12mm曲卡行膀胱造瘘在经尿道前列腺剜除术中的应用

目的 探讨12mm曲卡行膀胱造瘘制造低压膀胱在经尿道前列腺剜除术中的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析2012年至2014年中山大学附属第三医院泌尿外科经尿道前列腺剜除术治疗前列腺增生患者35例,其中行膀胱造瘘者20例（造瘘组）,未行造瘘者15例（对照组）.总结分析两组的年龄、性别、体重、麻醉ASA分级、前列腺体积、术前PSA、术中血红蛋白下降值、手术时间、术中中心静脉压、输血率、术后膀胱冲洗时间、留置导尿时间和术后住院时间.造瘘组记录膀胱造瘘管留置时间.结果 两组的年龄、性别、体重和术前PSA均无统计学差异;造瘘组术前前列腺体积45～249ml,平均（107±52）ml,对照组术前前列腺体积24～126 ml,平均（65±31）ml（t=2.92,P＜ 0.05）;麻醉ASA分级（Ⅱ/Ⅲ）分别为7/13和14/1（x2=9.84,P＜ 0.05）.35例手术均顺利完成.造瘘组和对照组术中平均中心静脉压分别为（4.7±2.6） cmH2O和（7.6±4.2） cmH2O（t=2.56,P＜ 0.05）;留置导尿时间分别为112.9（64.2）h和184.5 （23.4）h（Z=3.13,P＜ 0.05）;术后住院时间分别为7.5 （1.8）d和9.0（3.0）d（Z=2.77,P＜0.05）;造瘘组膀胱造瘘管留置时间为68.4（65.8）h.两组术中血红蛋白下降值、手术时间、术后膀胱冲洗时间和输血率均无统计学差异.结论 12 mm曲卡膀胱造瘘制造低压膀胱联合经尿道前列腺剜除术,可使膀胱保持低压状态,降低手术时患者的中心静脉压,是安全、有效的手术方式.     

耻骨上膀胱穿刺造瘘低压膀胱灌洗行TURP 124例报告

我院自1991年1月～1998年5月共行经尿道前列腺切除术(TURP)124例,均在耻骨上膀胱穿刺造瘘低压膀胱灌洗下进行手术,无一例出现TURP综合征(TURS),且术中术后出血少,术后并发症发生率低,现报告如下.     

耻骨上膀胱穿刺造瘘经尿道电切术治疗高龄前列腺增生的临床观察

目的探讨耻骨上膀胱穿刺造瘘经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)治疗高龄前列腺增生症(BPH)的临床效果。方法回顾性分析对50例高龄BPH患者实施采用耻骨上膀胱穿刺造瘘TURP的临床治疗资料。结果本组患者均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间(58.24±28)min,切除组织平均重量(21.20±2.36)g。术中平均出血量(42.10±21.76)mL,未出现术中需输血患者。5%葡萄糖液冲洗平均用量(10.12±2.06)L,6例因术中血压、心律失常等而行前列腺减容切除(部分切除),1例合并膀胱结石作耻骨上小切口膀胱切开取出。患者未出现电切综合征。术后3例继发泌尿系感染,2例出现轻度尿失禁,均经对症治疗后症状缓解。术后尿管留置时间4～7 d。住院时间5～10 d,平均(7.10±0.96)d。术后均获随访1～3个月,患者症状均明显改善,出院1个月时IPSS评分与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论耻骨上膀胱穿刺造瘘TURP手术创伤轻、并发症少,疗效肯定。     

