Hysteroscopy combined with hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy): A new modality for comprehensive evaluation of the female pelvic organs

Aim.?Hysterolaparoscopy is the gold-standard procedure for mechanical evaluation of the female pelvic organs. However, it is invasive and potentially life-threatening. The purpose of the present study was to assess the value of an alternative, minimally invasive technique.

Method.?All consenting women who reached the stage of mechanical evaluation in their infertility work-up were invited to participate in the study. All underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy followed by hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy) performed in a single session on an outpatient basis. Patient clinical data were collected prospectively.

Results.?Twenty women participated in the study, 6 with primary infertility and 14 with secondary infertility. All procedures yielded satisfactory evaluation of the uterine cavity and uterine and ovarian structures, fallopian tube patency, and relationship between the fallopian tube fimbrial edges and the ovaries. All patients were discharged within 2 h; there were no complications during or after the procedure.

Conclusion.?The combination of hysteroscopy and hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy) can provide a comprehensive, functional and relatively non-invasive evaluation of the female pelvic organs.     

880例不孕妇女宫-腹腔镜联合手术的病因分析

目的:探讨应用宫-腹腔镜联合手术的诊断技术对女性因素不孕病因的诊断价值。方法:对880例不孕症患者经宫-腹腔镜联合手术,诊断其盆腔疾病、宫腔疾病和不孕的可能原因。结果:在880例不孕症患者中,676例患有盆腔粘连,占76.8%;双侧输卵管阻塞者503例,占57.1%;子宫因素者112例,占12.7%;宫腔病变者107例,占12.2%;卵巢因素者103例,占11.7%;生殖器畸形者69例,占7.9%。其中原发不孕者中痛经、多囊卵巢的患者多于继发不孕,而继发不孕者中有盆腔炎症和盆腹腔手术史的比例较多。结论:女性不孕的首要暴露因素(危险因素)是盆腔及生殖道感染性疾病,输卵管阻塞是导致不孕的重要因素之一。应用宫-腹腔镜联合手术对女性不孕症的病因诊断有重要价值并能对盆腔粘连、输卵管疾病在诊断的同时进行治疗。     

Contrast Ultrasonography for Tubal Patency

Evaluation of tubal patency is an essential part of a fertility workup. Laparoscopy with chromopertubation in conjunction with hysteroscopy is the gold standard in evaluation of tubal patency and the uterine cavity. In this review article we describe a newer method for evaluation of the uterus and fallopian tubes, that is, hysterosalpingo–contrast sonography (HyCoSy). Accuracy of HyCoSy for tubal patency has been shown to be comparable to that with hysterosalpingography (HSG) when compared with laparoscopic chromopertubation. Sensitivity ranges from 75% to 96%, and specificity from 67% to 100%. HyCoSy is also accurate when compared with HSG in determining tubal occlusion after hysteroscopic sterilization, with 88% of patients stating they would prefer to undergo the tubal occlusion test in their gynecologist's office. Because HyCoSy also includes evaluation of the uterine cavity with saline solution–enhanced sonohysterography, accuracy in evaluating the uterine cavity is >90% when compared with hysteroscopy. HyCoSy enables the gynecologist to complete a fertility workup in the office in the most minimally invasive way. HyCoSy is well tolerated and has been suggested in the literature to replace HSG for evaluation of tubal disease in the subfertile population.     

腹腔镜和宫腔镜在不孕症诊治中的应用

本文对320例不孕症患者行腹腔镜检查,其中47例同时行宫腔镜检查及治疗。腹腔镜检查结果表明,盆腔炎症和子宫内膜异位症是本组病例中最常见的病因,占77.5％,由此引起的盆腔粘连和输卵管阻塞占71.33％,而这些病例56.9％(110/255)没有临床表现,因此腹腔镜检查是诊断盆腔炎和子宫内膜异位症的可靠方法。47例宫腔镜检查发现异常占21.3％,其中27例49条阻塞输卵管在宫腔镜下加压通液及行插管术,其中8例11条输卵管通畅,占29.6％,4例妊娠。因此对HSG或腹腔镜检查发现的输卵管阻塞,特别是近端阻塞,可在腹腔镜监视下,行宫腔镜加压通液或输卵管插管再通术以减少误诊。     

