肩胛骨背阔肌复合组织瓣移植一期修复小腿外伤后胫骨伴软组织缺损

目的应用肩胛骨背阔肌复合组织瓣移植一期修复小腿外伤后胫骨伴软组织缺损。方法8例小腿创伤后胫骨伴局部软组织缺损,其中胫骨完全性节段缺损6例,蝶形缺损2例;胫骨缺损长度5－8cm,平均6.3cm。局部软组织缺损面积6cmx8cm～8cmx12cm。受伤部位：小腿近段2例,中段3例,下段3例。按Gustilo分级：ⅢB型6例,ⅢC型2例。所有病例均有局限性感染,其中2例伴有胫骨断端局限性骨髓炎。应用游离胸背血管肩胛骨背阔肌复合组织瓣一期修复。结果移植组织瓣全部成活。背阔肌皮瓣面积9cmx10cm～20cmx14cm;骨瓣长7．0～9．5cm,平均8．3cm。受区血管5例为胫前动静脉,3例为胫后动静脉;动脉端端吻合6例,“T”形嵌入2例。经术后1～5年,平均2年7个月随访,骨瓣于术后3～6个月愈合。随着部分负重移植肩胛骨瓣迅速增粗,术后1年其宽度平均增加49．6％,厚度平均增加73．3％。5例恢复原工作,另3例改换工种。结论肩胛骨背阔肌复合组织瓣游离移植适合于修复小腿外伤后局部软组织伴中等长度的胫骨缺损。     

以肩胛下血管为蒂的组织瓣临床应用

目的探讨以肩胛下血管分支为蒂的组织瓣修复组织缺损的临床应用价值。方法1999年10月～2005年8月收治56例各类软组织骨缺损,其中男36例,女20例;年龄9～52岁。致伤原因：砸压伤11例,机器卷轧伤17例,车祸伤21例,热压伤7例。损伤部位：上肢35例,下肢21例,合并骨缺损6例,长3～8cm。急诊手术21例,受伤至手术时间2～7h;亚急诊手术27例;二期手术8例。组织缺损范围10cm×5cm～30cm×16cm。根据清创后创面的具体情况,选用背阔肌皮瓣、背阔肌穿支皮瓣、前锯肌（背阔肌）筋膜瓣加植皮术、背阔肌肌皮瓣联合肩胛骨瓣、背阔肌及前锯肌多叶筋膜瓣,分别修复创面。切取皮瓣范围11.0cm×5.5cm～30cm×17cm。结果56例移植组织瓣均成活,其中2例术后出现血管危象,行探查术后成活;1例皮瓣远端坏死,经换药后愈合。术后创面期愈合51例,延期愈合4例,1例行截肢术。48例获5～40个月随访,3例术后出现瘢痕挛缩,行二期整复。6例骨缺损,骨愈合时间为3～8个月,肢体功能恢复较满意。结论肩胛下血管分支为蒂的组织瓣是修复各种创面缺损的一种理想供区。     

T形动脉蒂游离背阔肌肌皮瓣移植术

目的：探讨T形胸背动脉蒂游离背阔肌肌皮瓣修复前臂、小腿等创面的可行性。方法：设计以肩胛下动脉至旋肩胛动脉为短臂的T形胸背动脉蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣，将短臂嵌于剪断的受区动脉断端间，分别与远近端吻合，从而既保证了游离肌皮瓣的血供，又重建了受区主要动脉的连续性，结果：1999年10月－2001年12月，临床应用16例，背阔肌肌皮瓣完全成活15例，大部分成活1例，受区肢体的血供良好，结论：T形动脉蒂游离背肌肌皮瓣移植术是修复前臂，小腿深度皮肤软组织缺损的一种较好的方法。     

胸背动脉前锯肌支为蒂逆行背阔肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨以胸背动脉前锯肌支为蒂的逆行背阔肌皮瓣临床应用方法及疗效.方法 临床应用以前锯肌支为蒂的逆行背阔肌皮瓣修复肩胸部创面6例,男1例,女5例,年龄35～52岁,创面面积为7 cm×8 cm～12 cm×20 cm.结果 6例应用此皮瓣进行修复,均获得满意疗效,5例全部成活,1例部分成活.随访3个月～1年,皮瓣质地、颜色与受区接近,感觉有部分恢复.结论 逆行背阔肌皮瓣血供多源,胸背动脉前锯肌支恒定,交通支丰富,旋转蒂灵活,应用修复肩胸部创面效果好.     

