结膜松弛症患者球结膜成纤维细胞的培养和鉴定

目的研究组织贴壁法原代培养结膜松弛症球结膜成纤维细胞,并对细胞进行鉴定,为结膜松弛症体外实验提供大量的细胞。设计实验研究。研究对象体外培养的人结膜松弛症球结膜成纤维细胞。方法以结膜松弛症患者手术切除的球结膜为材料,采用组织贴壁法培养细胞,胰酶消化、传代,并对细胞进行形态学观察、免疫荧光鉴定、流式细胞术检测成纤维细胞胞浆特异性蛋白的表达。主要指标细胞形态、结构、纯度。结果组织块贴壁法原代培养2～5天见组织块能紧密贴附于六孔板,倒置显微镜下观察组织块周围有细胞溢出,10～15天即可见细胞增生,细胞呈马赛克样,界线不清。传代至第2代细胞倒置显微镜下观察形态一致,大小均一,呈放射状排列,为长梭形或两头尖的长条状,胞质中有一个卵圆形的细胞核,周围有长短不等的细胞突起相互交联。细胞免疫化学染色,荧光显微镜下可见结膜松弛症球结膜成纤维细胞Vimentin表达阳性,Keratin(C11)表达阴性。流式细胞术检测成纤维细胞Vimentin表达阳性,Keratin(C11)表达阴性。结论采用组织贴壁法培养能够获得稳定的结膜松弛症球结膜成纤维细胞,经形态学观察、免疫荧光鉴定及流式细胞术检测为结膜松弛症球结膜成纤维细胞。     

转谷氨酰胺酶交联胶原凝胶构建三维角膜基质

目的检测转谷氨酰胺酶交联胶原凝胶对三维培养的角膜基质细胞的影响,探讨可提高机械性能的组织工程角膜基质层新途径。方法胶原酶消化法获取原代兔角膜基质细胞,以加入转谷氨酰胺酶与胶原凝胶交联为实验组,不加酶交联为对照组。倒置显微镜下每日观察细胞生长情况、Alamar-Blue试剂检测细胞增生、免疫荧光法检测凝胶内细胞波形蛋白、检测透光度、酶消化法检测胶原凝胶抗消化能力。结果实验组细胞胶原凝胶内附着和生长优于对照组,细胞在凝胶内呈树枝状生长。2组细胞均随培养时间延长明显增生（P=0.000）。共焦显微镜下见2组细胞胞浆波形蛋白均阳性表达,实验组细胞伪足更丰富。实验组透光度稍差于对照组。实验组抵抗胶原酶消化的能力显著增强。结论酶交联的胶原凝胶对角膜基质细胞无毒性作用,重构的基质层结构更加稳定,有利于组织工程角膜基质层的构建。     

胎儿角膜上皮细胞分离方法的研究

目的:为了利用流产儿角膜组织体外培养获取角膜上皮细胞,做为构建组织工程化角膜上皮的种子细胞。方法:收集30例(60个角膜)人流产胎儿,分别采用酶消化法、酶消化法结合组织块法和组织块法3种方法分离并培养人胎儿角膜上皮细胞。结果:用Dispase和胰蛋白酶冷消化角膜上皮后,在获取细胞总数、细胞活力和原代培养成功率上没有明显差异,但用Dispase消化后原代细胞容易成活,传代可得到纯化的上皮细胞;酶消化法结合组织块法培养时加入角膜缘组织块可以缩短细胞形成单层的时间,增加传代后细胞的活力;组织块法培养时,在胎儿全角膜组织培养时可得到角膜上皮细胞,角膜组织切割后培养不能获得纯化的角膜上皮细胞。结论:体外构建组织工程化角膜上皮时,种子细胞的获取可以采用流产儿角膜组织为材料分离并培养角膜上皮细胞。     

