大骨节病软X线摄影诊断价值的研究

目的应用钼靶软X线摄影提高手腕骨软组织层次对比和清晰度,获得良好的诊断效果.方法在山东省青州市大骨节病区部分小学随机抽取110名7～11岁儿童,分别用MO-30型钼靶X线机和F-30型常规钨靶X线机同时进行右手腕骨对照摄片,前110个号编为甲组,后110个号为乙组.应用研制的新型流动暗箱洗片、审片,发现影像质量问题及时补救,保证照片优质率,提高照片可比性.采用主观法对甲、乙组照片图像和诊断效果作出评定;通过客观法测量照片图像密度值,验证评定结果.结果甲组照片表现细腻、清晰,尤其是隐约可见关节软骨钙化影,此时为早期改变征象,增加了重要的诊断内容,X线检出6例;乙组图像较粗糙,层次差、分辩难度大,X线检出仅2例.对2组照片检测表明,甲组骨密度值大干乙组,之差为0.65～0.70间;乙组软组织密度值大于甲组,之差为0.05～0.15间;甲组手骨与软组织密度值之差为0.90～1.30间,则明显大干乙组.用测量影像密度的手段,客观反映了甲组较乙组照片对比强、清晰度高,诊断效果好,正确应验了主观法的判断结果.结论钼靶软X线摄影是提高大骨节病照片质量和诊断效果的有效方法,可推广应用.     

钼靶X线照片显影方法的改进与应用

目的 掌握钼靶X线照片显影方法，提高钼靶X线影像及诊断效果。方法 X光胶片用3种方式标记，使用钼靶与钨靶X线机对36名儿童右手腕部实施对照X线摄片，在暗箱内洗片操作，观察钼、钨靶X线照片单面与双面显影异同。结果 钼靶X线照片单面显影观察，获得优、差质片机率各占50％，诊断误判率高；兼顾X线照片两面显影观察，并以密度深的一面为基准，可提高X线照片优质率90％以上，诊断准确率高。钨靶X线照片单面与双面显影变化同步，X线影像质量无差异，但比同等钼靶X线照片效果差。结论 钼靶X线照片双面显影观察是提高X线影像质量的有效方法。     

大鼠钼靶软X线摄影及在氟中毒大鼠的应用

目的建立正常大鼠钼靶软Ｘ线影像质量标准，并应用于氟中毒大鼠骨骼变化研究。方法应用钼靶和钨靶Ｘ线对３０只正常Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠对照拍片，采用主、客观相结合方法对两组Ｘ线照片质量进行评定，而后用钼靶软Ｘ线对氟中毒大鼠骨骼改变动态观察。结果钼靶较钨靶Ｘ线照片骨纹清晰，骨与软组织对比明显，Ｘ线影像密度值与密度差较大，提高了氟中毒大鼠氟骨症检出率和诊断正确性。结论钼靶软Ｘ线摄影是诊断氟中毒大鼠氟骨症的有效方法，可推广应用     

X线钼靶、高频超声联合应用对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨X线钼靶、高频超声联合诊断早期乳腺癌（EBC）的价值。方法采用x线钼靶、高频超声及两者联用对144例女性乳腺肿物患者进行检查,比较三种检查方法的差异。结果X线钼靶与高频超声检查联合应用的乳腺癌阳性诊断符合率均高于单行x线钼靶检查或高频超声检查。结论X线钼靶摄片和高频超声检查各有优势,联合应用能明显提高乳腺癌诊断的阳性率。     

钼靶X线摄影与彩色多普勒超声在乳腺肿瘤早期诊断中的应用

目的 比较钼靶X线摄影与彩色多普勒超声在乳腺肿瘤早期诊断中的应用价值.方法 选择2008年10月至2011年2月于我院普外科住院治疗的早期乳腺肿瘤患者64例,肿瘤均为单发,直径均≤2 cm.选择GE Senographe 2000D乳腺钼靶机和飞利浦HD11彩色多普勒超声诊断仪.观察肿瘤的部位、数量、大小、形态、边缘、密度、内部钙化情况、乳头有无凹陷、邻近皮肤是否增厚、是否伴有腋窝淋巴结肿大及血流情况.结果 ①钼靶X线摄影和超声对乳腺肿瘤的诊断符合率间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).两者联合应用后的诊断符合率明显高于单独应用(P＜0.05).②钼靶X线摄影对直径小于1.0 cm的乳腺肿瘤的显示率为75％,明显高于超声(P＜0.05).③钼靶X线摄影对微小钙化显示率为37.5％,明显高于超声(P＜0.05);超声对局部血管及血流异常的显示率为37.5％,明显高于钼靶X线摄影(4.7％)(P＜0.05).结论 钼靶X线摄影与超声在乳腺肿瘤的诊断中各有优势,联合应用可以提高诊断准确率.     