Combined diagnostic approach of laparoscopy and hysteroscopy in the evaluation of female infertility: results of 612 patients

AIM: To clarify the role of a combined diagnostic approach using laparoscopy and hysteroscopy in the evaluation of female infertility in developing countries. METHODS: In a prospective study, 612 consecutive infertile women underwent complete fertility evaluation at a tertiary university infertility clinic: 300 complained of primary infertility, 221 of secondary infertility, and 91 were requesting reversal of a previous tubal ligation. All the patients were examined by simultaneous combined laparoscopy and hysteroscopy as a part of their routine infertility evaluation. Focused hysteroscopic evaluation of the region of utero-tubal junction was attempted. RESULTS: Laparoscopy was successful in 608 and hysteroscopy in 597 patients. The most frequent pathologies detected hysteroscopically in the infertile group were adhesive in nature and believed to be post-traumatic and/or post-phlogistic. The number of intrauterine abnormalities found by hysteroscopy was significantly greater than by hysterosalpingography. The rate of diagnosis of significant lesions by laparoscopy of 64.3% rose to 76.6% when the hysteroscopic findings were included. A significant number of women with secondary infertility had abnormal hysteroscopic findings when compared to either women with primary infertility or those requesting sterilization reversal. Hysteroscopic evaluation of the region of utero-tubal junction revealed significant lesions believed to have caused infertility in comparison with those requesting sterilization reversal. CONCLUSION: The combined diagnostic approach of laparoscopy and hysteroscopy is recommended in the evaluation of female infertility in communities where the risk of pelvic infections is great.     

宫腹腔镜联合手术在不孕症中的应用

目的：探讨宫、腹腔镜联合手术在不孕症诊疗中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析2012年1月至2012年12月期间我院应用宫、腹腔镜联合手术治疗的53例女性不孕症患者的临床资料,不孕症的主要原因有：输卵管堵塞、盆腔粘连、多囊卵巢、子宫内膜异位症、子宫内膜息肉等。结果：所有53例患者均完成宫腔镜、腹腔镜治疗不孕症手术。手术后的妊娠率为47．16％。结论：宫腔镜、腹腔镜联合手术可以全面的评价、诊断以及治疗不孕不育症,是诊治女性不孕症的重要手段,再通率高、疗效肯定、创伤小,值得推广应用。     

Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy vs. conventional laparoscopy for evaluating unexplained primary infertility in women

OBJECTIVE: To verify the usefulness and reliability of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) as a screening tool for evaluating infertility in women in comparison with conventional diagnostic laparoscopy. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty consecutive women with unexplained primary infertility were prospectively enrolled into the study. After examination of the whole pelvic cavity, tubal patency was evaluated and the uterine cavity studied by hysteroscopy. Immediately after THL, conventional laparoscopy was performed. Main outcome measures were the success rate of accessing the pouch of Douglas, rate of complete examinations, rate of complications and accuracy of THL in comparison with laparoscopy. RESULTS: Success rate of accessing the pouch of Douglas and performing THL was 93.3%. The rate of complete evaluation of all the pelvic structures was 76.8%. In studying tubal pathology, 77.8% agreement was found between the two techniques. Diagnosis of endometriosis was correct in 55.5% of patients. Overall, THL results correlated closely with conventional laparoscopic results in 92.86%, but the diagnostic accuracy of THL was 100% in cases of complete pelvic evaluation. CONCLUSION: THL is a feasible, reliable and safe procedure and can be considered an alternative procedure for evaluating infertility in women. In cases of incomplete pelvic evaluation or abnormal findings, conventional laparoscopy is indicated as the second step in the evaluation.     