牛角膜基质细胞的两步酶消化法高效分离及体外培养观察

背景高效、低成本分离出生物学功能活性高的角膜基质细胞是开展角膜基础研究的需要。目前的分离方法成本高、分离效率低，而通过培养达到扩增细胞数会导致细胞表型快速改变。应用成本较低的Ⅰ型胶原酶，通过改良的两步酶消化法可能达到高效、快速、低成本分离牛角膜原代基质细胞的目的。目的评价设计的Ⅰ型胶原酶两步酶消化法分离原代牛角膜基质细胞的效果，并观察体外培养原代牛角膜基质细胞的形态学变化。方法分别用基础培养液配制的0．5g／L及1．0g／L Ⅰ型胶原酶以两步酶消化法顺序消化牛角膜组织，分离角膜基质细胞，以细胞计数板进行计数，检测基质细胞收获效率；锥虫蓝染色法检测收获细胞的存活率；分离的细胞进行原代培养，倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态和生长的变化；应用Alexa488标记的鬼笔环肽检测原代培养的牛角膜基质细胞中F—actin的分布。结果牛角膜经两步酶消化法基质逐步解离和降解，绝大多数细胞得以释放和分离，分离的牛角膜基质细胞呈圆形，透亮且大小均匀。每个角膜收获（2．109±0．142）×10。个基质细胞，细胞存活率（91．693±3．551）％，贴壁率（81．195±1．214）％。原代培养的牛角膜基质细胞贴壁呈树突样，铺伸至星状，融合时树突连接呈网状，其F—aetin局限性分布于细胞皮质。结论两步酶消化法可使牛角膜基质完全消化降解，具有高细胞收获率、高细胞存活率和操作简便等特点。原代培养的牛角膜基质细胞呈树突状，F—actin分布于细胞皮质。     

培养兔角膜基质细胞的一种新方法——悬浮基质片法

目的寻找一种新的、简易的兔角膜基质细胞培养方法。方法去除兔角膜上皮层、后弹力层及内皮细胞层,将处理后剩下的全层基质(简称基质片)置于6孔板中,分别进行悬浮培养(悬浮基质片法)、组织块贴壁培养法培养、Ⅱ型胶原蛋白酶消化法培养。观察所培养细胞的体外生长特性,并进行波形蛋白免疫组化鉴定。结果采用悬浮基质片法可成功培养出兔角膜基质细胞,细胞具有长短不等的数个突起,呈梭形、不规则三角形或纺锤形,核椭圆、居中,胞浆清亮,未见其他细胞混杂其中。悬浮培养8～10d贴壁,贴壁后约5d基本融合。其生物学特性与组织块贴壁培养法及Ⅱ型胶原蛋白酶消化法培养的细胞一致。波形蛋白免疫组化染色显示3种方法均为阳性。结论悬浮基质片法培养角膜基质细胞,不需用酶,且具有简便、可靠、不易污染、成功率高等明显优势,为角膜基质细胞的培养提供了新的途径,值得推广。     

小鼠角膜上皮细胞消化培养法和组织块培养法的比较研究

目的:比较小鼠角膜上皮细胞消化培养法和组织块培养法。方法:分别使用消化培养法和组织块培养法培养小鼠角膜上皮细胞。比较两种方法中小鼠角膜上皮细胞的克隆形成率(CFE)和群体倍增(PD)。通过Western blotting方法检测p63、角蛋白19以及角蛋白12的表达。结果:其中80%组织块培养法的原代培养可成功传代,而仅12%的消化培养法原代培养可成功传代;两者比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。传代培养中,组织块培养法中55%的第一代(P1)细胞可以传代超过P10并继续稳定传代至少可传至P25。而消化培养法传代至P2即不能融合。在P1,组织块培养法细胞的CFE高于消化培养法(P=0·02);而组织块培养法P20细胞的CFE又显著高于其P1细胞(P=0.001)。免疫荧光染色显示消化培养法的P1细胞和组织块培养法的P1,P20细胞均表达p63和K19。K12仅在消化培养法的P1细胞和组织块培养法的P1中表达,而组织块培养法的P20细胞中,K12阴性表达。结论:小鼠角膜上皮细胞的培养,组织块培养法优于消化培养法。     