回肠膀胱腹壁造瘘术与Bricker术的疗效对比

目的分别对全膀胱切除术后行回肠膀胱腹壁造瘘术、Bricker术的膀胱尿路上皮癌患者进行长期随访,评价两种尿流改道术式的临床疗效。方法 2010年1月至2019年4月,我科共行98例全膀胱切除术,其中57例行回肠膀胱腹壁造瘘术(造瘘术组),41例行Bricker术(Bricker术组),比较两种不同术式患者的一般资料、围手术期情况、术后并发症等。结果两组一般临床资料比较,差异无显著统计学意义(P>0.05);造瘘术组平均手术时间(4.4±0.3)h,显著低于Bricker术组(5.8±0.3)h(P<0.05),但两组在术中出血、术后住院时间、术后拔除盆腔引流管时间、术后拔除输尿管支架时间等方面无统计学差异(P>0.05);造瘘术组术后总肾功异常发生率(2.0%vs.11.2%)、造瘘口周围皮炎及疤痕发生率(0.0%vs.10.2%)均显著低于Bricker术组(P<0.05)。此外,两组患者在随访时间、术后TNM分期、漏尿、肠梗阻、肾积水、膀胱结石、回肠造瘘口坏死或狭窄等方面均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论与Bricker术相比,回肠膀胱腹壁造瘘术临床疗效可靠,手术疗效无明显差别,但手术时间更短,术后总肾功异常发生率更低、造瘘口并发症更少,可弥补Bricker术的不足,有望成为更加理想的尿流改道术式。     

80岁以上高龄膀胱造瘘术后良性前列腺增生患者择期行经尿道前列腺切除术围手术期的安全性观察

目的:比较高龄膀胱造瘘术后良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)患者择期行经尿道前列腺切除术(transurethral resection of prostate,TURP)与未造瘘患者围手术期的情况,研究膀胱造瘘术后择期为80岁以上高龄BPH患者行TURP的安全性。方法:2007年4月至2009年5月我院为30例80岁以上置入导尿管困难的BPH患者先行膀胱造瘘术,后择期行TURP,30例未造瘘者急症或择期行TURP,比较两组患者的术前评估(ASA评分),术前并存症,术后并发症,术中及术后血流动力学变化等围手术期情况。结果:术前两组ASA评分和伴随的并存症发生率差异无统计学意义。未造瘘组患者术中10min,术后15min心率、血压、血氧饱和度、呼吸次数及心电图明显异常,两组术前5min均无明显异常。造瘘组无一例发生电切综合征,未造瘘组2例发生电切综合征,造瘘组并发症发生率显著低于未造瘘组,两组手术死亡率差异无统计学意义。结论:膀胱造瘘术后高龄BPH患者择期行TURP比未造瘘者安全,效果好,膀胱造瘘管作为主要出水管,低压灌注,无电切综合征发生,血流动力学变化小,生活方便,痛苦少,感染率与死亡率低,远期生活质量较好。     

膀胱造瘘低压灌注下经尿道双极等离子前列腺剜除术治疗前列腺增生的临床研究

目的 观察膀胱造瘘低压灌注下经尿道双极等离子前列腺剜除术(TUERP)治疗前列腺增生(BPH)的临床效果.方法 64例BPH患者分成两组,观察组行膀胱造瘘低压灌注下TUERP,对照组行常规TUERP.观察并比较两组心率、血氧饱和度、静脉血清钠、手术时间、术中出血量、术后留置导尿管时间、前列腺重量、术后住院时间,比较术后3个月国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、最大尿流率(Qmax)、残余尿量(PRV)、生活质量评分(QOL)的变化.结果 术后对照组心率、血氧饱和度、静脉血清钠与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组各指标变化不明显,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).观察组手术时间明显短于对照组,术中出血量和术后住院时间明显低于对照组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组切除前列腺重量、术后导尿管留置时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后3个月两组PVR、Qmax、IPSS、QOL与术前比较,两组差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).术后观察组IPSS、QOL与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).并发症发生率低.结论 膀胱造瘘低压灌注下行TUERP,能降低TURS的发生,手术连贯进行,安全高效,并发症少.     

