爱宁的致突变作用研究

目的检测爱宁的致突变性,以提供有关致突变的遗传毒性安全评价数据。方法设1.6,8,40,200和1000μg/皿5个剂量组,进行Am es试验;设0.3,1,3和9μg·mL^-14个剂量组,进行仓鼠肺成纤维细胞染色体畸变试验;设15,100和250 mg·kg^-13个剂量组,观察其对小鼠骨髓细胞微核的影响。结果Am es试验表明,爱宁在加和不加S9的条件下,对TA97,TA98,TA100和TA102菌株回复突变菌落结果为阴性。仓鼠肺成纤维细胞染色体畸变试验表明,爱宁对中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞体外培养染色体无畸变作用。小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验表明,爱宁三个剂量组的微核出现率与阴性对照组比较无显著性差异。结论在本实验条件下,爱宁无致突变性。     

9-[2-(膦酰甲氧基)乙基]腺苷-钠盐的致突变性研究

目的评价9-[2-(膦酰甲氧基)乙基]腺苷-钠盐(PMEA-Na)的致突变性。方法采用组氨酸缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌回复突变试验(Am es试验)、中国仓鼠肺细胞(CHL)染色体畸变试验和小鼠骨髓微核试验,观察PMEA-Na的致突变性。结果PMEA-Na在50~5000μg.皿-1剂量范围内,加与不加S9活化系统条件下,对TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102四种菌株的回变菌落数均未超过自发对照的2倍,即Am es试验结果为阴性;染色体畸变试验中,当药物浓度为48、24、12、6 mg.L-1时,活化条件下各浓度细胞的染色体畸变率均低于5%。在非活化条件下,药物浓度为48 mg.L-1培养48 h时,染色体畸变率为10%,因此染色体畸变试验结果为阳性;小鼠静脉注射PMEA-Na剂量为1 000、500、250 mg.kg-1时,骨髓中含微核的嗜多染红细胞数明显增加,即微核试验结果为阳性。结论在本实验条件下,PMEA-Na具有潜在的致突变性。     

补血益母丸遗传毒性研究

目的 对补血益母丸干膏粉进行遗传毒性试验,为临床安全用药提供依据。方法 采用组氨酸营养缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA97a、TA98、TA100、TA102、TA1535进行细菌回复突变（Ames）试验,采用中国仓鼠肺成纤维（CHL）细胞进行体外染色体畸变试验,采用ICR小鼠进行骨髓细胞微核试验综合评估补血益母丸干膏粉的遗传毒性。其中,Ames试验设50、150、500、1 500、5 000μg·皿-1 5个剂量;体外细胞染色体畸变试验设125、250、500μg·mL-1 3个剂量;小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验设500、1 000、2 000 mg·kg-1 3个剂量,每天给药1次,连续给药3 d。结果 在代谢及非代谢活化条件下（+S9/-S9）,Ames试验结果显示,补血益母丸干膏粉对各菌株均无明显或可重复的诱变性及抑菌性;体外CHL细胞染色体畸变试验结果显示,补血益母丸干膏粉对CHL细胞染色体结构畸变率未见有意义的升高;小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验结果显示,补血益母丸干膏粉对ICR小鼠骨髓细胞微核率无明显影响。结论 补血益母丸干膏粉未见潜在的遗传毒性。     

富马酸泰诺福韦双特戊酯的遗传毒性研究

目的 检测富马酸泰诺福韦双特戊酯(TDF)的遗传毒性,为临床用药提供理论依据.方法 应用鼠伤寒沙门细菌回复突变试验(Ames试验)、体外培养中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞(CHL)细胞染色体畸变试验和小鼠骨髓微核试验检测该药物的遗传毒性.结果 该药物对鼠伤寒沙门菌无致突变性,对体外培养CHL细胞染色体无致畸变作用,对昆明小鼠无诱发骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核的效应,三个试验结果均呈阴性.结论 TDF不具有遗传毒性.     

赤苷脉通注射液的致突变研究

目的探讨中药制剂赤苷脉通注射液的致突变性。方法采用鼠伤寒沙门氏组氨酸营养缺陷型菌株回复突变实验(Ames实验)、中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞(CHL)染色体畸变实验和小鼠骨髓微核实验来检测赤苷脉通注射液的致突变作用。结果 Ames实验中,赤苷脉通注射液在312.5～5 000μg.皿-1剂量范围内,无论加或不加S9,鼠伤寒沙门氏菌组氨酸缺陷型TA97,TA98,TA100,TA102和TA1535 5株菌的回复突变菌落数均未出现剂量依赖性的增加;染色体畸变实验中,非活化条件或代谢活化条件下,药物质量浓度为1 200,600和300μg.mL-1时,细胞的染色体畸变率均未出现剂量依赖性增加;微核实验中,在1 150,575和287.5mg.kg-1剂量组中均未见骨髓中含微核的嗜多染红细胞数增加。结论在该实验室条件下,Ames实验、CHL细胞染色体畸变实验和小鼠骨髓微核实验结果均为阴性,即中药制剂赤苷脉通注射液无潜在的遗传毒性。     

