研究生自杀态度的调查

目的了解研究生的自杀态度及群体间的差异，为研究生自杀的研究、预防和治疗提供依据。方法采用整群抽样方法抽取322名硕士研究生，并运用自杀态度问卷（QSA）对其进行调查。结果研究生对自杀态度的总体得分为（2．74±0．34），对自杀持矛盾或中立的态度。不同性别的研究生在对自杀者的态度（F2）上存在差异（p〈0．05）。不同专业的研究生在对自杀性质的认识（F1）、自杀者的态度（F2）和安乐死的态度（F4）上均存在差异（p〈0．05）。结论对研究生进行系统的自杀干预培训是很有必要的。     

生命意义感和幸福感对研究生自杀态度的影响

目的分析研究生自杀态度影响因素,为科学制定自杀预防策略提供依据。方法采用自杀态度问卷(QSA)、生命意义感量表(C-MLQ)和幸福感指数量表(IWB)对356名研究生进行调查。结果 (1)研究生自杀态度四个因子的总均分是3.19±0.29,其中对自杀行为、自杀者、自杀者家属和对安乐死态度的均分分别是3.20±0.44、3.56±0.47、3.04±0.63、3.12±2.85;研究生自杀态度在性别、专业和生源地方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但学生干部比非学生干部研究生更倾向于对自杀者家属持宽容态度(χ2=6.680,P<0.05)。(2)除对安乐死的态度外,研究生自杀态度各因子与生命意义感、幸福感各因子显著相关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。(3)分别以自杀态度四维度均分为因变量,以主观幸福感、生命意义感各因子及性别、专业等人口统计学变量为自变量,进行多元逐步回归分析,性别、寻求意义感、主观幸福感等分别进入四个回归方程。结论研究生主观幸福感、生命意义感等积极心理品质的提升有助于改善其自杀态度状况。     

体育专业大学生对自杀态度的调查研究

[目的]了解体育专业大学生自杀态度及影响因素,为大学生心理健康教育及预防自杀提供科学依据.[方法]采用自杀态度问卷、内外向性格调查表、自评抑郁量表、自编调查表对赤峰学院体育系大学生进行测定.[结果]体育专业大学生对自杀总体(F)上持矛盾或中立态度,在对自杀行为性质的认识(F1)、自杀者的态度(F2)上,有自杀意念者和无自杀意念者差异有统计学意义.对安乐死的态度(F4),有自杀意念者持支持态度,而无自杀意念者持矛盾或中立态度.[结论]体育专业大学生对自杀态度与其他专业大学生有所不同.     

南昌市326名医学硕士研究生自杀态度及其影响因素研究

[目的]了解医学硕士研究生的自杀态度及其影响因素,为自杀防控策略提供依据。[方法]以整群抽样方法抽取南昌市某医学院研究生一年级、二年级学生,应用自杀态度问卷(QSA)进行调查。[结果]医学硕士研究生对自杀总的态度、自杀者的自杀行为、自杀者及安乐死持矛盾或中立态度,而对自杀者家属持肯定、认可、宽容、理解的态度。父母教养方式、性别、未来期待高低、目前专业的满意度、爱情情况、休闲时间、学习成绩、抑郁程度、生源地、消极作用的事情、积极作用的事情等自变量被引入不同的回归方程,但其对自杀态度的影响均较小。[结论]医学硕士研究生对自杀总体上持中立或矛盾的态度。影响医学硕士研究生自杀态度的因素是复杂的和变化的。     

锚定信息对青少年自杀态度的影响

运用锚定信息探讨青少年自杀态度的可塑性,为我国中学阶段开展生命教育的必要性提供理论依据.方法 以语意启动与框架效应相结合的方式设计锚定信息,语意启动以锚定数字为核心,框架效应以措辞形式为核心,即采用2(锚定数字)×2(措辞形式)的实验设计.于山东省潍坊市4所中学整群抽取初一至高二年级750名中学生,将被试随机分为4组,分别接受不同的锚定信息,并完成自杀态度问卷.结果 锚定数字与措辞形式对青少年自杀态度4个维度(对自杀行为性质的认识、对自杀者的态度、对自杀者家属的态度、对安乐死的态度)的主效应均无统计学意义,而在对自杀行为性质的认识与对自杀者的态度两大维度上的交互效应均有统计学意义(F值分别为20.710,4.450,P值均<0.05),且仅表现在初中生方面(F值分别34.796,10.389,P值均<0.05).接受不同语义锚定信息的初中生在对自杀行为性质的认识与对自杀者的态度维度上差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-5.823,-3.157,P值均<0.01),而高中生差异无统计学意义.结论 初中生的自杀态度不够稳定,具有较强的可塑性.     