借用健侧胫后血管桥接背阔肌皮瓣修复小腿严重毁损伤

目的探索应用健侧胫后血管皮瓣蒂桥式携带背阔肌皮瓣游离移植修复对侧小腿严重毁损伤所致大面积皮肤软组织、骨缺损或外露,免除截肢所造成重大残废.方法临床治疗14例小腿大面积皮肤软组织缺损并骨外露骨缺损,应用健侧胫后血管皮瓣蒂为供血桥,切取背阔肌皮瓣12cm×18cm～24cm×38cm,通过暂借健侧胫后血管桥式携带修复小腿巨大缺损,断蒂时同时修复健侧胫后动脉.结果14例暂借桥式背阔肌皮瓣全部成活,3例皮瓣轻度感染,1例皮瓣下血肿,经及时处理均一期愈合.随访1～8年,肌皮瓣外观丰满,质地均匀.远端肢体供血明显改善,最大限度的恢复功能,避免截肢残废.结论对于小腿巨大软组织骨缺损外露,应用暂借对侧胫后血管桥式携带背阔肌皮瓣移植修复是一种行之有效的方法.     

胸背动脉前锯肌支在带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣移植乳房再造中的补救作用

目的探讨胸背动脉前锯肌支在带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣移植乳房再造中的补救作用。方法 2015年9月至2019年12月, 对4具新鲜成年女性尸体标本进行解剖, 观测胸背动脉前锯肌支的数量、长度、直径及来源。回顾性分析2015年3月至2019年3月湖南省肿瘤医院肿瘤整形外科收治的行乳腺癌改良根治术后应用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣移植即刻再造乳房的患者临床资料。在分离、切取带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣的过程中发现患者的胸背动脉受损, 改用以胸背动脉前锯肌支为蒂制备背阔肌肌皮瓣再造乳房。术后对皮瓣成活情况、乳房外观和质地、乳腺癌有无复发以及供区情况进行随访。结果在4具(8侧) 标本中共发现11条前锯肌支, 长度为(6.3±1.8) cm, 直径为(2.4±0.4) mm, 其中7条发自胸背动脉主干, 3条发自胸背动脉垂直支, 1条发自胸背动脉水平支。临床病例共纳入6例女性单侧乳腺癌患者, 年龄29～61岁, 平均42.7岁;病程(10.7±5.4)个月(2～36个月)。行乳腺癌改良根治术后继发乳房缺损面积为14 cm×6 cm～16 cm×7 cm, 术中切取背阔肌肌皮瓣皮岛面积为13 cm×6 cm～17 cm×6 cm。...     

一端带蒂另端吻合动脉的腕携带联合皮瓣一例

患者　女　 6 6岁。因腰骶部巨大肿瘤 3年入院。检查 :腰骶部肿瘤约 14cm× 14cm× 16 cm,表面组织坏死 ,病检诊断为脂肪肉瘤。曾接受过 6次手术 ,由于遗留巨大创面 ,用植皮和单一皮瓣移植难以修复创面。决定用腹壁下动脉为蒂的脐旁皮瓣和背阔肌联合皮瓣修复。手术先行肿瘤彻底切除 ,然后依背阔肌前缘至耻骨联线为轴线 ,设计左侧背阔肌和脐旁皮瓣 15 cm×40 cm。取右侧卧位 ,先游离背阔肌皮瓣 ,切开皮瓣近端 ,解剖出供给背阔肌的胸背动脉和伴行静脉 ,将其结扎切断 ,连同背阔肌皮瓣一起向脐旁皮瓣游离 ,至脐平面腹直肌前鞘外侧缘为止。注意保…     

肩胛下动脉系供血组织瓣的临床应用

报道应用由肩胛下动脉系供血的6种组织瓣进行游离移植或移位。背阔肌肌皮瓣9例,肌瓣1例;胸外侧皮瓣5例;胸背联合肌皮瓣7例;肩胛皮瓣1例;肩胛骨皮瓣1例。成功21例,失败3例。根据受区的不同情况选择不同的供血动脉,同时,在受区也应选择优质血管供吻合。     

自体组织移植进展

目的综述骨科领域较常见的自体组织移植,如皮瓣、肌瓣、骨(膜)瓣等移植在修复重建外科应用的现状及对未来的发展进行展望.方法回顾近几年国内外有关自体组织移植发展的文献,进行分析整理,总结其应用进展,并根据多年的临床经验,指出今后的发展方向.结果目前临床选用较多的几个游离皮瓣供区是股前外侧皮瓣、背阔肌皮瓣、上臂外侧皮瓣、肩胛皮瓣、颞顶筋膜瓣以及各种穿支皮瓣等.其中穿支皮瓣具有受区修复好和供区损失小的优点.由于肌肉皮瓣游离移植的优点较多,因此替代了单纯肌肉游离移植.较常用的肌皮瓣为背阔肌肌皮瓣,可急诊移植血管桥接修复,也可保留胸背神经移植修复,或应用桥式游离肌皮瓣移植修复等.骨缺损、骨不连是骨科的一大难题.常用的带血供骨移植供骨部位有肋骨、髂骨、腓骨及肩胛骨等,可应用治疗大块骨缺损、骨不连、骨缺损、股骨头缺血性坏死及骨肿瘤切除后植骨等.结论利用自体组织移植来修复组织缺损已成为修复重建外科手术方式之一.     