Transvaginal hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy) compared with chromolaparoscopy

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of HyCoSy with chromolaparoscopy for the diagnosis of tubal occlusion and uterine abnormalities. METHODS: Sixty infertile women in whom the cause of infertility was thought to be tubal occlusion or uterine abnormalities and who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria as specified in the study protocol were included. HyCoSy was performed during the first half of the menstrual cycle at least 24 hours prior to chromolaparoscopy. The results from both HyCoSy and chromolaparoscopy were compared in assessing tubal occlusion and uterine pathology. RESULTS: For the evaluation of fallopian tubes, we found corresponding results between HyCoSy and chromolaparoscopy in 80.0%. The agreement between both procedures in assessing the uterine pathology was 80.4%. Twenty-two women experienced adverse events. The most common complaint was pelvic pain. Other events encountered were: nausea (3 women) and vaginal bleeding (2 women). All events were thought to be not related to the study drug. CONCLUSION: HyCoSy showed good diagnostic performance in the evaluation of the fallopian tubes and uterus in infertile women. The adverse events reported in this study are minor and procedure-related (catheter insertion) rather than the trial substance.     

经阴道注水腹腔镜联合宫腔镜检查不孕症的临床观察

目的 探讨经阴道注水腹腔镜(THL)联合官腔镜检查不孕症的临床效果和应用价值。方法 对46例不孕症患者施行THL联合宫腔镜检查,其中原发性不孕(原发组)和继发性不孕(继发组)各23例。观察患者的输卵管通畅性、盆腔病变情况,记录THL手术时间、总手术时间、离院时间、术后阴道壁穿刺孔愈合时间、穿刺成功率与术中及术后并发症。结果原发组术后输卵管双侧通畅13例,继发组术后输卵管双侧通畅5例;两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05);原发组盆腔粘连6例,继发组盆腔粘连14例,两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05);术后需要进一步施行常规腹腔镜手术的患者仅7例(7/46,15％);46例不孕症患者THL手术时间、总手术时间、术后离院时间和阴道壁穿刺孔愈合时间分别为(10.5±1.7)min、(32.2±4.6)min、(87.3±12.5)min和(4.5±0.5)d;穿刺成功率为96％(46/48);无直肠损伤、术后穿刺部位出血、盆腔感染等并发症发生。结论 THL具有准确、微创、安全、经济、不需住院等优点,联合应用宫腔镜检查效果更佳。THL和宫腔镜联合检查可作为不孕症早期检查的一线方法。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the uterus after endometrial resection

Objective Despite the increasing popularity of endometrial resection for the treatment of menstrual problems, the long term sequelae of this procedure are poorly recognised. As diagnostic hysteroscopy following endometrial resection is frequently unrewarding and transvaginal ultrasound is incapable of detecting subtle changes in endometrial morphology, magnetic resonance imaging was employed to evaluate the uterus.
Design Retrospective study of unselected post-operative women.
Methods Fifty-nine women, of whom 22 were amenorrhoeic, were studied a mean number of 34 months after endometrial resection, using a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging system with a pelvic phased array coil for signal reception. T2-weighted FSE images were acquired through the long and short uterine axis and volumetric assessment of each uterine layer performed using an ISG Allegro workstation.
Main outcome measures The location and volume of residual endometrium, the volume of junctional zone and myometrial tissue, and the presence of additional intrauterine and pelvic pathology were recorded.
Results Residual endometrium was demonstrated in all except three amenorrhoeic women, with a similar mean volume present in menstruating and amenorrhoeic groups. Additional findings included adenomyosis, haematometra, fallopian tube dilatation and free intraperitoneal fluid.
Conclusions The majority of amenorrhoeic and all menstruating women have residual endometrium after endometrial resection. The lack of communication of islands of residual endometrium with the uterine cavity results in haematometra formation, fallopian tube dilatation and possibly free intraperitoneal fluid.     

Technology assessment No. 7: Hysteroscopy

Hysteroscopy is performed to view and treat pathology within the uterine cavity and endocervix. Diagnostic hysteroscopy allows visualization of the endocervical canal, endometrial cavity, and fallopian tube ostia. Operative hysteroscopy incorporates the use of mechanical, electrosurgical, or laser instruments to treat intracavitary pathology and perform hysteroscopic sterilization procedures. Selection of a distending medium requires consideration of the advantages, disadvantages, and risks associated with various media as well as their compatibility with electrosurgical or laser energy. A preoperative consultation allows the patient and physician to discuss the hysteroscopic procedure, weigh its inherent risks and benefits, review the patient's medical history for any comorbid conditions, and exclude pregnancy. Known pregnancy, genital tract infections, and active herpetic infection are contraindications to hysteroscopy. The most common perioperative complications associated with operative hysteroscopy are hemorrhage, uterine perforation, and cervical laceration. The procedure is minimally invasive and can be used with a high degree of safety.     