医学硕士研究生自杀态度及影响因素分析

目的探讨临床医学硕士研究生的自杀态度及影响因素,为自杀干预提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,对江西省南昌市区1 304名医学类全日制不同年级临床在读硕士生进行症状自评量表、社会支持评定量表、简易应对方式问卷及自杀态度问卷等测评。结果医学硕士研究生自杀态度问卷总分为(2.833±0.305)分,对自杀行为性质态度为(3.238±0.705)分,对自杀者态度为(2.887±0.908)分,对自杀者家属态度为(2.803±0.512)分,对安乐死态度为(2.631±0.303)分;自杀家族史、SCL-90总均分、社会支持总分、消极应对分和积极应对分进入自杀态度不同维度的回归方程。结论女性、有自杀家族史、社会支持低、心理健康水平低、消极应对多和积极应对少是影响自杀态度的重要因素。     

山西医科大学汾阳学院医学生自杀态度调查

目的了解山西医科大学汾阳学院医学生的自杀态度。方法采用自杀态度问卷(QSA)对2017年9月—2019年10月山西医科大学汾阳学院护理学本科专业和医学影像学本科专业共447名学生进行调查。结果医学生的自杀态度得分为2.602±0.349。t检验及方差分析显示:家庭教养方式变量在对自杀行为性质的认识及自杀者的态度上差异有统计学意义(F=3.271、3.673,均P0.05);人际关系变量在对自杀行为性质的认识上差异有统计学意义(F=4.224,P0.05);性别、是否独生子女、生源地和是否单亲变量上各维度差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论医学生自杀态度总体上持矛盾或中立,在各维度上态度表现不一。高校应加强医学生心理健康工作,积极寻求确定有效的自杀预防项目。     

新疆高校大学生自杀态度与自杀意念的相关性

目的 了解大学生自杀态度对自杀意念的影响,为自杀预防工作提供科学依据.方法 分层整群随机抽取新疆维吾尔族自治区范围内7所高校的一至四年级大学生2 763名,采用自杀态度问卷和自杀意念量表进行问卷调查.结果 大学生有自杀意念者608名,自杀意念率为22.0％;不同性别、年级、血型、生源地大学生自杀意念报告率差异无统计学意义,而不同专业、民族大学生自杀意念报告率差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05);有自杀意念组与无自杀意念组对自杀行为性质、自杀者、自杀者家属和安乐死的态度差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).结论 可通过个体对自杀行为所持的态度,来判别个体自杀意念和行为发生的可能性,进而提前预防.     

广州市理工院校大学生自杀态度的调查分析

目的了解理工院校大学生心理健康状况及其自杀态度,为大学生自杀预防提供依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法,对广州市理工大学大学生进行问卷调查,内容为自杀态度问卷（SAQ）。结果自杀态度在不同年级的学生间存在差异,对自杀行为、自杀者、安乐死持矛盾中立态度者占多数,对自杀者家属持理解认同态度占多数。结论自杀态度各指标均提示必须加强大学生的心理健康教育以预防自杀行为的发生。     

郑州卫校女生自杀态度研究

目的了解卫生学校女生对自杀的态度,为青少年自杀干预研究提供依据。方法采用分层和随机整群抽样相结合的方法,选取479名卫校女生为被试,以“自杀态度问卷”为测量工具对被试进行测查。结果卫校女生总体上对自杀持中立或矛盾态度;在对安乐死的态度维度上,存在显著城乡差异和学历层次差异;母亲文化程度不同者对自杀者家属的态度维度差异有统计学意义。结论卫校女生在自杀态度上存在一定差异,可能与被试者的生活背景、专业知识等有关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.