微生物检验车的研制

目的：研制一台主要开展病原体快速筛查检测工作的微生物检验车。方法：采用陕汽2190汽车底盘进行设计,将车厢划分为BSL-2＋实验间、缓冲间、送风空气处理设备间和排风净化设备间4个区域,进行紧凑合理科学的设备空间布局设置,满足移动实验室作业条件需求。采用全新风组合式空调处理系统以及上送下排、边侧送风、对侧排风的气流组织形式,形成由洁净区向污染区的定向气流,对实验室空气进行净化处理。结果：该检验车经试验测试．各项指标均达到设计要求。结论：微生物检验车可实现车厢内部的负压隔离,能够对周围环境形成有效防护和保证实验因子不受外界污染,为新发突发传染病防控提供快速、机动、安全、高效的检验平台。     

一种多功能空气微生物采样箱的研制

目的：研制一种用于集固体介质采样、液体介质采样于一体的便携式空气微生物采样装置。方法：根据气溶胶粒子的惯性撞击原理设计改进二级Andersen筛孔式固体撞击采样器;运用气流的冲击清洗和喷雾原理,设计体积更小的AGI-10液体冲击式采样器;利用负压过滤采样原理,设计新型的水过滤采样器的机械结构;根据样本采集的要求,采用计算机、传感器、自动控制等高新技术,设计一机多用的采样动力系统;精心规划,将多种仪器设备及现场采样必需的辅助器材集成于一体,形成便携式采样装备。结果：实验证明,改进型二级Andersen采样器比原有二级采样器采样效率提高30%以上,改进型AGI-10液体采样器与原AGI-10采样器采样效率相当,水过滤采样器能够有效浓缩采集到的液体中微量的细菌。多功能空气微生物采样动力系统也实现了采样过程的一键式操作,采样流量稳定、准确。结论：多功能空气微生物采样箱实现了环境现场采样装备的快速、便携,且不受现场环境地形和供电条件的约束,满足环境空气微生物样本采集的需求。     

智能化中动物饲养隔离系统的设计

目的：研制一种可自动控制的中动物饲养隔离系统。方法：根据生物安全工作的实际实验流程设计整个隔离系统及其相关的传递链、消毒链、空气负压隔离系统、动物福利系统和自动控制系统。结果：隔离系统结构图符合专利申报、生产组装要求,样机进入动物实验验证阶段。结论：该智能化系统有望为高等级生物安全实验室受病原体感染的中动物实验提供安全防护硬件支撑。     

防生物污染伤病员急救车的车厢环境质量研究

目的：研究防生物污染伤病员急救车的车厢环境质量,实现安全、舒适运送、急救伤病员。方法：通过试验和仿真,主要研究并掌握车厢超压／负压环境、温度环境、生物污染环境、振动冲击环境、噪声照度环境等的质量状况。结果：车厢超压／负压环境、温度环境、生物污染环境、振动冲击环境以及噪声照度环境等均优于技术指标要求。结论：该车车厢环境质量良好。     

激光防护镜自动检定装置与技术研究

目的：以激光辐射防护、医学计量和光电子技术为基础,研制激光防护镜自动检定装置,主要用于激光防护镜检定和各类激光防护器材防护性能测试评价。方法：对检定装置的激光照射源、激光测量仪器、计算机测控软件和辅助设备光机组件进行专门设计研究,建立了激光防护镜自动栓定装置和防护镜防护性能评价测试方法及相关技术,利用该检定装置和特有测试记录方法．可进行测量数据的自动采集、处理、记录、保存和打印输出,实现激光防护镜多项防护性能参数的自动检测。结果：检定装置的输出激光波长为1064nm和532nm,波长响应范围为0．4～1．1μm,测量能量范围为10^-8-0.3J,光密度测量范围为0．1～8．0,稳定度为0．21％,扩展不确定度为5％（％=2）。结论：该检定装置性能稳定可靠．研究结果优于设计指标,并符合国家相关标准要求。     