角膜内皮细胞改良培养技术的初步探讨

目的 评价角膜后弹力层撕除联合酶消化法分离角膜内皮细胞的效率,分析细胞体外生长的生物学特性.方法 将兔角膜带有内皮细胞的后弹力层完整撕下,用胰蛋白酶-EDTA联合酶消化,纯化的角膜内皮细胞进行体外培养.观察细胞形态,用神经元烯醇化酶抗体进行细胞表型鉴定.苏木精-伊红染色以及茜素红-台盼蓝联合染色分析细胞活性,流式细胞仪检测细胞体外生长过程中Anne xiv-PE的表达情况,透射电镜和扫描电镜进行细胞超微结构形态的观察.结果 带角膜内皮细胞的后弹力层撕除联合酶消化法可快速获得大量纯化的角膜内皮细胞,快速贴壁生长并增生,体外培养3～4d即融合成单层细胞,且表达神经元烯醇化酶抗体阳性,苏木精-伊红染色及活性染色提示细胞功能良好,Annexiv-PE抗体表达水平微弱.结论 角膜后弹力层撕除联合酶消化法可提高角膜内皮细胞的获取和培养效率,为工程化角膜内皮移植膜的构建提供稳定的种子细胞来源.     

兔角膜基质细胞在壳聚糖胶原共混膜体外培养研究

目的　探讨壳聚糖 胶原共混膜作为载体体外培养兔角膜基质细胞的可行性。方法　先同时消化角膜上皮及内皮层 ,然后刮去上皮、内皮、前弹力层和后弹力层 ,将剩余的基质层剪碎消化 ,接种在壳聚糖 胶原共混膜上 ,通过间接免疫荧光细胞化学染色对培养的细胞进行鉴别。结果　角膜基质细胞应用消化培养法 4h后部分基质细胞与壳聚糖 胶原共混膜有贴壁现象出现 ,细胞呈梭形。培养 2 4h后 ,基质细胞呈纺锤形且透明 ,此后细胞分裂增殖越来越多并向周围延伸 ,培养第 6天细胞已经达到完全融合状态 ,呈梭形 ,排列比较整齐。在 6d左右达到 10 0 %融合状态 ,间接免疫荧光细胞化学染色、Vim染色、胞浆染色阳性。结论　传代的细胞具有角膜基质细胞的生物特性 ,壳聚糖 胶原共混膜适合角膜基质细胞传代培养     

组织块联合胰酶消化法培养兔角膜缘干细胞的初步探索

目的：建立一种简便、高效的兔角膜缘干细胞原代培养方法。

方法：获取兔角膜缘组织,采用组织块联合胰蛋白酶消化法进行兔角膜缘干细胞体外培养,倒置显微镜下观察细胞生长情况,HE染色观察细胞形态和结构特点,并运用免疫组织化学技术进行细胞鉴定。

结果：采用组织块联合胰蛋白酶消化法可以简便、快速地培养出兔角膜缘干细胞,显微镜下动态观察细胞生长良好,有较高的增殖能力; HE染色证实细胞形态和结构正常; AE5及P63免疫组织化学鉴定呈阳性。

