心脏肿瘤的外科手术治疗分析

目的探讨心脏黏液瘤及其他原发肿瘤的外科手术治疗的特点。方法回顾性分析自1984年1月至2004年12月手术治疗的95例原发性心脏肿瘤患者的病例资料和随访结果。结果所有患者术前均经彩超明确诊断。94例在体外循环下切除肿瘤,89例痊愈出院,5例死亡。经病理证实黏液瘤83例,其他肿瘤11例。共获随访68例(黏液瘤63例),1例黏液瘤患者术后14个月复发;与心脏有关后期死亡4例。结论原发性心脏肿瘤多为黏液瘤,一旦明确诊断,应急诊手术;恰当的手术技巧是手术治疗成功的关键。     

Cardiac myxomas: 24 years of experience in 49 patients

Objectives: In this single-center study we reviewed our experience with a significant number of cardiac myxoma cases occurring over the past two decades. Patients and methods: Cardiac myxomas represented 86% of all surgically treated cardiac tumors at our center. Specifically, there were 49 consecutive patients, each with at least one myxoma. A detailed clinical, immunological, and echocardiographic long-term examination of 37 patients revealed one recurrent myxoma. Results: Most myxomas originated from the left atrium (87.7%), but also much less frequently from the mitral valve (6.1%), from the right atrium (4.1%), and from the left and right atria (2.0%). The myxomas produced a prolapse into the left ventricle in 40.8% of the patients, mitral stenosis in 10.2%, and threatened left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in 2.0%. Multiple myxomas were found in 20.4% of the patients. Cardiac signs appeared in 93.9% of the patients. Preoperative embolic events had occurred in 26.5%. Immunologic alterations were present in 87.5%. For resection, a bilateral atriotomy was used. An additional aortotomy was needed to expose one mitral valve myxoma. Postoperatively, 81.1% of the patients remained without cardiac symptoms. The early mortality rate was 2.0% and the late mortality rate was 6.1%. Long-term prognosis was excellent with an actuarial survival rate of 0.74. Specific immunologic alterations were found in 71.4% of the patients. The actuarial freedom from reoperation of the myxoma was 0.96. The rate of reoperations was low with 2.0% after 24 years. Conclusions: Myxomas were usually detected and operated on in symptomatic patients. A high index of suspicion seems important for early diagnosis. Immunologic findings may play an additional role in confirming the diagnosis and the recurrence of a myxoma. Immediate surgical treatment was indicated because of the high risk of embolization or of sudden cardiac death. Also, a familial genesis must be excluded in myxoma patients.     

28例心脏肿瘤患者的临床特点和外科治疗

目的 总结心脏肿瘤的临床特点和外科治疗结果.方法 回顾性分析2013～ 2019年我中心收治的28例诊断为心脏肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男12例、女16例,年龄1个月至69岁,中位年龄11.5岁,体重39.0 (4.8～ 100.0)kg.患者均在全身麻醉体外循环下行肿瘤切除术,术中切除肿瘤标本行病理学检查.结果 原发性...     

The problems of surgical treatment for cardiac myxoma and associated lesions

Twenty-four patients with cardiac myxomas consisting of 22 left and 2 right atrial myxomas were operated on. All myxomas were removed with an excision of the attachment walls using a cardiopulmonary bypass. Two myxomas required a partial cardiopulmonary bypass from the femoral vein to the artery prior to operation because they were on the verge of becoming stuck in the atrioventricular valves and potentially causing shock. For embolic complications of myxoma, the embolus of the external carotid artery was extirpated before undergoing cardiac surgery. In a patient with pulmonary infarction, the infarcted lung was resected simultaneously. Another patient with a cerebral infarction received a clipping of an aneurysm which later appeared in the infarcted area. For associated cardiac lesions, two patients underwent a coronary artery bypass graft and one mitral valve replacement with tricuspid annuloplasty. In the former two cases, the myxoma was removed prior to coronary artery bypass grafting because the use of retrograde coronary perfusion was considered to be sufficient to protect the heart. In the latter case, the removal of the myxoma first disclosed a significant mitral lesion which had been masked by the huge myxoma. All patients but one, who died of pneumonia, showed a good recovery. In this series, the problems of surgical treatment for cardiac myxoma and associated lesions are also discussed.     