高等级生物安全实验室隔离系统的建立

目的：建立高等级生物安全实验室隔离体系。方法：根据高等级生物安全实验室承担的高危病原体侦检工作的实际实验流程设计并实现整个隔离系统及其相关的传递链、消毒链。结果：建立并实现了隔离器技术性能指标,利用双门转移切换装置实现了不同类型隔离器之间物品的无泄露传递链,通过负压排风橱,实现了隔离器与其他生物安全功能设备之间物品的中转传递。利用过氧乙酸、过氧化氢熏蒸实现了不同类型隔离器的有效消毒灭菌,较好地保护了隔离器内置设备的性能。建立了适合隔离器内操作的病原体形态学检测技术,免疫荧光显微分析技术,实验动物饲养、免疫、攻毒、毒性检测及解剖分析技术。结论：高等级生物安全实验室的隔离系统充分发挥了隔离器的安全防护、高效检出功能,为受病原体感染的动物实验提供了安全防护硬件支撑。     

关于举办实验室生物安全学术研讨会及国家级继续教育学习班的征文通知

为提高科研、医疗和疾病控制人员的生物安全防护意识和防护水平，特别是加强和提高生物恐怖可能对人类安全造成严重威胁的防范意识，经中华医学会全国继续医学教育委员会批准，2008年10月19日-10月25日在安徽省黄山市举办实验室生物安全学术研讨会及国家级继续教育学习班。 研讨及学习内容：实验室生物安全问题，实验室生物安全防护；微生物的风险评估，实验室活动的风险评估； 生物安全实验室分级，实验室安全标识；实验动物使用的生物安全，实验动物常见人兽共患病原；生物安全柜，灭 菌器；化学消毒灭菌法，物理消毒灭菌法；实验室生物安全的人员管理，人员培训，个体防护；实验室中样品的 安全操作，移液管和移液辅助器等的使用；实验室生物安全管理的概述，内容；实验室突发事件的应急预案，应 急处理；病原微生物样本的采集、保存和运输，病原微生物菌(毒)种的保藏与管理；临床实验室的生物安全管 理，安全防护和操作规范；基因工程实验室防护原理，安全操作防护设施；放射性同位素实验室的布局与安全管 理，操作规程，辐射安全与防护；实验室危险化学试剂概述，实验室危险化学试剂的安全管理。 征文内容：(1)全球化的...     

一种具有双温控血库功能运血车的研制

目的:研制一种具有双温控血库功能的运血车。方法 :采用越野汽车底盘改装,后车厢设有2个独立血库,制冷机组采用非独立式双温控制冷机组;对车厢壁板断热结构和门框密封结构进行优化设计,提高了车厢的隔热密封性能;对血库内的血架和血筐进行模块化设计,针对血库内气流组织形式与温度分布均衡性进行仿真分析和优化设计,并针对血架进行了隔振缓冲设计。结果:该车2个血库的内部温度可独立设定为4℃或-20℃,实现了"双温双控",可同时运送需要不同温度条件下保存的成分血液,运输后的血液质量符合相关标准的各项规定,达到人体输注要求。结论:双温控血库功能运血车的研制成功对适应成分血运输保障的迫切需求具有极其重要的意义,可满足军队血液卫勤保障多样化的需求。     

生物样本运输定位追溯系统的研发及应用

生物样本运输安全是安全生产的重要组成部分,《病原微生物实验室生物安全管理条例》规定运输高致病性病原微生物菌(毒)种或样本应加强管理,采取相应的安全防护措施。然而,当前生物样本运输监管仍存在薄弱环节。新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间,为确保生物样本运输安全,浙江省疾病预防控制中心利用物联网研发了生物样本运输定位追溯系统。该系统具有生物样本运输申请和接收管理、过程实时监控、运输轨迹可追溯等功能,具有较高的信息安全水平。自2020年2月4日首次应用于浙江省新型冠状病毒相关样本的运输管理以来,很好地满足了生物样本运输管理要求,在生物样本安全运输的监管中具有较好应用前景。     

负压二级生物安全实验室防护措施设计分析与评价

[目的]指导负压二级生物安全实验室防护措施设计。[方法]就负压二级实验室建造中的突出问题,结合工程实例,通过实验工艺、功能分区、平面布局、人流与物流组织、通风空调方式、气流组织、环境参数等关键因素分析,提出实施意见。[结果]应设缓冲间;核心间／动物间形态宜规整;宜设更衣和准备间。宜采用直流系统;整体气流由清洁区流向核心／动物间,核心,动物间气流由相对清洁．处流向污染源。气压梯度不小于10Pa;负压名义值：核心间,包括合并动物间的宜-20Pa;独立动物间宜-30Pa。[结论]设计不仅应符合生物安全理念和实验工艺要求,而且应符合暖通、建筑等原理与要求。该指导性意见对科学建设实验室具有积极意义,并已在许多工程中得以验证。     