结论：采用组织块联合胰蛋白酶消化共同培养的方法,建立了一种简便、高效的兔角膜缘干细胞原代培养模式。     

大鼠视盘筛板星形胶质细胞的培养纯化及鉴定

目的　探讨大鼠视盘筛板部位原代星形胶质细胞体外分离纯化培养方法。方法　在解剖显微镜下分离成年大鼠视盘及其后一小段视神经,切块后放入含DMEM/F-12培养瓶中进行原代培养。经2.5 g·L^-1胰蛋白酶消化、星形胶质细胞选择性培养基纯化,传代2次后,用胶质细胞标志性抗体胶质纤维酸性蛋白（glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP）、神经元细胞黏附分子（neural cell adhesion molecule,NCAM） 和波形蛋白（Vimentin）进行免疫荧光化学染色;证实为星形胶质细胞后,用表皮生长因子刺激星形胶质细胞24 h,观察其形态变化并用Western blot法检测培养细胞GAFP、NCAM和Vimentin蛋白的表达情况。结果　组织块贴壁后10 d左右,细胞开始爬出,且形态各异。经星形胶质细胞选择性培养基纯化后,细胞形态多呈星形或不规则形,胞质丰富;免疫荧光化学染色显示GFAP、NCAM、Vimentin蛋白染色阳性,阳性细胞率达90%以上;表皮生长因子刺激后,细胞增生,形状发生改变,且与空白对照组相比,刺激后GAFP、Vimentin和NCAM蛋白表达增加,差异均有统计学意义（均为P<0.05）。结论　本方法可在体外培养并获得纯度较高的大鼠视盘筛板部位的原代星形胶质细胞。     

The mouse pattern electroretinogram

Mouse models of optic nerve disease such as glaucoma, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, and mitochondrial optic neuropathy are being developed at increasing rate to investigate specific pathophysiological mechanisms and the effect of neuroprotective treatments. The use of these models may be greatly enhanced by the availability of non-invasive methods able to monitor retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function longitudinally such as the Pattern Electroretinogram (PERG). While the use of the PERG as a tool to probe inner retina function in mammals is known since 25 years, relatively less information is available for the mouse. Here, the PERG technique and the main applications in the mouse are reviewed.     

高氧诱导小鼠视网膜新生血管模型中端粒酶逆转录酶的表达变化

目的 研究高氧诱导视网膜新生血管模型中小鼠端粒酶逆转录酶(TERT)基因表达水平是否有变化,为进一步研究视网膜新生血管疾病的预防和治疗提供新的靶点.方法 实验研究.选取7 d龄C57BL/6J新生小鼠32只,分高氧组和对照组,每组16只.高氧组小鼠以密闭氧箱内以75%±2%氧浓度饲养5 d后置于正常氧浓度环境中,正常对照组小鼠于正常氧环境中饲养.于小鼠生后12、14及19 d时分别取高氧组和对照组小鼠各2只(4只眼),经尾静脉行2%伊文思蓝溶液灌注并做视网膜铺片,荧光显微镜下观察视网膜新生血管的形成情况.高氧模型组和正常对照组生后19 d幼鼠3只,行HE染色,光学显微镜下观察视网膜血管形态,观察突破内界膜的内皮细胞核数.取生后19 d高氧组和对照组小鼠,分别取其视网膜组织并提取总RNA,反转录成cDNA后行反转录PCR,2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳并照相.提取视网膜总RNA,反转录成cDNA后(同RT-PCR),配制荧光定量实时PCR反应体系(总计20μl),在60℃检测荧光信号,分析图像.分别取高氧模型组和正常对照组P19小鼠行眼球切片,常规处理后TERT抗体孵育37℃ 60 min,HRP酶标二抗孵育30 min,DAB显色,中性胶封片,镜下观察并照相.结果高氧诱导模型小鼠牛后12 d眼底后极部出现大片无灌注区,生后14 d眼底后极部出现新牛血管迂曲、渗漏等视网膜血管病变.生后17～19 d视网膜新生血管形成达到高峰.正常小鼠视网膜组织切片HE染色基本看不剑突出内界膜的血管芽及血管管腔,内界膜下视网膜内的血管内皮细胞核散在分布、数量较少;高氧组见大量突出内界膜伸向玻璃体腔的血管管腔及血管芽,内界膜下视网膜内也有大量血管内皮细胞增生.19 d高氧模型组小鼠视网膜TERT及bFGF mRNA表达较同日龄正常对照组小鼠明显提高,二者差异有统计学意义(F=8.575,5.667;P＜0.05).生后19 d实时PCR检测高氧模型组小鼠视网膜TERT mRNA表达较同日龄正常对照组小鼠明显上调,差异有统计学意义(F=173.104,P＜0.05).生后19 d高氧诱导小鼠视网膜新生血管模型中视网膜新生血管TERT表达阳性,同日龄对照组新生小鼠视网膜血管TERT表达阴性.结论高氧诱导视网膜新生血管小鼠模型中端粒酶逆转录酶和新生血管形成相关因子表达水平明显上调,可能会成为视网膜新生血管疾病预防和治疗的新靶点.(中华眼科杂志,2009,45:199-205)     