Cell salvage is beneficial for all cardiac surgical patients: arguments for and against

Extensive literature has been published evaluating the use of cell salvage in cardiac surgery. However, the most recently published blood management guidelines do not give unequivocal direction on the use of cell salvage in cardiac surgical procedures and neither do recent meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials. In part, this reflects variation in the details of how cell salvage is used, including the specific equipment chosen. Consensus on the optimal approach to cell salvage would be helpful. A well-designed, appropriately powered, multicenter study could then be carried out with one or more specified devices to evaluate the efficacy of this agreed approach to cell salvage in the cardiac surgical environment.     

Stuck between a rock and a hard place: The clinical conundrum of managing cardiac surgical patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Deferring nonemergent cardiac surgery became the strategy of choice for several international healthcare systems afflicted by high case burdens of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) to both conserve valuable healthcare resources and protect patients from possible exposure. Missing from the available dataset to help guide policy development has been a clear understanding of the extent to which COVID-19 infection modulates cardiac surgery outcomes. In their investigation, Bonalumi et al. uncovered an inpatient COVID-19 positivity rate of almost 10 times higher than that of the general Italian population, as well as a mortality rate over 20 times higher amongst cardiac surgery patients with perioperative COVID-19 infection compared to those COVID-negative. While the summation of available evidence points to the serious consideration cardiac surgeons must give to delaying surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic, recognition must be given to the risks that postponing cardiac surgery may have on patient outcomes. Emerging data is beginning to demonstrate the efficacy of vaccination in preventing postoperative COVID-19 infection and morbidity.     

颈椎后凸畸形的临床特征和外科治疗策略

目的 分析颈椎后凸畸形的临床特征和治疗策略.方法 自2006年3月至2009年10月治疗颈椎后凸畸形31例.根据患者的临床特点和影像学表现对其采用不同的治疗方法.手术组9例:男性4例,女性5例,年龄17～72岁,平均35岁;其中继发性后凸畸形4例,特发性颈椎后凸畸形5例.保守治疗组22例:男性11例,女性11例,年龄14～40岁,平均29岁,均为特发性颈椎后凸畸形.手术组:术前及术后1周,按美国脊髓损伤协会的脊髓损伤神经分级标准(AISA)对患者进行评估,术后定期复查颈椎正侧位X线片,并在手术后1周及之后每6个月复查1次颈椎MRI,以评估患者矫形、融合效果及脊髓减压情况.保守治疗组:每个月拍摄颈椎正侧位X线片评估治疗效果.分析此类患者的临床特征及治疗策略.结果 手术组:术后3 d颈椎侧位片示:Cobb角平均-1.3°(术前54.2°),AISA评分神经功能明显改善,随访时间6～18个月,未见内固定和融合失败.保守组:治疗后4个月Cobb角平均-5.4°(治疗前11.2°),颈项肩背痛症状基本消失,随访3～24个月未见症状复发.结论 早期采用体位疗法、石膏支具纠正颈椎生物力学的失衡可以阻止颈椎后凸畸形的发展.根据患者的临床特征,采用个性化的治疗方案,能够充分矫正严重的颈椎后凸畸形.     

腹腔镜治疗外科急腹症122例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜技术外科急腹症的诊断和治疗价值. 方法回顾分析2001年1月～2003年3月收治的122 例外科急腹症病人的腹腔镜检查与治疗效果. 结果全部病例通过腹腔镜均获得明确诊断.腹腔镜下完成手术117例,中转开腹5例,死亡2例.中转开腹原因主要是视野受限、严重粘连致暴露解剖分离困难. 结论腹腔镜对外科急腹症诊断和鉴别诊断准确,极具价值.多数外科急腹症可在腹腔镜下完成治疗,但对某些病例的治疗有一定的局限性.     

肝细胞腺瘤的临床诊治及文献复习

目的分析肝细胞腺瘤的临床特点及诊治经验。方法回顾性分析我院2000年1月至2012年12月外科切除并经病理诊断为肝细胞腺瘤的16例患者临床资料。结果肝细胞腺瘤一般无明显症状,邵分表现为右上腹隐痛不适等非特异性症状。1例合并乙肝,l例合并乙肝及丙肝,所有患者AFP均为阴性。术前诊断符合率为43．75％（7／16）。均接受手术治疗,随访10～160个月,l例术后130个月复发,再次手术后健康存活,其余患者均健康生存。结论肝细胞腺瘤好发于年轻女性,超重可能与发病有关,其临床表现多不典型,常规影像学方法确诊率较低,CT、MRI增强扫描有一定诊断价值。手术切除是肝细胞腺瘤主要的治疗方法。治疗后可复发,需定期复查。     