消旋酶法DL-丙氨酸的遗传毒性研究

目的 评价消旋酶法DL-丙氨酸的遗传毒性。方法 小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验设阴性对照组（纯水）、阳性对照组（环磷酰胺40 mg/kg）和消旋酶法DL-丙氨酸3个剂量组（10 000、5 000和2 500 mg/kg）,观察各组小鼠胸骨骨髓细胞微核发生率;小鼠精原细胞染色体畸变实验设阴性对照组（纯水）、阳性对照组（环磷酰胺40 mg/kg）和消旋酶法DL-丙氨酸3个剂量组（10 000、5 000和2 500 mg/kg）,观察各组小鼠睾丸精原细胞染色体畸变类型并计算畸变率。细菌回复突变实验（Ames实验）设空白对照组、溶剂对照组、阳性对照组和消旋酶法DL-丙氨酸5个剂量组（50、158、500、1 580、5 000 μg/皿和8、40、200、1 000、5 000 μg/皿）,计数各组回复突变菌落数。结果 小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验结果显示,各剂量组消旋酶法DL-丙氨酸微核细胞率与对照组的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;小鼠精原细胞染色体畸变实验结果显示,各剂量组消旋酶法DL-丙氨酸动物睾丸精原细胞染色体畸变率与对照组的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;细菌回复突变实验结果显示,在加或不加S9的情况下,各剂量组消旋酶法DL-丙氨酸对TA97a、TA98、TA100、TA102、TA1535菌株均无致突变作用,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 消旋酶法DL-丙氨酸未见明显遗传毒性。     

桑黄多糖对小鼠骨髓细胞微核和染色体的影响

目的通过小鼠细胞染色体畸变和微核试验,探讨桑黄多糖对小鼠骨髓细胞的遗传毒性。方法试验设3个剂量组为2.5g·kg-1、5.0g·kg-1、10.0g·kg-1BW,经口灌胃进行试验,取小鼠骨髓制备骨髓细胞标本,分别观察并计算各剂量组小鼠的染色体畸变率和微核率。结果桑黄多糖各剂量组小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变率和微核率与空白对照均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,而阳性对照组环磷酰胺与空白对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论桑黄多糖各剂量组对小鼠骨髓细胞染色体和微核均无影响。     

蜂王浆软胶囊对小鼠骨髓细胞染色体和微核的影响

目的通过小鼠细胞染色体畸变和微核试验,探讨蜂王浆软胶囊对小鼠骨髓细胞的遗传毒性。方法试验设3个剂量组为2.5g·kg-1、5.0g·kg-1、10.0g·kg-1bw,经口灌胃进行试验,取小鼠骨髓制备骨髓细胞标本,分别观察并计算各剂量组小鼠的染色体畸变率和微核率。结果蜂王浆软胶囊各剂量组小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变率和微核率与空白对照均无显著性差异(P>0.05),而阳性对照组环磷酰胺与空白对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论蜂王浆软胶囊各剂量组对小鼠骨髓细胞染色体和微核均无影响。     

婆罗门参提取液致突变的实验研究

目的婆罗门参提取液的致突变作用。方法小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验、小鼠睾丸染色体畸变实验、Ames实验。结果婆罗门参提取液对小鼠骨髓细胞微核无明显的升高作用,小鼠睾丸染色体畸变试验各实验组与阴性对照组比较无显著性差异,Ames实验结果为阴性。结论在本次实验条件下,婆罗门参提取液未显示有致突变作用。     

喹烯酮遗传毒性的研究

喹烯酮由中国农科院兰州畜牧与兽药研究所研制的一类低毒的抗菌促生长药物。为了探讨其遗传毒性,采用Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验和体外哺乳动物细胞染色体畸变试验,预测其遗传危害和潜在致癌的可能性。方法在Ames试验中,以1.0、2.6、6.9、18.2和50.0μg/皿的剂量,对TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102、TA1535、TA1537等6个菌株,采用直接掺入法进行试验;在微核试验中,以1700、3600和7200mg/kg的剂量,采用30h2次给药法制片观察,并计算微核率;在体外染色体畸变试验中,以1.25、2.5、5.0和10.0μg/ml的剂量为终浓度,采用V79细胞株,进行制片观察,并计算染色体畸变率。在Ames试验中,除TA102、TA1535为阴性外,各剂量组在18.2μg/皿时加和不加代谢活化系统都为阳性,且呈现一定的剂量-反应关系;在微核试验中,各剂量组微核率与阴性对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);在体外染色体畸变试验,各剂量组加和不加代谢活化系统时染色体畸变率均小于5%,为阴性。本研究首次进行了6种菌株的Ames试验、微核试验和体外哺乳动物细胞染色体畸变试验,结果表明,喹烯酮对Ames试验菌株具有一定的致突变性,提示喹烯酮具有一定的遗传毒性。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Deoxynivalenol in cereals in Russia

A survey of the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in wheat, rye, barley and maize harvested in 1989-2001 in several regions of Russia has been conducted. A total of 5652 samples of cereals were analysed for DON and ZEN by using TLC and normal-phase HPLC with UV-detector. DON was detected in 69% of 2166 samples from Krasnodar region which is considered to be the major Fusarium endemic region of Russia. The contamination levels ranged from 0.1 till 8.6 ppm, MTEL was exceeded in 37% of these samples. The positive correlation between DON concentration and a percentage of Fusaria-damaged wheat kernels has been shown. DON occurrence and contamination levels were much lower that for wheat. Based on the results of monitoring and the data of average actual consumption of wheat products in Russia, the estimated daily intake of DON per 1 kg of body weight (EDI)was calculated. EDI varied from 0.07 ug in 1990-1991 till 1.40 ug in 1992. Although average EDI were lower than adopted tolerable daily intake (TDI, 3 ug/kg body weight) EDIs for the North-Caucasian region in some cases exceeded TDI.