid alternative to traditional measurement at the arm and its use should be discouraged.     

Ambulatory blood pressure and the kidney

During the last few years there has been a renewed interest in blood-pressure-induced kidney damage, due to a progressive increase in the incidence and prevalence of hyipertension and vascular diseases as a cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The need to prevent ESRD demands continued efforts to achieve the early identification of persons with hypertension who are at risk and to provide them with effective antihypertensive therapy. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has been used successfully to assess blood pressure values and identify risk markers for cardiovascular diseases. A logical approach would be to use it also to identify those for ESRD. For hypertensive and type 1 diabetics ABPM data usually have a stronger correlation to the presence and magnitude of microalbuminuria than do routine office blood pressure measurements. The best Pearson correlation coefficients for relationship between ambulatory blood pressure values and urinary excretion of albumin were obtained with nocturnal blood pressure regardless of whether systolic, diastolic or mean blood pressure were considered. Moreover, high percentages of non-dippers have been found among subjects with renal failure, subjects undergoing dialysis (haemofiltration, peritoneal dialysis, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), subjects with renovascular hypertension and with cystic kidney disease, subjects who have had a kidney transplant and subjects with cyclosporine-induced hypertension. Finally, ABPM seems to be prognostic for development of proteinuria in some refractory hypertensives. Whether higher nocturnal blood pressure values and the non-dipping pattern constitute a cause or are consequences of renal disease should be addressed in prospective studies. Assessment of nocturnal blood pressure seems to be an important tool in the management of patients with hypertensive-related renal disease and of patients who are susceptible to developing it.     

The use of peridialysis blood pressure and intradialytic blood pressure changes in the prediction of interdialytic blood pressure in haemodialysis patients

OBJECTIVE: It is uncertain which blood pressure values (pre- or post-haemodialysis) best represent the average daily blood pressure in haemodialysis patients. The purpose of this study was to verify the power of peridialysis blood pressure to predict interdialytic blood pressure, and to ascertain the influence of blood pressure fluctuations during dialysis on this predictive ability. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed ambulatory blood pressure monitoring during the interdialytic period on 60 stable haemodialysis patients (mean age 53 +/- 16 years, 33 male) between two mid-week haemodialysis sessions. Pre- and post-haemodialysis blood pressures were 154/82 and 142/77 mmHg, respectively, and 44-h interdialytic blood pressure was 136/77 mmHg. Overall, post-haemodialysis blood pressure values correlated with interdialytic ambulatory blood pressure marginally better than did pre-haemodialysis values (r = 0.52 versus 0.61 for pre- and post-dialysis systolic pressure, respectively; r = 0.67 versus 0.72 for pre- and post-dialysis diastolic pressure, respectively). The average of the pre- and post-haemodialysis values showed a slightly better correlation with interdialytic blood pressure (r = 0.65 and 0.75 for systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively). When we stratified patients according to systolic blood pressure behaviour during dialysis, pre-dialysis blood pressure was the stronger predictor of interdialytic blood pressure in the quartile with greatest intradialytic blood pressure fall (r = 0.67 versus 0.44 for pre- and post-dialysis systolic blood pressure, respectively), whereas post-dialysis values were substantially better in the group with a rise in systolic pressure during dialysis (r = 0.26 versus 0.59 for pre- and post-dialysis systolic blood pressure, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that peridialysis blood pressure values are of limited accuracy in predicting interdialytic blood pressure, post-dialysis values are minimally better predictors than pre-dialysis blood pressures, and the average of pre- and post-haemodialysis values is marginally better than both. In addition, blood pressure fluctuations during dialysis have a sizable impact on this predictive ability. Clinical decisions related to blood pressure management and research design in haemodialysis hypertension should take these factors into account.     

Gender and blood pressure

The prevalence, impact, and control of hypertension differ between the sexes in the US population. In addition, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, and menopausal hormone therapy may influence blood pressure regulation in ways that have therapeutic implications for some women. Whether gender should be a significant consideration in the choice of individual antihypertensive drugs continues to be a topic of intense interest and debate. This brief review will discuss recent findings that bear on considerations of gender in the management of hypertension, particularly among older women.