Diagnosis and management of post-cholecystectomy symptoms: the place of endoscopy and retrograde choledochopancreatography

Endoscopic retrograde choledochopancreatography (ERCP) was employed in 52 patients symptomatic after cholecystectomy in whom barium meal studies and intravenous cholangiography had failed to yield a diagnosis. Cannulation of the papilla of Vater was carried out in 50 of the patients in a mean time of 10 min. Diagnostic information demonstrating a pathological lesion or a normal biliary and pancreatic ductal system was obtained by means of endoscopy and ERCP in 48 cases. There were no serious complications. A pathological lesion was demonstrated in all but one of the patients presenting with jaundice, cholangitis or pancreatitis but the diagnostic yield was not as high in patients with vague upper abdominal symptoms. Endoscopy and ERCP are the investigative procedures of first choice in complex post-cholecystectomy cases in whom intravenous cholangiography fails, gives incomplete information or suggests normality in the face of continuing symptoms or clinical evidence of residual biliary disease.     

小肠出血的病因及诊断方法分析

目的探讨小肠出血的病因和诊断方法。方法回顾性分析32例确诊的小肠出血病例的临床资料。结果病因以小肠肿瘤最为多见（46．8％）,其他依次为憩室（25．0％）、炎性疾病（15．6％）及血管畸形（12．5％）。检查方法以小肠气钡双重造影开展较普遍。小肠气钡双重造影、血管造影、核素扫描和小肠镜在小肠出血病人中阳性检查率的比较无显著性差异（X^2=3．796,P=0．284）。结论 小肠出血病例中,小肠肿瘤为最常见病因．合理应用小肠气钡双重对比造影等检查方法,是提高小肠出血诊断率的主要手段。     

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤41例分析

目的　总结原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的常见临床类型、病理特征及诊断方法。方法　对我院 1981年 1月 - 2 0 0 2年 6月收治并经病理证实的 4 1例原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤进行回顾性分析。结果　病理类型 :腺癌 35例 ,平滑肌肉瘤 4例 ,类癌 1例 ,淋巴瘤 1例。部位 :十二指肠第 2段 6 5 .85 % (2 7 4 1) ,其中乳头区 2 2例 ;球部 2 4 .39% (10 4 1) ;水平段 3例 ;升段 1例。常见临床症状依次为上腹痛 5 3.6 8% ,贫血4 8.78% ,黄疸 4 6 .34% ,上消化道出血 2 9.2 7% ,消瘦 2 4 .39%。诊断手段 :内镜、低张钡餐、B超、CT及MRCP等检查可提高十二指肠肿瘤的检出。结论　原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤以腺癌为主 ,好发于第 2段 ,但第 1段并不少见 ;早期临床表现没有特异性 ,联合应用内镜及影像学检查可提高检出率     

Clinical experience with intravesical instillations of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) for the photodynamic diagnosis using fluorescence cystoscopy for bladder cancer

PURPOSE: To report our clinical experience with intravesical instillations of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) for the photodynamic diagnosis of bladder cancer and to assess any side-effects of the diagnostic method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Photodynamic diagnosis was performed in 18 patients of which 14 were men and 4 women with a median age of 71 years (range 44-84), 7 were primary cases and 11 were recurrent cases with bladder cancer. Two to two and half hours prior to endoscopy 1.5 g 5-ALA dissolved in 50 ml of 8.4% sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) solution was instilled intravesically. For fluorescence excitation a blue light source (D-LIGHT System, Karl Storz Endoscopy Japan K. K.) was used. Under white and fluorescence light guidance, tumor locations were recorded, cold cup biopsies were taken and tumors were resected. The levels in images of the 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence were compared with the pathological results. The area under the receiver operative characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) in blue light endoscopy was also compared with that in white light endoscopy. RESULTS: Among the 129 specimens obtained by transurethral biopsy 45 were obtained from polypoid lesion and 84 from non-polypoid lesion, and among the 76 malignant diseases 36 were obtained from polypoid lesion and 40 from non-polypoid lesion (including 19 carcinoma in situ), and 21 patients with dysplasia were detected pathologically, with a sensitivity of 89.5% and specificity of 58.5% with a predictive accuracy of 77.0%. The AUC in blue light endoscopy was more than that in white light endoscopy in not only all cases (p = 0.010) but also in cases with non-polypoid lesion (p = 0.007) and recurrent cases (p = 0.002). Duration of 5-ALA instillation with a median time of 80 (range 30-150) min. did not seem to affect the accuracy of photodynamic diagnosis. Procedures were well tolerated by all patients with mild bladder irritability but no systemic side effect. CONCLUSION: Photodynamic diagnosis with intravesically applied 5-ALA is more effective than observation by conventional cystoscopy in detecting bladder cancer without additional risk or complication, and is expected to become a golden standard in the detection program.     