Laparoscopically-assisted,Hysteroscopic Removal of an Interstitial Pregnancy With a Fertility-Preserving Technique

Described is a novel surgical management of an unruptured interstitial pregnancy with preservation of the ipsilateral fallopian tube and uterine cornua. The patient was a 34-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 1, with an unruptured left interstitial pregnancy at 9 weeks' gestation, who desired preservation of fertility. The ectopic pregnancy was entirely removed via laparoscopically assisted hysteroscopy with a fertility-preserving surgical technique, with minimal blood loss, preservation of reproductive organs, restoration of anatomy, a patent ipsilateral fallopian tube, and expedient return to normal reproductive function. After the procedure, serial human chorionic gonadotropin levels were obtained until they were <5 mIU/mL. A hysterosalpingogram obtained 2 months after the procedure showed normal uterine and fallopian tube contour and bilateral tubal patency. We conclude that this laparoscopically assisted hysteroscopic technique is a safe and efficient fertility-preserving approach to management of an unruptured interstitial pregnancy.     

Investigation of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes using three-dimensional saline sonohysterosalpingography.

OBJECTIVE: To compare three-dimensional saline sonohysterosalpingography (SHSG) to X-ray hysterosalpingography (HSG) for the evaluation of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes. PATIENT POPULATION: Fifteen infertile women on whom X-ray HSG had been performed within 1 year prior to this study. METHOD: Fifteen infertile women underwent three-dimensional power Doppler examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes with three-dimensional SHSG during the follicular phase. Distension was achieved using sterile saline injected through a 5 French HSG catheter. Peritoneal accumulation of free fluid surrounding the ovary and tube was required for a diagnosis of a patent tube. Fluid accumulation in the cul-de-sac without visualization of the tubes was considered consistent with at least one tube being patent. RESULTS: three-dimensional saline SHSG was completed in 14 patients. One patient had cervical stenosis and the procedure could not be performed. No significant intrauterine pathology was identified by either X-ray HSG or sonography. Three-dimensional saline SHSG made false positive diagnoses of tubal occlusion in four out of seven fallopian tubes (57%). The sensitivity and specificity for detecting tubal occlusion was 75 and 83%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 40% and negative predictive value of 95%. Detection of fallopian tube architecture was not possible with three-dimensional saline SHSG in any patient. Simultaneous use of three-dimensional Doppler did not clearly identify the flow of saline through the fallopian tubes. CONCLUSIONS: Transvaginal three-dimensional saline SHSG provides good visualization of the uterine cavity and myometrial walls in three orthogonal planes. However, it does not diagnose tubal occlusion or depict architecture of the fallopian tube as accurately as X-ray HSG. Although we were able to visualize the distal fallopian tube and fimbria with real-time imaging, we were not able to satisfactorily image the proximal tube with three-dimensional power Doppler. This technique may be reserved as an initial screening test to evaluate the uterine cavity and test patency. Patients at high risk for tubal disease by history or with suspected tubal occlusion on three-dimensional saline SHSG should be evaluated by either X-ray HSG or laparoscopy with chromopertubation. Further improvements of three-dimensional technology and contrast materials will, it is hoped, make this method comparable to X-ray HSG.     

Role of hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy in women with unexplained infertility

Objectives

This study was designed to evaluate the role of hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy in women with unexplained infertility.

Patients and methods

Women with unexplained infertility were included in this prospective study, evaluated with transvaginal sonography and diagnostic hysteroscopy. Diagnostic hysteroscopy was performed between the 7th and 11th day of the cycle. The criteria for hysteroscopic findings were based on the cervical canal, uterine cavity, endometrium, visualization of the ostium tubae and lesions of the utero-tubal junction. After the hysteroscopic examination, endometrial biopsy was performed using a Pipelle^® endometrial suction curette. Patients were classified according to the hysteroscopy results into four groups: patients with no abnormality detected (14), patients with cervical abnormalities (six), patients with endometrial abnormalities (73) and patients with uterine abnormalities (seven).