钩端螺旋体病流行因素的聚类和逐步回归分析

通过对稻田型钩端螺旋体病严重流行区连续监测10年的22项流行病学资料分三类进行聚类分析,选出5个典型变量进行逐步回归分析,计算出多元回归方程。该方程引入了鼠密度、主要带菌鼠种的带菌率、人群自然抗体GMT、8月降雨量4个因素。经验证该方程计算出的理论年发病率与实际年发病率基本一致。     

Prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii carriage in patients of 53 French intensive care units on a given day

OBJECTIVE: This study was made to evaluate multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii colonization in French intensive care units. DESIGN: We conducted a prevalence study on the carriage of A. baumannii for a one-day period in various French ICUs. On December 10, 2003, one nasal and/or rectal swab sampling was performed in 506 patients of 53 ICUs. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (3.16%) from 7 centers (13%) were colonized by A. baumannii. None of the known risk factors for colonization by multiresistant A. baumannii were identified in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, A. baumannii colonization is limited except during epidemic situations. Our study reflects the carriage of A. baumannii in ICUs on a given day. This study showed that there was no multiresistant A. baumannii epidemic clone, potentially responsible for outbreaks, present in the tested French ICUs.     

Epidemiological and laboratory investigations of outbreaks of diarrhoea in rural South India: implications for control of disease

Two epidemics of acute, watery diarrhoea in villages in North Arcot district, India, were investigated. The attack rates were 10.03 and 15.53 per 100 population, the median duration was 5 days and enteric pathogens were present in 56.8% and 60.3% of specimens from the two villages, but no predominant pathogen was identified. Examination of stools from a 20% age-stratified random sample of the population of one of the villages after the epidemic found 22.9% of asymptomatic subjects excreted bacterial enteric pathogens. Despite the high background of enteric pathogen carriage, the isolation rates for shigellae, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Shiga-toxin producing E. coli were significantly higher (P < 0.001, P < 0.02, P < 0.05) during the epidemic. The epidemics may have been caused by faecal contamination of well water following rain. Point-of-use techniques for water disinfection may be most effective for preventing such outbreaks, but further research into the development of appropriate technology is required.     

实用新型多功能股静脉置管管道装置的研制

目的：研究一种实用新型的集输血、输液、采血、给药以及中心静脉压测定为一体的多功能股静脉置管管道装置,完成临床多项护理操作。方法：将股静脉置管导管、输血器及输液器的部分原件,用3个三通及三通延长管进行组装。第1个三通连接输液器用以采血、给药;第2个三通连接中心静脉压导管用以测量中心静脉压;第3个三通连接输血器或输液器用以输血、输液。并将该管道装置应用于31只实验用比格犬重创胸腹联合伤的模型制作及复苏抢救,观察其时效性及实用性。结果：比格犬重创胸腹联合伤动物实验过程中的532次上述各类护理技术操作,平均每项（次）时间为（19±5．1）s;31次5项技术操作全程顺序进行,平均每次时间为（80±12）s。该装置实现了短时间内迅速开通输血、输液、采血、给药以及中心静脉压测定5项功能。结论：实用新型多功能管道装置具备快速、便捷以及同步进行多项护理技术操作的特点,节省了时间和人力,避免了静脉重复穿刺和感染,提高了工作效率,可广泛应用于动物实验、急危重症患者抢救及临床疾病的治疗,具有广阔的应用前景。     

An evaluation of hospital special-ventilation-room pressures.

OBJECTIVE: To quantitate the magnitude and consistency of positive (airflow out) and negative (airflow in) hospital special-ventilation-room (SVR) airflow. DESIGN: A room-pressure evaluation was conducted during two seasons on a total of 18 rooms: standard rooms, airborne infection isolation rooms, and protective environment rooms. The pressures were measured using a digital pressure gauge-piezoresistive pressure sensor that measured pressure differentials. With doors closed, the rooms were measured a minimum of 30 times each for a cooling season and a heating season. RESULTS: The standard rooms showed the least amount of variability in pressure differential, with an average of -0.2 Pa (median, -0.2 Pa), and an interquartile range (IQR) of 0.4 Pa. Airborne infection isolation rooms showed more variability in pressure, with an average of -0.3 Pa (median, -0.2 Pa) and an IQR of 0.5 Pa. Protective environment rooms had the greatest fluctuation in pressure, with an average of 8.3 Pa (median, 7.7 Pa) and an IQR of 8.8 Pa. Dramatic pressure changes were observed during this evaluation, which may have been influenced by room architectural differences (sealed vs unsealed); heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning zone interactions; and stack effect. CONCLUSION: The pressure variations noted in this study, which potentially affect containment or exclusion of contaminants, support the need for standardization of pressure requirements for SVRs. To maintain consistent pressure levels, creating an airtight seal and continuous pressure monitoring may be necessary.     