扩张背阔肌节段肌皮瓣治疗前胸部广泛瘢痕挛缩

目的探讨扩张背阔肌节段肌皮瓣在前胸部广泛瘢痕挛缩畸形中的应用价值。方法2010年10月至2012年10月,对8例（11侧）前胸部广泛瘢痕挛缩患者应用扩张背阔肌节段肌皮瓣进行修复。治疗分两期,Ⅰ期：术前超声定位胸背动脉外侧支肌皮穿支的体表投影,设计含有胸背动脉外侧支肌皮穿支的背阔肌前缘节段肌束的胸背部皮瓣,分离腔隙后,放置扩张器,扩张器注水4~6个月;Ⅱ期：胸部瘢痕松解、切除,乳腺组织复位,以胸背动脉主干或外侧支为蒂,背阔肌扩张节段肌皮瓣转移修复。结果所有皮瓣全部成活,供区可直接缝合。随访3~20个月,皮瓣质地柔软,色泽与胸部接近。术后患侧肩关节内收、内旋、后伸力量无明显减弱,背部无明显凹陷畸形,女性患者乳房形态满意。结论应用背阔肌节段肌皮瓣预扩张术修复前胸部广泛瘢痕挛缩畸形,是一种较为理想的治疗手段,值得推广。     

Reconstruction of through-and-through osteocutaneous defects of the mouth and face with subscapular system flaps

BACKGROUND: Major ablative surgery in the head and neck region may create composite defects involving the oral mucosa, bone and the overlying facial skin. The large surface area and the three-dimensional nature of these defects pose a difficult reconstructive challenge requiring adequate bone and large, positionally versatile skin flaps. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From September 1993 to May 2000, 19 patients with through-and-through osteocutaneous defects of the mouth and face were reconstructed with composite subscapular artery system flaps. The evaluated parameters included: (i) site and dimensions of the tissue defect; (ii) specific flap properties; and (iii) review of the recipient and donor site morbidity. RESULTS: 10 variants of scapular osteocutaneous flaps, eight latissimus dorsi with serratus anterior and rib osteo-myocutaneous flaps, and one combination of an osteocutaneous scapular and myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap were used to reconstruct composite facial defects with mean dimensions of: skin 54.4 cm(2), mucosa 56.2 cm(2) and bone of 8.2 cm. Ischaemic complications occurred in three patients including one total flap failure and one failure of the bony component in previously irradiated patients. The third flap was successfully salvaged. No significant long-term donor site morbidity was noted. CONCLUSION: Composite flaps based on the subscapular artery system are a versatile reconstructive modality for large through-and-through defects of the mouth and face.     

Use of pedicled latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap to reconstruct the upper limb with large soft tissue defects

ObjectiveTo report the technique of reconstruction of large skin and soft tissue defects in the upper extremity using pedicled latissimus dorsi myocu-taneous flaps.MethodsSix patients with large skin and soft tissue defects were included in this report. There were 5 trauma patients and the rest one needed to receive plastic surgery for his extremity scar. All wounds were in the upper extremity. The sizes of defects ranged from 15 cmx6 cm to 30 cmx18 cm. Pedicled latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps were designed according to the defect area and raised with part of latissi-mus dorsi. The thoracodorsal artery and its perforators were carefully protected during surgery.ResultsAll flaps healed primarily without flap congestion, margin necrosis or infection. The skin donor sites either received split-thickness skin graft (3 cases, mostly from the anterior thigh) or was closed primarily (3 cases) and had minimal morbidity. Follow-up of 6-12 months showed that the contour of flap was aesthetic and the function of limb was excellent.ConclusionOur experience indicates that the pedicled latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is favorable for reconstruction of large skin and soft tissue defects in the upper extremity.     