Results

One hundred women with unexplained infertility were included. All patients underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy, except for seven patients: six patients had stenotic external or internal cervical ostium and one had inadequate visualization as the uterine cavity was filled with blood. Based on hysteroscopic findings, 31 patients were finally diagnosed with endometrial polyps; 14 endometritis; 15 endometrial hyperplasia; six submucous myomas; seven intrauterine synechiae (73 cases = endometrial abnormalities group); seven congenital uterine anomalies (uterine abnormalities group), six cervical stenosis (cervical abnormalities group) and 14 women without any uterine abnormalities (no abnormalities group). Analysis of samples obtained using the Pipelle^® endometrial suction curette was non-diagnostic in 16 cases; the most common endometrial pathological feature detected by this analysis was endometritis (15 %).

Conclusions

Routine hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy should be used as a basic part of the work-up for women with unexplained infertility.     

Vaginoscopic hysteroscopy and transvaginal sonography in the evaluation of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare accuracy of vaginoscopic hysteroscopy, a new method of outpatient hysteroscopy, with that of transvaginal sonography in diagnosing intracavitary pathology in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. DESIGN: Retrospective comparative study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: Department of gynecology in a tertiary care university hospital. PATIENTS: Three hundred ninety-seven consecutive patients. INTERVENTIONS: Vaginoscopic hysteroscopy, transvaginal sonography, and histologic evaluation of endometrium. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Findings at hysteroscopy and sonography were compared with histopathologic results, considered the gold standard diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were 92%, 95%, 18.4, and 0.08 for vaginoscopic hysteroscopy and 67%, 87%, 5.15, and 0.38 for transvaginal sonography, respectively. CONCLUSION: Vaginoscopic hysteroscopy is quick and well tolerated, and more accurate in detecting intracavitary uterine pathology than transvaginal sonography. More research is required to determine its place in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding, especially premenopausal women.     

Higher Prevalence of Endometrial Polyps in Patients with Fallopian Tube Obstruction: A Case-control Study

Study ObjectiveTo study the association between endometrial polyps and fallopian tube patency diagnosed by hysteroscopy, conventional histology, and 4-dimensional (4D) hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy).DesignA case-control study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2).SettingA university hospital.PatientsA total of 323 women of reproductive age underwent 4D HyCoSy and hysteroscopy between January 2015 and December 2017.InterventionA retrospective analysis of the association of endometrial polyps and fallopian tube obstruction (n = 154) or patency (n = 169) in patients who underwent 4D HyCoSy.Measurements and Main ResultsThe prevalence of endometrial polyps was significantly higher in patients with bilateral fallopian tube obstruction than in patients with bilateral fallopian tube patency (42.9% [66/154] vs 20.1% [34/169], p <.0001). In univariate and multivariate analyses, the presence of endometrial polyps was found to be a risk factor for tubal obstruction with an odds ratio of 3.16 and 2.59, respectively.ConclusionThe prevalence of endometrial polyps is higher in infertile patients with fallopian tube obstruction than in patients with fallopian tube patency. History of endometrial polyps, ectopic pregnancy, and pelvic inflammatory disease are risk factors for tubal obstruction.     

Is hysteroscopy of value in the investigation of female infertility?

A prospective multicentre study was designed to ascertain the value of hysteroscopy in the evaluation of female infertility. The study comprises 619 CO2 hysteroscopies in women complaining of infertility. Four hundred and ninety nine examinations (80%) were performed without anaesthesia or cervical dilatation. Twenty eight cases of malformation were diagnosed. Adhesions were found in 68 patients (11%), polypi in 56 (9.1%) and submucous fibroids in 51 (8.2%). Endometrial hyperplasia was diagnosed by hysteroscopy in 67 patients, but there was only 42% histological correlation. Examination of the tubal ostia by hysteroscopy revealed 26 patients (4%) with unilateral tubocornual polyps and one with bilateral polyps. The correlation with hysterosalpingography (HSG) in 185 patients was poor. In 20% where the HSG was reported as normal there were hysteroscopically demonstrable lesions whereas there were false positive findings at HSG in 35% of cases. Hysteroscopy is the only technique which provides an accurate clinical evaluation of the uterine cavity although it does not provide significant information about the cervical canal or fallopian tubes.     