X线钼靶联合超声检查在乳腺肿块鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨X线钼靶联合超声检查在乳腺肿块鉴别诊断中的价值。方法选择女性BI-RADSⅣ级病变乳腺肿块患者100例。所有病例均经临床常规查体、X线钼靶检查、超声影像学检查,并与病理分析结果对比。回顾性分析X线钼钯检查、超声影像检查表现,总结两种检查方式的诊断特点,比较两者检查的准确率、漏诊率、误诊率。结果在肿块检出方面,X射线钼靶检查影像学特征主要为片状致密影、结节状影及钙化影等影像学表现,诊断阳性率为70.73%;超声检查表现多为内部呈现低回声的圆形、椭圆形肿块、中央部存在或不存在沙砾样的钙化结节影,边缘清晰或不清,诊断阳性率为83.73%,超声检出乳腺肿块的结果优于X线钼靶(P<0.05);两者联合检查时,阳性诊断结果提升至95.12%,与X线钼靶、超声单项检查相比,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在钙化点的检出中,X线钼靶单独检查的诊断阳性率明显高于超声检查(P<0.05),两者联合应用诊断阳性率显著高于单独检查(P<0.05)。X线钼靶检查的诊断准确率为79.00%,误诊率为13.00%,漏诊率为8.00%;超声检查准确率为70.00%,误诊率为16.00%,漏诊率14.00%;两者联合应用诊断准确率明显高于单一检查,误诊率与漏诊率均明显低于单一检查(P<0.05)。结论超声影像与X线钼靶对乳腺BI-RADSⅣ级病变的检查均有部分的漏诊及误诊,对于一些诊断难点的鉴别诊断存在盲区,二者联合则可优势互补,减少乳腺BI-RADSⅣ级病变漏诊、误诊的发生,协助准确诊断乳腺良、恶性肿块。     

乳腺钼靶CR摄影技术对乳腺良恶性病变的诊断价值

目的探讨乳腺钼靶计算机X线（Ca）摄影技术对乳腺良、恶性病变的诊断价值,提高对乳腺病变的诊断水平。方法回顾性分析经乳腺钼靶CR摄影检查并有完整影像资料的120例患者,均为女性,常规采用轴位及斜位投照。所有病例均经手术、病理证实。分析对比其X线特点,并与病理诊断对照。结果在乳腺钼靶CR诊断为乳腺良性病变的51例中,病理证实47例为良性,4例为乳腺癌,钼靶CR诊断准确率为92．1％;在钼靶Ca诊断为恶性病变的69例中,病理证实67例为恶性,2例良性,钼靶CR诊断准确率为97．1％。结论乳腺钼靶CR摄影技术对乳腺良恶性病变的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

乳房钼靶摄影临床体会

乳房钼靶摄影是乳房疾病的主要诊断方法之一 ,X线照片质量的好坏直接影响诊断效果。质量好的乳房照片上可清晰显示乳房腺体、导管、结缔组织、血管、脂肪组织和皮肤等结构。对了解病变性质、大小范围及鉴别诊断作用甚大。笔者在实际工作的基础上 ,总结了以下几点切身体会 ,旨在为临床医生提供更加满意的照片 ,以利于疾病的诊断与鉴别 :1钼靶 X线机管电压的选择。因乳房为软组织 ,所以球管电压不能太高 ,控制在 2 5～ 35 KV间 ,使产生的 X线波长较长 ,穿透力弱 ,照片的密度达到最佳。 2自制纸暗盒的使用。我们以前用的上海产单屏暗盒 ,不论…     

超声与X线钼靶联合应用对乳腺疾病定性诊断的价值

目的评价超声与X线钼靶检查对乳腺疾病定性诊断的价值。方法对128例女性术前乳腺触及肿块,均经超声与X线钼靶两者检查行定性诊断,与术后病理对照分析。结果超声对乳腺恶性肿块定性诊断准确性为94.4%,X线钼靶为91.6%,两者结合诊断准确率为97.2%,超声对良性病变定性高于X线摄影。结论两者结合能提高乳腺良恶性病变诊断的准确率,及早发现早期乳腺癌。     

高频二维 三维彩超与X线钼靶联合应用对乳腺癌的诊断价值探讨

目的探讨高频二维、三维彩色多普勒超声与X线钼靶联合应用对乳腺癌的临床诊断价值。方法随机选取2014-01~2016-06在无锡惠山区人民医院和苏州市立医院东区均有钼靶和超声影像资料,并经手术和临床病理确诊为乳腺癌的患者59例,回顾性分析其临床资料,总结高频彩色多普勒超声联合X线钼靶临床诊断符合率。结果高频彩色多普勒超声和X线钼靶单独诊断乳腺癌的阳性符合率分别为84.74%和76.27%,均显著低于联合诊断93.22%的阳性符合率,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论高频彩色多普勒超声与X线钼靶联合诊断乳腺癌阳性符合率得到显著提高,值得临床推广。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.