聚合物胶束在肿瘤靶向给药系统中的研究进展

摘 要 聚合物胶束作为一种有效的药物运送载体已经受到广泛关注,其在肿瘤治疗方面具有高效,长效和高载药量等优势。本文综述了聚合物胶束的类型,制备材料,载药方法,主要讨论了肿瘤靶向载药系统中的靶向策略和应用实例。     

树枝状大分子纳米载体作为脑靶向给药系统的研究进展

血脑屏障在保护中枢神经系统中发挥了重要的作用,但也阻碍了药物或者诊断剂向脑部递送。本文根据近年来国内外文献资料,针对树枝状大分子纳米载体不同的修饰方法在脑靶向系统的应用进行归纳总结。修饰后的树枝状大分子作为向脑部递送药物或者基因的系统载体具有良好的应用前景。     

肾靶向给药系统的研究进展

肾脏是人体的重要器官之一。由于多数肾脏药物都具有较大的毒性,为了降低药物的系统毒性,很多药学工作者已经对肾靶向给药系统进行了深入的研究。采用了低分子质量蛋白质(LMWP)、微粒、糖基复合物等药物转运载体,前体药物和抗体以及基因治疗等多种手段,以最终实现肾脏靶向给药的目的。本文通过系统地介绍肾脏的生理功能及特点,对上述各类肾脏靶向给药系统的研究成果和进展进行了全面的总结和评价。     

聚合物胶束作为肿瘤靶向给药载体的研究

聚合物胶束是近年来出现的一种新型胶态药物载体,具有很多优良的性能,如体内外稳定性高、良好的生物相容性、难溶性药物的增溶作用等.它可以作为靶向肿瘤的给药载体,通过多种机制,如环境响应的聚合物胶束、特异性配基耦合的聚合物胶束、免疫聚合物胶束、通透性增强与滞留(EPR)效应、肿瘤的血管系统等途径来实现药物靶向给药.现主要讨论肿瘤给药的靶向策略和聚合物胶束作为靶向肿瘤给药载体的研究进展.     

环糊精在靶向给药系统中的应用

近年来,为了设计一种能在特殊器官、组织和细胞等部位集中有效释放药物的新型给药系统,国内外药剂工作者做了不懈的努力,其中利用环糊精(CD)制备靶向给药系统的研究也日渐增多。由于CD包合物在水中处于主客分子动态平衡状态,它的解离程度依赖于包合物稳定常数的大小。在吸收部位,包合物解离成游离的CD和药物分子,只有游离的药物分子能够进入体循环。然而,当我们需要将药物靶向定位的时候,这种包合平衡现象往往存在其不利之处,因为当药物到达靶器官或靶组织之前包合物往往已经解离了。为了有效阻止这种解离,国外文献报道最多的是将药物结…     

天然药物靶向给药系统的研究

采用新型药物载体使天然药物具有靶向作用是近年来药剂学的研究热点之一。综述脂质体、纳米粒、微球、微乳、药质体等新型载体在天然药物靶向给药系统研究中的应用,并介绍膜融合脂质体、纳米脂质载体、药脂结合物纳米粒以及分泌颗粒类似物等几种新型靶向给药系统的药物载体。     

叶酸受体介导的靶向给药系统研究进展

叶酸受体在多种肿瘤细胞表面过度表达,能与特异性的配体结合并将药物靶向运输到特定的肿瘤细胞。本文介绍了叶酸受体介导的靶向给药系统的作用机制和几种常见的药物载体系统。     

口服结肠靶向给药系统的研究现状

通过查阅献资料，综述了近几年来国内外口服结肠靶向药给系统的研究情况，介绍了口服结肠靶向给药的概念及其优点和结肠靶向给药系统的几种类型：pH依赖型，时滞释药型，菌群触发型及其使用的材料。     

树枝状聚合物聚酰胺-胺作为药物载体应用研究进展

树枝状聚合物聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)是一种三维的、高度枝化的树枝状高分子,具有单一分散性、无免疫原性、细胞毒性较低、生物可降解等特性,目前作为药物载体在药学领域引起了高度关注。文中分别综述了其载药机制及其在静脉、口服、经皮、眼部等不同给药途径的应用研究进展。研究发现其载药机制主要为物理包埋载药与静电、共价结合载药。PAMAM作为药物载体能够增加药物的溶解度,不同途径给药后能延缓药物的释放,增加药物皮肤渗透系数,延长角膜滞留时间,从而增加药物的生物利用度,是一种颇具发展潜力的新型药物载体。     

用于靶向给药的聚谷氨酸及其衍生物

聚谷氨酸是一种新型生物可降解材料,在体内可降解为人体所必需的谷氨酸单体,其用于靶向给药系统具有独特价值。本文综述近年来聚谷氨酸及其衍生物在靶向给药方面的应用研究。     

Block copolymer micelles as a solution for drug delivery problems

Micelles, nanosized colloidal particles with a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic shell, can be successfully used for the solubilisation of various poorly soluble pharmaceuticals, and demonstrate a series of attractive properties as drug carriers. Polymeric micelles, such as micelles formed by amphiphilic block copolymers, are of a special interest as they possess high stability both invitro and invivo, and good biocompatibility. Drug-loaded micelles can spontaneously accumulate in body areas with compromised vasculature (tumours, infarcts) via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Micelles made of stimuli-responsive (pH- or temperature-sensitive) amphiphilic block copolymers can release their contents in pathological areas demonstrating hyperthermia or acidosis. Various specific targeting ligand molecules, such as antibodies, can be attached to the micelle surface and bring drug-loaded micelles to, and into, target cells (cancer cells being a primary target). Micelles carrying various reporter (contrast) groups may become the imaging agents of choice in different imaging modalities. This review will consider some recent trends in using micelles as pharmaceutical carriers.     