Predictive value of transvaginal sonography performed before routine diagnostic hysteroscopy for evaluation of infertility

OBJECTIVE: To compare transvaginal sonography with hysteroscopy for the evaluation of intrauterine disorders. DESIGN: Clinical study. SETTING: Academic research environment. PATIENT(S): Patients who were undergoing initial evaluation for primary or secondary infertility or investigation after three failed IVF attempts. INTERVENTION(S): Transvaginal sonography was performed, followed by hysteroscopy, between January 1998 and April 1999. The endometrial findings at sonography were compared with those at hysteroscopy, which served as the gold standard. The characteristic sonographic features of intrauterine adhesions were defined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Intrauterine adhesions, endometrial polyps. RESULT(S): The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for transvaginal sonography in detecting abnormal uterine cavities were 100%, 96.3%, 91.3%, and 100%, respectively. The corresponding values for the specific diagnoses of intrauterine adhesions and endometrial polyps were 80%, 100%, 100%, and 97%, and 71.4%, 100%, 100%, and 97.1%, respectively. On transvaginal sonography, intrauterine adhesions appeared as hyperechoic endometrial foci and were differentiated from endometrial polyps by their irregular shape and more precise localization. The performance of transvaginal sonography at midcycle (three-layer endometrium) rather than after menstrual cessation (endometrial thickness <3 mm) enabled better imaging of small intrauterine adhesions. CONCLUSION(S): A regular myometrial-endometrial interface and homogeneous endometrial structure on transvaginal sonography congruent with the phase of the menstrual cycle indicated a normal endometrium and precluded the need for diagnostic hysteroscopy. Transvaginal sonography may be used as the initial diagnostic procedure to select patients for hysteroscopy.     

输卵管性不孕的危险因素分析及检测方法探讨

目的 :观察引起输卵管性不孕的危险因素并对其诊断方法进行评价 ,以研究和预防输卵管阻塞引起的不孕 ,探讨检查输卵管通畅度的方法价值。方法 :回顾性分析34 9例输卵管阻塞性不孕妇女的情况及危险因素 ,并对子宫输卵管碘油造影、腹腔镜检查结果与手术发现进行比较。结果 :盆腔炎病史、人工流产手术史、阑尾炎手术史、结核病史等均在输卵管性不孕的发生中起一定的作用 ,前两者更危险。HSG和腹腔镜检查的符合率为 66% ,但腹腔镜诊断输卵管的通畅度和其他盆腔病变更准确。结论 :盆腔炎和反复的人工流产是引起输卵管性不孕的主要危险因素 ,HSG和腹腔镜对输卵管通畅度的检查均有一定价值     

Transvaginal sonohysterography and hysteroscopy in the evaluation of female infertility, habitual abortion or metrorrhagia. A comparative study.

BACKGROUND: To assess the diagnostic value of sonohysterography in the evaluation of metrorrhagia and infertility with hysteroscopy as the standard. METHODS: Sixty-six women, 41 with metrorrhagia, 20 with infertility and five with habitual abortion, were examined by sonohysterography and hysteroscopy. Sterile saline instilled through a baby-feeding tube was used to distend the uterine cavity during sonohysterography. Hysteroscopy was performed with a 4 mm hysteroscope under general anesthesia. The endometrial polyps and submucous myomas were recorded and the findings subsequently compared. RESULTS: Of the 66 women, 60 were successfully examined by both sonohysterography and hysteroscopy. The overall sensitivity and specificity for sonohysterography was 90.9% and 100%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 90%, respectively. When examining the metrorrhagia and infertility groups separately the sensitivity and specificity and predictive values were found to be 88.5%, 100%, 100% and 76.9% (metrorrhagia) and 100% for all parameters in cases of infertility. No complications were recorded during the procedures. CONCLUSION: Sonohysterography is a simple, fast, well tolerated and accurate method to evaluate the uterine cavity in patients with metrorrhagia or infertility.