Evaluation of ultrasound,lavage, and computed tomography in blunt abdominal trauma

Summary We have analysed the data of 136 patients with multiple injuries treated between 1983 and 1988 in order to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ultrasound, lavage and computed tomography (CT) for the preoperative diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma. CT was carried out in doubtful cases (n=29) if ultrasound and lavage had not provided sufficient information. Fifty-eight patients were primarily excluded from the study because neither clinical examination nor ultrasound gave any sign of an intra-abdominal lesion. In 25 cases, sonography could be compared with lavage, CT, and the intraoperative situs. Ultrasound showed reliable results in respect to accuracy (100%), sensitivity (84%), and specificity (98%). Computed tomography confirmed all sonographic diagnoses in 29 patients but did not provide further information. Peritoneal lavage gave correct information in all patients operated upon. Our 5-years' experience suggests that ultrasound is a reliable, quick, cheap, and repeatable technique of great value in patients with blunt abdominal traumata.Presented at the International Congress on Surgical Endoscopy, Ultrasound, and Interventional Techniques, Berlin 1988     

原发性小肠肿瘤112例临床分析

目的：探讨原发性小肠肿瘤的临床特点以及诊断方法。方法 回顾性分析了112例原发性小肠肿瘤的临床资料，病理特点及术前诊断方法。结果：小肠肿瘤多位于十二指肠，占62．5％（70／112），良性肿瘤以平滑肌瘤为主，多位于回肠，空肠，恶性肿瘤以腺癌最常见，其次为恶性淋巴瘤，平滑肌肉瘤。首选的检查方法为X线钡餐，尤其是低张小肠灌肠造影，内镜检查可提高十二指肠肿瘤的诊断率，对诊断困难的消化道出血可行选择性肠系膜上动脉造影，CT对判断肿瘤的良恶性，术前分期及术后有无复发有独特的意义。结论：十二指肠腺癌是最常见的原发性小肠肿瘤，其次为恶性淋巴瘤，平滑肌瘤及平滑肌肉瘤。低张小肠灌肠造影是诊断和定位最为有效的方法，CT，内镜及肠系膜上动脉造影有助于诊断。     

Cervical esophageal diverticulum associated with an impacted denture: a case report.

The authors describe the case of a 19-year-old man who had swallowed his three-toothed radiolucent upper denture 2 years before the current admission. Although radiologic examination of the soft tissues of the neck and the results of barium meal examination were reported as normal immediately after the event, a barium meal examination 2 years later revealed formation of a cervical esophageal pouch, within which the denture was found at operation. The swallowing and possible impaction of a foreign body within the esophagus should prompt upper gastrointestinal endoscopy despite a negative result of a barium meal examination. Endoscopic removal is the treatment of choice, but surgery is appropriate in selected cases.     

Nasal endoscopy and the definition and diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis

OBJECTIVES: Although endoscopy has been shown by a few authors to be a valuable tool for the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis, its true role in the evaluation of the patient with chronic rhinosinusitis has not been elucidated. The current definition of chronic rhinosinusitis is a symptom-based definition, and objective testing such as endoscopy or computed tomography (CT) is not included. However, the current treatment paradigm for chronic rhinosinusitis is dependent on the definition for diagnosis. Patients are treated with 4 weeks of antibiotics and decongestant/antihistamines/steroids based on the definition. This study aims to evaluate in a prospective fashion the place of endoscopy in the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. STUDY DESIGN: A group of 78 patients meeting the definition of chronic rhinosinusitis were subjected to same-day endoscopy and CT scanning. RESULTS: Seventeen (22%) of 78 patients had positive endoscopic and CT results. There were 20 (26%) of 78 patients with negative endoscopic and positive CT results. Six (8%) patients had positive endoscopic and negative CT results, and 35 (45%) had negative endoscopic and negative CT results. Overall, 37 (47%) patients had positive CT results, and 41 (53%) patients had negative CT results. Endoscopy showing the presence of purulence, nasal polyps, or watery congested mucosa correlated well with CT results. Negative endoscopy correlated with CT results in 65% of patients. CONCLUSION: The use of endoscopy to corroborate the diagnosis in nonpolypoid or nonpurulent rhinosinusitis in previously unoperated patients is questioned. Patients who meet the subjective definition of chronic rhinosinusitis should have a high degree of sensitivity and specificity with endoscopy or CT. The fact this is not the case questions the accuracy of the definition and the treatment paradigm. SIGNIFICANCE: According to this study, positive endoscopic results correlated well with CT, and negative endoscopic results correlated in 71% of patients with negative CT results.     