Temporal mediobasal tumors: a proposal for classification according to surgical anatomy

Objective  Development of a classification for temporal mediobasal tumors based on anatomical and neuroradiological aspects to help evaluate surgical accessibility and risk. Methods  Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, surgical approaches and outcomes of 235 patients with a temporal mediobasal tumor were analyzed retrospectively. Surgical landmarks were defined in accordance with operative anatomy. Previous classifications of these tumors were reviewed and a new classification system was developed. Results  The new classification system recognises four types of temporal mediobasal tumor based on anatomical landmarks, location, and size. Type A comprises lesions confined to the uncus, hippocampus, parahippocampus, and/or amygdala. Type B comprises lesions in the area immediately lateral to the structures where type A tumors are located but sparing lateral gyri. Type C tumors are larger lesions, which occupy the area of type A and type B simultaneously. Type D tumors originate from the temporal mediobasal region and invade into the adjacent structures of the temporal stem, insular cortex, claustrum, putamen, or pallidum. The area occupied by a tumor in the axial plane was divided into anterior (a) and posterior (p) subregions. Progressive grading from A to D and from “a” to “p” was based on the view that larger and more posteriorly growing tumors were more difficult to remove. Lesions located in the anterior subregion (n = 173) were easier to remove by the transsylvian route (39%) or after partial anterior lobectomy (32%). For the posterior lesions (n = 62), a subtemporal approach was more appropriate (75%). Conclusions  Based on a series of 235 temporal mediobasal tumors, a classification system was designed to aid in decision making about operability, surgical risk, and approach.     

The impact of COVID-19 on the provision of cardiac surgical services

The global pandemic caused by COVID-19 has had a significant global impact on healthcare systems. One implication of this pandemic is the cancellation of elective cardiac surgeries and the centralization of services. As a result, hospitals in Europe, North America, and the United Kingdom have had to alter the services offered to patients to be able to cope with service provision for COVID infected patients. Data should be collected during this period to provide a good insight following the lockdown period to understand the implication of such service alteration. Future research should also focus on the effects on long-term mortality and morbidity as well as financial implications on hospitals as a result of these changes.     

Fenoldopam infusion for renal protection in high-risk cardiac surgery patients: a randomized clinical study

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the renoprotective effects of fenoldopam in patients at high risk of postoperative acute kidney injury undergoing elective cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Setting: Hospital. Participants: One hundred ninety-three patients. Interventions: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to receive a continuous infusion of fenoldopam, 0.1 microg/kg/min (95 patients), or placebo (98 patients) for 24 hours. Patients were included if at least 1 of the following risk factors was present: preoperative serum creatinine > or =1.5 mg/dL, age >70 years, diabetes mellitus, or prior cardiac surgery. Serum creatinine and urinary output were measured at baseline (T1), 24 hours (T2), and 48 hours after surgery (T3). Acute kidney injury was defined as a postoperative serum creatinine level of > or =2 mg/dL with an increase in serum creatinine level of 0.7 mg/dL or greater from preoperative to maximum postoperative values. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Acute kidney injury developed in 12 of 95 (12.6%) patients receiving fenoldopam and in 27 of 98 (27.6%) patients receiving placebo (p = 0.02), whereas renal replacement therapy was started in 0 of 95 and 8 of 98 (8.2%) patients, respectively (p = 0.004). Serum creatinine was similar at baseline (1.8 +/- 0.4 mg/dL v 1.9 +/- 0.3 mg/dL) in the fenoldopam and placebo groups but differed significantly (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001) 24 hours (1.6 +/- 0.2 mg/dL v 2.5 +/- 0.6 mg/dL) and 48 hours (1.5 +/- 0.3 mg/dL v 2.8 +/- 0.4 mg/dL) after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: A 24-hour infusion of 0.1 mug/kg/min of fenoldopam prevented acute kidney injury in a high-risk population undergoing cardiac surgery.     