Morphology of hereditary mouse cataract

Histological changes of hereditary cataractous mice lens were studied by light and electron microscope.Until the sixth postnatal day the lens of the defective mouse appeared to develop normally. However, immediately after this period, the denucleation process of the lens cells appeared impaired.Another abnormality observed at this period is the swelling at the distal portion of the lens fibers in the deep posterior suture area of the perinuclear zones.In the bow area, the lens of 12–13-day-old mice the abnormal persistence of the nuclei becomes most apparent.In addition, the lens cells which had failed to show normal denucleation appear to become hydropic.Electron microscopic study revealed that the cytoplasm of the affected lens fibers contained coarse granular substance and many micro-organelles, which are absent in the normal lens fibers.     

Screening for mouse retinal degenerations

Mice with hereditary retinal degeneration have provided excellent models for human disease of the biochemical and physiological events occuring in retinal degeneration. Since a number of mouse models are available for other human conditions, more mouse retinal degenerations would be expected to be known; however, finding new models has proved difficult since the search has usually involved laborious histologic screening.We applied the clinical technique of indirect ophthalmoscopy to screen mice for retinal degeneration and then used electroretinography and histology to determine whether true retinal degeneration was present.A Dawson-Trick-Litzkow microfiber corneal electrode was used to record the electroretinogram since the fiber does not occlude the pupil in these small eyes. Normal control values were developed. As an example of the success of the technique, one strain, lethal spot (ls) on indirect ophthalmoscopy appeared to have a retinal degeneration, but these mice had a normal electroretinogram indicating a primary optic atrophy. Likewise, one ls heterozygote that was tested as a control animal and was not suspected of having a retinal degeneration had an abnormal electroretinogram and peripheral retinal degeneration.     

Screening for mouse retinal degenerations

Using screening techniques of indirect ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography, and histology, we found inbred strains of Mus musculus molossinus to have a variable onset of retinal degeneration, which may present with early loss of outer segments and photoreceptor nuclei. The early affected mice have constricted vessels, optic atrophy, and markedly abnormal electroretinograms. An intermediate form of retinal degeneration was identified with slight arterial narrowing on ophthalmoscopy and electroretinogram amplitudes approximately 50% of normal. From this preliminary study the hereditary pattern is unclear. The mice with early onset of retinal degeneration share features seen in rd mice, but in a number of the molossinus the degeneration is slower with only a partial loss on electroretinogram amplitude.     

Interpretation of the mouse electroretinogram

The mouse electroretinogram (ERG) consists of a complex set of signals or "waves" generated by multiple types of retinal cell. The origins of these waves are reviewed briefly for the C57BL/6J mouse. The differences in the properties of these waves are described for 34 strains of mice and 11 F1 hybrid mice, as is the way that inter-strain genetic polymorphisms can be exploited in order to help pin-point the genes responsible for ERG differences. There are certain technical difficulties, some subtle, that can arise in recording the ERG and these are classified and illustrated in order to facilitate their diagnosis. Forward genetic screens are described, along with abnormal mice that have been generated in a large screen. Several means are suggested for determining if a mouse having an abnormal ERG is a mutant.     

Characterization of a mouse Cx50 mutation associated with the No2 mouse cataract.