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目的探讨全消化道钡餐及钡滞留X线片在便秘、以肠神经元异常为代表疾病中的价值及临床意义。方法回顾性分析襄阳市中心医院2007年6月至2011年10月收治的36例疑为肠神经元异常性便秘病人的全消化道钡餐及钡滞留X线片资料。结果 30例为手术、手术后病检确诊为先天性巨结肠、巨结肠同源病及巨结肠并巨结肠同源病提供支持。6例未能诊断为肠神经元异常性疾病。结论全消化道钡餐及钡分时段滞留X线片,可为肠神经元异常便秘性疾病提供重要诊断参考,并具有胃肠传输功能与胃肠生理、病理形态兼顾优势。至少是对该类疾病诊断困难的一个补充。     

Hiatal hernia diagnosis prospectively assessed in obese patients before bariatric surgery: accuracy of high-resolution manometry taking intraoperative diagnosis as reference standard

Hiatal hernia (HH) is common in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Preoperative traditional techniques such as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) or barium swallow/esophagram do not always correlate with intraoperative findings. High-resolution manometry (HRM) has shown a higher sensitivity and specificity than traditional techniques in non-obese patients in the HH diagnosis, whereas there is a lack of data in the morbidly obese population. We aimed to prospectively assess the diagnostic accuracy of HRM in HH detection, in comparison with barium swallow and UGIE, assuming intraoperative diagnosis as a standard of reference. Forty-one consecutive morbidly obese patients prospectively recruited from a tertiary-care referral hospital devoted to bariatric and metabolic surgery underwent a preoperative evaluation including standardized GERD questionnaires, barium swallow, UGIE, and HRM. The surgical procedures were performed by a single surgeon who was blinded to the results of other investigations. HH was intraoperatively diagnosed in 11/41 patients (26.8%). In 10/11 patients, the preoperative HRM showed an esophagogastric junction suggestive of HH. When compared to intraoperative evaluation, the sensitivity of the HRM was 90.9% and the specificity 63.3%, with a positive predictive value of 47.6% and a negative predictive value of 95.0%. HRM showed a higher sensitivity and specificity compared to barium swallow and UGIE. HRM has a high accuracy of HH detection in morbidly obese patients assuming an intraoperative diagnosis as reference standard. It could therefore be a very useful tool in the preoperative work-up of obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery.     

原发性十二指肠淋巴瘤11例诊治分析

目的提高对原发性十二指肠淋巴瘤的认识和诊治水平。方法对1985~2005年间国内报道及本院同期收治的原发性十二指肠淋巴瘤共11例进行回顾性分析。结果11例病人以中老年男性为主,平均病程6月。上腹痛和体重下降是最常见的症状。内镜下活检确诊6例,上消化道钡餐拟诊肿瘤2例;手术治疗9例,11例均行化疗,1例术后放化疗;全部病例均为非何杰金淋巴瘤,其中B细胞型8例,T细胞型2例,混合细胞型1例。结论本病多见于中老年男性。由于缺乏特异性临床表现,早期诊断的关键在于要有足够的警惕性,内镜下活检和上消化道钡餐检查是主要手段。虽然目前外科手术及术后放化疗是主要治疗模式,但按疾病分期和组织学类型制定个体化的治疗方案应予以考虑。     