The clinical features and surgical treatment of degenerative lumbar scoliosis: A review of 112 patients

Objective: To investigate the clinical features, radiological characteristics and surgical results of degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS). Methods: One hundred and twelve cases of DLS treated surgically from June 2001 to February 2006 were retrospectively reviewed for clinical features, characteristics of nerve root compression and imaging presentations. According to the preoperative clinical manifestations and imaging findings, different surgical modalities were performed, including simple nerve decompression and decompression with short or long posterior fusion (less or more than three segments, respectively). Results: The mean age of 47 male and 65 female patients was 54.7 years. Clinical manifestations included lower back pain (76.8%), radiculopathy (79.5%) and claudication (48.2%). Plain lumbar radiograph showed right scoliosis in 87 and left scoliosis in the other 25 cases; the Cobb angle was 10°–46°; the apex of scoliosis mostly located at L3 (48.2%); L3 and L4 nerve roots were usually compressed on the concave side and L5 and S1 nerve roots on the convex side. The Cobb angle and physiologic lordosis angle of patients who underwent multi‐segment (>3 segments) fusion improved to a greater extent than did that of patients who had simple decompression without fusion. A mean 5.7‐year follow‐up showed that the average improvement in Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores was 32.6, 26.3 and 13.5 for long segment fusion, short segment fusion and simple decompression without fusion, respectively. Conclusion: Decompression surgery with or without fusion, the main purpose of which is to relieve nerve root compression and stabilize the spinal column, is an effective treatment for chronic DLS. The treatment should be individualized according to the patient's age, general and economic factors, severity of deformity and other coexisting lumbar degenerative disorders.     

A bolus dose of 1.5 mg/kg amrinone effectively improves low cardiac output state following separation from cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgical patients

Background : The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 1.5 mg/kg bolus of amrinone on low cardiac output (CO) state following emergence from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in cardiac surgical patients.
Methods : Immediately after emergence from CPB, 14 patients with a cardiac index (CI) less than 2.2 l min^-1 m^-2 despite administration of inotropes and nitroglycerin, received 1.5 mg/ kg amrinone over 3 min without changing catecholamine infusion rates (amrinone group). Hemodynamics and left ventricular short axis views with transesophageal echocardiography were recorded at baseline, 3, 5, and 10 min following amrinone administration. Left ventricular filling volumes were maintained constant by volume reinfusion from the CPB reservoir. We matched the data of the amrinone group with the other 14 patients who did not receive amrinone (non-amrinone group) to evaluate the efficacy of amrinone in low CO state.
Results : At baseline, CI (1.8±0.1 1 min^-1 m^-2) in the amrinone group was significantly lower than CI (3.0±0.2) in the non-amrinone group. Following amrinone administration, CI and velocity of circumferential fibershortening corrected for heart rate (Vcfc) significantly increased, and systemic vascular resistance index and pulmonary vascular resistance index significantly decreased from the baseline within 10 min without changes in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, or pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, and became equivalent with those of the non-amrinone group.
Conclusions : A 1.5 mg/kg amrinone loading dose to patients in a low CO state, despite catecholamine therapy immediately after emergence from CPB, effectively improves ventricular function when loading conditions are maintained constant.     

Utility of ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation in pediatric surgical patients: a clinical series

BACKGROUND: Central venous cannulation can be particularly difficult in pediatric patients. Central line placement is associated with many well-known complications. While ultrasound-guided techniques are well established, the majority of central venous catheters are placed using landmark guidance. This retrospective study compares the safety and efficacy of ultrasound guidance vs landmark guidance in central venous cannulation of pediatric cardiac surgery patients. METHODS: The medical records of 149 pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery over 3-year period were reviewed. Patients were classified into two cohorts based on whether central venous cannulation of the internal jugular vein was performed by ultrasound or landmark guidance. Overall success and traumatic complication rates were compared between the two groups. Additionally, comparisons between the groups were made to determine if patient size or age affected the success rate of either approach in different manner. RESULTS: Patients in the ultrasound-guided (n = 47) and the landmark-guided (n = 102) groups were similar with respect to age, weight, and surgical procedure for which central venous access was indicated. The overall success rate for cannulation of the internal jugular vein was 91.5% in the ultrasound-guided group and 72.5% in the landmark-guided group (P = 0.010). But in the subgroup of children under 1 year of age, success rate was 77.8% in ultrasound group and 60.9% in landmark group (P = 0.44); in children under 10 kg in weight, success rate was 80% in ultrasound group and 56.7% in landmark group (P = 0.19). There were no significant differences in the rate of traumatic complications between the two methods. CONCLUSIONS: The overall success of internal jugular vein cannulation for pediatric cardiac surgery is significantly improved with the use of ultrasound guidance, without a significant difference in traumatic complications. However, mostly children above 1 year of age or 10 kg of weight experience advantages of ultrasound technique.