经膀胱造瘘通路治疗良性前列腺增生合并的膀胱结石

目的探讨经膀胱造瘘通路处理良性前列腺增生合并膀胱结石患者的有效治疗方法。方法采用经膀胱造瘘通路钬激光或者超声波/气压弹道碎石清石系统（EMS）治疗膀胱结石结合经尿道等离子双极前列腺电切术（PKRP）治疗良性前列腺增生患者16例,并对其疗效及优点进行分析。结果手术均顺利成功,如期出院,膀胱结石击碎、清除率100%,无膀胱穿孔、电切综合征、术后出血,碎石时间3～22min,中位时间11.5min,前列腺切除中位时间89.5min。结论经膀胱造瘘通路钬激光或者EMS碎石清石系统治疗膀胱结石结合PKRP是一种安全、高效的治疗方法。     

冲洗液温度对前列腺术后膀胱无抑制性收缩的影响

目的探讨不同温度冲洗液对前列腺切除术后膀胱无抑制性收缩的影响。方法将 180例前列腺切除术后并发膀胱无抑制性收缩的患者随机分为A、B、C、D、E、F 6组 ,各 30例 ,术后均予持续膀胱冲洗 ,冲洗液温度分别为(2 3.5 0± 1.5 0 )℃、(2 6 .5 0± 1.5 0 )℃、(2 9.5 0± 1.5 0 )℃、(32 .5 0± 1.5 0 )℃、(35 .5 0± 1.5 0 )℃、(38.5 0± 1.5 0 )℃。观察前列腺术后膀胱无抑制性收缩症状并对其评分 ,同时观察记录持续膀胱冲洗的时间。结果E组及F组症状评分显著低于A、B、C、D组 (均P <0 .0 1) ;E组膀胱持续冲洗时间明显短于A、B、C、D、F组 (均P <0 .0 1)。结论前列腺术后持续膀胱冲洗液的温度在 (35 .5 0± 1.5 0 )℃为最佳 ,其可最大限度地减轻前列腺术后膀胱无抑制性收缩 ,减少持续膀胱冲洗的时间。     

膀胱穿刺造瘘辅助行经尿道双极等离子前列腺电切术的临床观察

目的探讨膀胱造瘘辅助行经尿道双极等离子前列腺电切术治疗合并尿道狭窄的前列腺增生的效果。方法回顾性研究2011年5月~2016年4月本院诊治的438例前列腺增生症患者,其中有412例患者行经传统的尿道双极等离子前列腺电切术,26例合并尿道狭窄患者中。26例合并有尿道狭窄中19例采用膀胱穿刺造瘘辅助下经尿道双极等离子前列腺电切除治疗除,另7例由于严重尿道狭窄未实施手术治疗。将19例采用膀胱穿刺造瘘辅助下前列腺电切患者作为观察对象,另选择19例传统经尿道前列腺电切患者作为对照组,分析两组手术效果。结果观察组患者电切手术时间110.34±10.46 min,术中出血量80.34±6.12 m L,二者均高于传统的经尿道电切术,两组间差异有统计学意义。两组在切除前列腺组织、术后冲洗膀胱时间、术后膀胱残余尿量、前列腺症状评分方面的差异均没有统计学意义。结论经尿道等离子前列腺电切术联合膀胱穿刺造瘘术治疗合并尿道狭窄的前列腺增生患者的手术时间及术中出血量有所增加,但手术总体效果良好,并发症没有增加。     

间苯三酚预防前列腺电切术后膀胱痉挛的疗效分析

目的:探讨预防性使用间苯三酚对于经尿道前列腺电切术后膀胱痉挛的疗效。方法:将前列腺电切术后患者,按随机抽样方法分为两组,A组(治疗组)39例,术后3d每日予以间苯三酚80mg静脉滴注,B组(对照组)35例,不予间苯三酚。比较两组患者术后3d内出现膀胱痉挛的次数、持续时间、痉挛性疼痛的程度及不良反应。结果:治疗组患者出现膀胱痉挛(4.3±1.2)次,持续时间(7.2±2.1)min,疼痛视觉模拟评分为(3.2±1.6)分,对照组分别为(7.5±2.4)次、(15.6±6.8)min及(4.7±2.3)分。两组之间具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。治疗组未发现明显不良反应。结论:间苯三酚对于防治前列腺电切术后膀胱痉挛安全有效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.