Sampling methods for the study of pneumococcal carriage: A systematic review

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogen worldwide. Accurate sampling of S. pneumoniae carriage is central to surveillance studies before and following conjugate vaccination programmes to combat pneumococcal disease. Any bias introduced during sampling will affect downstream recovery and typing. Many variables exist for the method of collection and initial processing, which can make inter-laboratory or international comparisons of data complex. In February 2003, a World Health Organisation working group published a standard method for the detection of pneumococcal carriage for vaccine trials to reduce or eliminate variability. We sought to describe the variables associated with the sampling of S. pneumoniae from collection to storage in the context of the methods recommended by the WHO and those used in pneumococcal carriage studies since its publication. A search of published literature in the online PubMed database was performed on the 1st June 2012, to identify published studies that collected pneumococcal carriage isolates, conducted after the publication of the WHO standard method. After undertaking a systematic analysis of the literature, we show that a number of differences in pneumococcal sampling protocol continue to exist between studies since the WHO publication. The majority of studies sample from the nasopharynx, but the choice of swab and swab transport media is more variable between studies. At present there is insufficient experimental data that supports the optimal sensitivity of any standard method. This may have contributed to incomplete adoption of the primary stages of the WHO detection protocol, alongside pragmatic or logistical issues associated with study design. Consequently studies may not provide a true estimate of pneumococcal carriage. Optimal sampling of carriage could lead to improvements in downstream analysis and the evaluation of pneumococcal vaccine impact and extrapolation to pneumococcal disease control therefore further in depth comparisons would be of value.     

Predicting the course of meningococcal disease outbreaks in closed subpopulations

A stochastic epidemic model was applied to meningococcal disease outbreaks in defined small populations such as military garrisons and schools. Meningococci are spread primarily by asymptomatic carriers and only a small proportion of those infected develop invasive disease. Bayesian predictions of numbers of invasive cases were developed, based on observed data using a stochastic epidemic model. We used additional data sets to model both disease probability and duration of carriage. Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling techniques were used to compute the full posterior distribution which summarized all information drawn together from multiple sources.     

动力喷雾机野战加水法的改进与应用

目的：探讨野战条件下卫生防疫车车载动力喷雾机加水方式的改进,改变野战条件下加水不便的现状。方法：通过在增压泵进水管增加支路和控制阀的方法改进管路,即操作时关闭通向药液箱的支路,另一支路进水口放入外界水体中,启动机器,依靠增压泵的负压作用将水吸入并从回流管加入药液箱。结果：改变了卫生防疫车靠盆端、桶提或依靠自来水管加水的现状,正常情况下可以加入比停车路面垂直低5m以内的沟、河、塘水,甚至是水坑水,达到了只要有水随处可加的目的。结论：管路改进操作方法简单,配件容易获得,价格低廉,经过改进能够提高卫生防疫车的野战作业能力。     

基于信息上传行为特征的高血压患者血压管理模式分类研究

目的 基于高血压患者在血压管理平台上传血压监测资料的行为特征,将患者的血压管理模式进行分类,进而推出控制高血压的个性化干预措施。方法 采用便利抽样的方法,选取在广东省中山市板芙、横栏、三乡、民众、南头、五桂山共6个镇中已建立高血压档案的高血压患者作为研究对象。免费发放血压计供患者逐日进行血压测量,并将测量数据上传至血压监测系统。根据患者上传血压测量数据的行为特征,使用K-means聚类分析和对应分析对患者行为模式进行分类。结果 根据数据管理平台提取到的1 973例患者血压测量、上传的行为特征信息,将患者分为积极组、消极组、谨慎组、困难组、拒访组,他们在血压管理方面所面临的困难迥异,需制定个性化的干预措施。结论 基于患者血压检测、上传的行为特征,对患者进行分类,能够有效判别各类患者的行为模式,有助于制定个性化的干预策略,以提高后续干预的针对性和有效性。