Role of mediastinoscopy in the diagnosis of mediastinal masses

In order to assess the diagnostic efficiency of mediastinoscopy in patients with undiagnosed mediastinal masses, a retrospective review was undertaken of the results obtained in a consecutive series of 42 patients presenting over a 5-year period. In 28 (67%) patients, a tissue diagnosis was made. Ten (24%) patients underwent a negative mediastinoscopy but were found to have significant pathology on further investigation (eight in a location outside the range of conventional mediastinoscopy). Four (10%) patients had negative findings and were confirmed to have no significant pathology on further investigation and follow-up. Overall, mediastinoscopy had a sensitivity of 74%, a specificity of 100% and an accuracy of 76%; however, for lesions within the range of mediastinoscopy, the sensitivity was 93%, the specificity 100% and the accuracy 94%. The predictive value of a negative examination was 66%. Mediastinoscopy is a valuable technique in the diagnosis of mediastinal masses but, because of the low predictive value of a negative examination, further evaluation, including thoracotomy if necessary, is still indicated if mediastinoscopy is unhelpful.     

Improving the Diagnostic Accuracy of Hiatal Hernia in Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery

Background

Surgical correction of hiatal hernia (HH) during bariatric surgery has been found to improve patient outcomes and decrease reoperation rate. Although barium esophagram is more sensitive than endoscopy for detection of HH, accurate preoperative diagnosis remains a challenge. The aim of this study is to determine whether diagnostic accuracy improves by utilizing right anterior oblique (RAO) esophagram technique instead of the commonly used upright technique when comparing to the gold standard of intraoperative detection.

Methods

All patients undergoing bariatric surgery were prospectively evaluated for HH by barium esophagram. After the first 69 patients, the technique was changed from upright to RAO. Hiatal hernia was assessed intraoperatively by laxity of the phrenoesophageal ligament and, if present, was repaired posteriorly. Two board-certified radiologists specializing in gastrointestinal radiology, who were blinded to the intraoperative results, retrospectively reviewed the esophagrams. Consensus reads were utilized for divergent opinions. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each technique.

Results

Between 2008 and 2010, a total of 388 patients underwent preoperative esophagrams (69 upright, 388 RAO). For upright esophagram, sensitivity was 50?% and specificity was 97?%. For RAO esophagram, sensitivity was 70?% and specificity was 77?%. RAO had a lower percentage of false negatives (11 vs. 21?%) than upright esophagram.

Conclusions

The use of RAO technique for preoperative esophagram is more sensitive for diagnosis of hiatal hernia than upright esophagram. If surgeons desire routine preoperative esophagram, RAO technique is the best.     

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目的 对肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征的病因、诊断及治疗进行分析和探讨。方法 收集1970年1月至2000年8月住院治疗，经X线钡餐检验或手术确认为肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征77例。结果 保守治疗38例，好转31例（81．6％），未愈和未治6例，死亡1例。手术治疗39例，痊愈35例（89．7％），好转4例。结论 肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征的诊断除应具有上腹胀痛、呕吐等典型症状外，主要的确诊手段为X线钡餐造影；治疗上首先采用保守治疗，无效者再行手术治疗。术式选择以采用十二指肠空肠侧侧吻合术效果较为明显（P＜0．01）。     

Simple pyloroplasty using a linear stapler in surgery for esophageal cancer

This article describes a simple pyloroplasty procedure using a linear stapler in surgery for esophageal cancer. Simple pyloroplasty was carried out using a linear stapler in a total of 22 patients, whose stomachs were used as esophageal substitutes in the surgery for esophageal cancer. Endoscopy was performed and the pyloric diameter was measured perioperatively. A barium meal study was conducted 1 month after the surgery. Stapling enlarged the diameter of the pylorus by nearly 10 %. Endoscopy revealed a smooth inner surface of the pylorus, enlargement of pyloric channel, and fewer spasms of the pylorus at the 1-month follow-up. Postoperative barium meal studies showed good patency of all of the patients’ gastric outlets. Simple pyloroplasty is a time-saving and non-soiling technique used to perform the drainage of the gastric conduit for resection of esophageal cancer.     