线粒体靶向给药系统用于线粒体疾病治疗的研究进展

线粒体是细胞内具有一定结构和功能特性的细胞器,线粒体功能失调将导致机体疾病的发生,它在调节细胞凋亡方面也发挥着重要作用。为了修复线粒体功能的损伤,研究线粒体靶向给药系统显得尤为重要。本文对国内外的研究情况做简要综述。     

Cell-mediated drug delivery

Introduction: Drug targeting to sites of tissue injury, tumor or infection with limited toxicity is the goal for successful pharmaceutics. Immunocytes (including mononuclear phagocytes (dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages), neutrophils and lymphocytes) are highly mobile; they can migrate across impermeable barriers and release their drug cargo at sites of infection or tissue injury. Thus, immune cells can be exploited as Trojan horses for drug delivery.

Areas covered: This paper reviews how immunocytes laden with drugs can cross the blood–brain or blood–tumor barriers to facilitate treatments for infectious diseases, injury, cancer, or inflammatory diseases. The promises and perils of cell-mediated drug delivery are reviewed, with examples of how immunocytes can be harnessed to improve therapeutic end points.

Expert opinion: Using cells as delivery vehicles enables targeted drug transport and prolonged circulation times, along with reductions in cell and tissue toxicities. Such systems for drug carriage and targeted release represent a new disease-combating strategy being applied to a spectrum of human disorders. The design of nanocarriers for cell-mediated drug delivery may differ from those used for conventional drug delivery systems; nevertheless, engaging different defense mechanisms in drug delivery may open new perspectives for the active delivery of drugs.     

壳聚糖在靶向制剂中的应用进展

壳聚糖是一种天然高分子化合物，壳聚糖及其衍生物具有优良的生物相容性和生物可降解性，在制药业有广阔的应用前景。综述了近几年来壳聚糖及其衍生物在靶向制剂中的应用。     

叶酸受体介导的靶向纳米给药系统研究进展

叶酸受体在许多恶性肿瘤细胞表面过度表达,而在正常细胞中则几乎不表达或只有少量表达。利用叶酸受体表达的特性,通过将叶酸修饰于药物载体表面,可使药物靶向输送至叶酸受体过度表达的肿瘤细胞中,从而避免对正常细胞产生毒性,提高药物疗效;而纳米给药系统因粒径较小等原因可使药物在肿瘤部位浓集。本文对近年来叶酸受体介导的靶向纳米给药系统进行了综述。     

Hyperthermia-induced drug targeting

Introduction: Specific delivery of a drug to a target site is a major goal of drug delivery research. Using temperature-sensitive liposomes (TSLs) is one way to achieve this; the liposome acts as a protective carrier, allowing increased drug to flow through the bloodstream by minimizing clearance and non-specific uptake. On reaching microvessels within a heated tumor, the drug is released and quickly penetrates. A major advance in the field is ThermoDox® (Celsion), demonstrating significant improvements to the drug release rates and drug uptake in heated tumors (～ 41°C). Most recently, magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) has been combined with TSL drug delivery to provide localized chemotherapy with simultaneous quantification of drug release within the tumor.

Areas covered: In this article the field of hyperthermia-induced drug delivery is discussed, with an emphasis on the development of TSLs and their combination with hyperthermia (both mild and ablative) in cancer therapy. State-of-the-art image-guided heating technologies used with this combination strategy will also be presented, with examples of real-time monitoring of drug delivery and prediction of efficacy.

Expert opinion: The specific delivery of drugs by combining hyperthermia with TSLs is showing great promise in the clinic and its potential will be even greater as the use of image-guided focused ultrasound becomes more widespread – a technique capable of penetrating deep within the body to heat a specific area with improved control. In conjunction with this, it is anticipated that multifunctional TSLs will be a major topic of study in this field.     

经鼻脑靶向递药系统的研究进展

鼻腔与脑在解剖生理上的独特联系使得鼻腔给药作为脑内递药途径成为可能.鼻腔给药作为脑靶向的途径之一,可有效地使通过其他给药途径不易透过血脑屏障的药物绕过血脑屏障到达脑部,为中枢神经系统疾病的治疗提供了一种极有发展前景的脑内递药途径.就鼻腔给药脑靶向的依据、影响因素、评价方法、剂型等方面对经鼻脑靶向递药系统的研究现状进行总结.     

自组装药物传递系统

自组装药物传递系统（SADDS）是基于药质体提出的新概念和新给药系统,融合了前药、分子自组装和纳米技术,是两亲前药形成的自组装纳米体系。其突出的特点是自组装体几乎没有辅料的参与,载药量大,稳定性好,在体内可获得靶向、控释效果,特别适合于抗病毒和抗肿瘤治疗。SADDS是学科交叉的产物,是药剂学研究的新方向。本文阐述了SADDS概念的来源、特点和研究进展,并展望了SADDS的研究前景。     

外泌体用于疾病诊疗和药物递送的研究进展

外泌体是细胞外囊泡的一种,作为特殊的细胞间通讯介质,携带蛋白质、核酸及脂质等,在生物体内各种生理、病理过程中发挥着重要作用。作为内源性纳米囊泡,外泌体具有体循环稳定性、良好的生物相容性、对组织和细胞的特异性靶向等优点,是理想的药物递送载体。外泌体为多种疾病的诊断和预后评估提供支持,同时作为一种非常有潜力的、安全、特异性强的内源性纳米药物载体具有广阔的应用前景。本文阐述外泌体的产生机制,对其提取分离方法特点进行总结,并围绕外泌体在免疫和炎症相关疾病、心血管系统疾病、神经系统疾病、肿瘤等疾病的应用机制进行讨论,以及作为药物载体的工程化修饰和主动靶向药物递送进行综述。