PURPOSE: Recently, a missense mutation in the mouse connexin 50 (Cx50) gene has been associated with the nuclear opacity 2 (No2) mouse cataract. This missense mutation (D47A) resulted in an aspartate-to-alanine substitution at amino acid position 47 in the first extracellular domain of Cx50. To better understand the role of Cx50 in the pathogenesis of congenital cataract, the functional consequences of the D47A mutation in the Xenopus oocyte expression system were studied. METHODS: D47A was constructed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mutagenesis. Xenopus oocytes were injected with in vitro transcribed cRNA encoding wild-type mouse Cx50 (Cx50wt), wild-type rat Cx46 (Cx46wt), D47A, or combinations of wild-type and mutant connexins. The oocytes were then devitellinized and paired. Gap junctional conductance (Gj) was measured using a dual two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. RESULTS: Homotypic oocyte pairs expressing wild-type Cx50 or Cx46 were well coupled. In contrast, oocytes injected with D47A cRNA did not form gap junctional channels when paired homotypically. To test whether the D47A mutation could interact with wild-type connexins in a dominant negative manner, oocytes were injected with equal amounts of mutant and wild-type connexin cRNA, mimicking the heterozygous condition. Expression of D47A did not inhibit the development of junctional conductance in paired oocytes induced by wild-type Cx50 or Cx46. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the D47A mutation acts as a loss-of-function mutation without strong dominant inhibition. In No2 mice, the mutation would be predicted to result in a reduction in intercellular communication, leading to cataractogenesis. It may also cause other qualitative changes such as a change in permeability for small molecules.     

Isolation of the mouse nyctalopin gene nyx and expression studies in mouse and rat retina

PURPOSE: It has been shown recently that mutations in NYX (nyctalopin on chromosome X), encoding a novel protein associated with the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein superfamily, are responsible for the complete form of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1). This study describes the isolation and molecular characterization of the mouse orthologue Nyx and its expression pattern in the retina. METHODS: Nyx was isolated by conventional DNA library screening and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approaches. Gene expression in different mouse tissues was studied by RT-PCR. Subsequently, the expression pattern of Nyx and its gene product in mouse and rat retinas was investigated by RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with Nyx-specific antibodies. RESULTS: The Nyx gene encodes a protein of 476 amino acids that contain 11 consecutive LRR motifs flanked by amino- and carboxyl-terminal cysteine-rich LRRs. At the amino acid level, Nyx is highly homologous to its human orthologue (86% identity). The gene is expressed in the eye but also, at lower levels, in brain, lung, spleen, and testis. Nyx expression was found during all stages of postnatal retinal development and was confined to cells of the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer in adult mouse and rat retinas. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest an important function of the Nyx protein in the inner retina and provide evidence that CSNB1 is based on a defect in the inner retinal circuitry.     

Oxygen distribution in the mouse retina

PURPOSE: To make the first measurements of intraretinal oxygen distribution in the mouse, an animal model of increasing importance in ophthalmic research. METHODS: Oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure oxygen tension as a function of depth through the retina and choroid in anesthetized mice (n = 8). All measurements were performed under light-adapted conditions, with the animals spontaneously inspiring room air. The oxygen distribution in the avascular portion of the outer retina was analyzed by an established three-layer mathematical model that determines outer retinal oxygen consumption. RESULTS: The intraretinal oxygen distribution in the inner retina in individual profiles was often characterized by sharp peaks associated with elements of the retinal microvasculature, but, in the outer retina, the oxygen distribution was much more predictable and reflected the high oxygen uptake of the photoreceptors. Average choroidal oxygen tension was 42.0 +/- 1.2 mm Hg (mean +/- SE), and P(O2) at the surface of the retina was 21.7 +/- 0.8 mm Hg. The average minimum oxygen tension in the outer retina was 4.2 +/- 0.5 mm Hg. Average outer retinal oxygen consumption in the mouse was 193.3 +/- 10.6 nL O2/min per square centimeter, which is similar to that previously reported in the outer retina in vascularized areas of retina in the rat and monkey using similar techniques. CONCLUSIONS: The intraretinal oxygen distribution in the mouse is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that in other species with vascularized retinas. The rate of oxygen consumption in the outer retina is also similar. These baseline data can now be used in studies employing mouse models of retinal disease.