Evaluation of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy as a primary investigation in patients with acute upper abdominal pain

Fifty-six consecutive patients presenting to one general surgical unit with acute upper abdominal pain were submitted to early diagnostic endoscopy after exclusion of perforation, pancreatitis and gallstone disease. Endoscopy was performed within 48 h of admission in 84% of patients and 68% of the study group were discharged within 48 h of the procedure. In 26 patients a definite causative pathology was identified. In 13 patients there were mucosal changes of doubtful significance, while in 17 patients the examination was normal. Endoscopy in patients admitting to excess alcohol intake was generally unrewarding and there was poor correlation between the clinical diagnosis of peptic ulcer and endoscopic findings. The clinical diagnosis was revised in 64% of patients following endoscopy. The data from this study suggest that early endoscopy in acute upper abdominal pain results in a high yield of positive findings, permits rapid correction of diagnostic errors and facilitates early institution of management and discharge.     

十二指肠镜在胆囊切除术后的应用

目的　通过分析 12 4例胆囊切除术后综合 (PCS)征临床资料 ,探讨PCS的病因和诊断方法以及评价ERCP的诊断价值。方法　对 12 4例临床诊断为PCS的患者行B超、胃镜或上消化道钡餐检查 ,以明确病因。结果　 12 4例患者插管 ,成功率 93 5 % ,胆管结石 6 8例 ,胆管扩张 4 7例 ,胆管狭窄2 6例 ,胆囊管残留过长及残余小胆囊 11例 ,十二指肠乳头憩室内或憩室旁开口 11例 ,胆道未见异常2 3例 ,非胆道疾病 15例。结论　PCS最为常见的病因为胆管结石和胆管狭窄 ,其他较为少见原因包括十二指肠憩室、Oddi括约肌运动功能障碍、胆囊管残留过长、残余小胆囊及非胆道疾病等。ERCP是明确PCS病因较为理想和可靠的方法 ,如结合B超、胃镜检查以及上消化道钡餐 ,可对PCS的病因作出较为全面的诊断     

肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征的诊疗分析

目的　总结肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征的诊断与治疗经验。方法　对我院 1 983年～2 0 0 2年诊治过的 1 6例病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　 1 6例病人均行钡餐造影检查 ,1 3例明确诊断 ;2例同时行腹部彩色多普勒超声确诊 ;另 2例同时行血管造影 ,明确诊断 ;1 6例病人均先行内科保守治疗 ,其中 8例因治疗无效而行手术治疗 ,包括十二指肠空肠Roux en Y吻合术 5例 ,十二指肠血管前移术 2例 ,胃大部切除、胃空肠吻合术 1例。术后病人全部随访 ,均痊愈。结论　钡餐造影、腹部彩色多普勒超声检查是肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征简单、可靠的诊断手段 ,十二指肠空肠吻合术是其有效、易行的手术方式     

肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征的外科治疗

目的 对肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征(superior mesenteric artery compressing syndrome,SMACS)的诊断及术式选择进行评价。方法 对河南省人民医院2000年1月至2010年12月期间收治的28例SMACS患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 本组病例均行X线钡餐检查,有23例呈典型的十二指肠水平段与升段交界处纵行受压迫征象（笔杆征）。手术治疗28例,其中包括Treitz韧带切断松解术4例,单纯胃空肠吻合术2例,Treitz韧带松解加十二指肠空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术11例,胃大部切除、胃空肠吻合术（BillrothⅡ式）7例及肠系膜上血管前十二指肠空肠吻合术4例。全部病例均治愈出院。结论 SMACS主要的确诊手段为X线钡餐造影。手术治疗效果以Treitz韧带松解加十二指肠空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术为最佳。     

膝半月板损伤的临床、MRI及关节镜对比研究

[目的]比较分析膝关节半月板损伤的临床、MRI和关节镜诊断，以提高诊断率。[方法]对本院176例同时行MRI检查及关节镜治疗，且至少临床、MRI或关节镜之一诊断为半月板损伤的患者MRI及病历资料作回顾性对照分析。以关节镜诊断为标准，计算临床和MRI诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确度，应用卡方检验比较临床和MRI诊断与关节镜诊断的差异。[结果]临床诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确度分别为79．3％、26．3％、73．8％；临床诊断与关节镜诊断差异有统计学意义（z。：7．52，P〈0．01）。MRI诊断的的敏感性、特异性、准确度分别为94．1％、92．9％、93．4％；MRI对半月板撕裂的诊断与关节镜诊断差异无统计学意义（x^2=0．375，P〉0．05）。[结论]MRI是诊断半月板破裂极有价值的无创方法，是膝关节镜术前的重要检查。MRI与临床诊断相结合可提高半月板撕裂伤的诊断率，避免不必要的关节镜手术。