胸廓内动脉穿支皮瓣及背阔肌Kiss皮瓣在乳腺肿瘤切除术后胸壁缺损中的应用

目的探讨对侧胸廓内动脉穿支皮瓣及背阔肌Kiss皮瓣修复乳腺肿瘤切除术后胸壁软组织缺损的临床效果。方法回顾性分析大连医科大学附属第一医院2018年1月至2019年5月收治的6例乳腺肿瘤患者的临床资料,均为女性,年龄46~73岁,平均55.5岁,其中5例为局部晚期乳腺癌,1例为晚期乳腺癌。病程4个月至5年,中位时间20.1个月。4例患者行术前化疗。术中切除原发病灶后,局部皮肤软组织缺损范围达10 cm×15 cm^21 cm×31 cm,单独采取对侧胸廓内动脉穿支皮瓣或联合带蒂背阔肌Kiss皮瓣修复胸壁缺损,供区直接拉拢缝合,1例患者对侧乳房体积较大,同期行乳房缩小和乳房成形术。术后进行随访,观察皮瓣情况,以及肿瘤是否复发。结果6例胸廓内动脉穿支皮瓣切取范围为5 cm×12 cm^10 cm×23 cm,其中3例联合带蒂背阔肌Kiss皮瓣进行修复,两叶皮瓣每叶面积范围为5 cm×15 cm^7 cm×18 cm,6例患者皮瓣均成活,其中5例创面一期愈合,1例背部供区因张力稍大,出现皮下积液,经换药、引流后切口延期愈合。术后随访1~17个月,平均7.5个月,术区皮肤平整,皮瓣外观良好,对肩关节及腰部活动无影响,肿瘤均无局部复发,供区仅遗留线状瘢痕。结论应用对侧胸廓内动脉穿支皮瓣及背阔肌Kiss皮瓣修复乳腺肿瘤切除后巨大胸壁软组织缺损,无需血管吻合,手术简单,术后恢复快,并发症少,效果较好。     

应用带少许肌袖的背阔肌肌皮瓣修复下肢软组织缺损

目的探讨应用带少许肌袖的背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复下肢软组织缺损的临床效果。方法2000年6月～2006年12月,应用带少许肌袖的背阔肌肌皮瓣移植修复8例下肢软组织缺损患者。男6例,女2例;年龄25～69岁。其中创面位于足跟3例,足背2例,胫前2例,右小腿鳞癌1例。软组织缺损范围10cm×7cm～18cm×12cm,皮瓣切取范围15cm×8cm～22cm×15cm。结果术后6例皮瓣成活;1例术后2h出现皮瓣血管危象,经探查重新吻合静脉,植皮后成活;1例胫前创面因骨髓炎感染,经引流后皮瓣成活。创面及供区均期愈合。8例患者获随访3～12个月。皮瓣外形满意,无臃肿。供区功能不受影响。结论应用带少许肌袖的背阔肌肌皮瓣移植是修复大面积肢体软组织缺损较为理想方法之一。     

联合肩胛/肩胛旁分叶皮瓣修复严重颌颈部瘢痕挛缩

目的探讨临床应用联合肩胛/肩胛旁分叶皮瓣显微修复严重颌颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形,并重建颈部三维活动功能及轮廓外观的方法和疗效。方法2003年1月~2004年11月,收治9例严重颌颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形患者,年龄9~32岁。病程2~18年。瘢痕挛缩程度为3~4度。行瘢痕切除,对颈部挛缩组织松解复位所致软组织缺损创面采用联合肩胛/肩胛旁分叶皮瓣进行解剖分区的显微修复。分叶皮瓣范围最大分叶皮瓣为20cm×8cm~20cm×11cm,最小分叶皮瓣为15cm×4cm~15cm×6cm。结果9例患者有8例分叶皮瓣成活,1例肩胛皮瓣远端发紫,经换药加压包扎后成活。其中8例术后获3~9个月随访,畸形无复发,颌颈角恢复至90~105°;3例行二期皮瓣臃肿修整手术。患者对术后颌颈部外观和功能均满意。结论对于严重颌颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形,联合肩胛/肩胛旁分叶皮瓣可提供足够的组织覆盖,有可靠的血管蒂,对于重建颌颈部功能和外形,是一种较好的手术选择。     

Latissimus dorsi free flap with "Y" anastomoses. Technical variant and use in leg reconstruction]

The authors report a new technique for harvesting and anastomosis of the latissimus dorsi free flap. The latissimus dorsi free flap is elevated with the subscapular and circumflex scapular vessels forming a "Y" pedicle. The recipient artery is sectioned and the arterial tree of the flap is anastomosed to the recipient vessel by two end-to-end anastomoses. This technique is particularly useful in leg reconstructive surgery when only one vessel remains: it simplifies transfer (end-to-end anastomosis), anastomoses are easier because more superficial.     

Scapular free flap for repair of massive lower facial composite defects

The scapular osteocutaneous free flap provides excellent tissue for reconstruction of massive lower facial defects. Five cases of full-thickness cheek and lip defects associated with mandibular loss were successfully repaired with sandwiched osteocutaneous scapular flaps plus a parascapular or latissimus dorsi flap. In two instances the osteocutaneous scapular flap was harvested along with a parascapular skin paddle. The other three patients had latissimus dorsi myocutaneous units taken with the scapular osteocutaneous flap from the same subscapular pedicle.     

修复上胸壁巨大肿瘤切除后缺损一例的早期效果

目的应用钛网、重建钢板及背阔肌带蒂肌皮瓣,修复上胸壁乳腺肉瘤样癌切除后巨大缺损1例,观察术后早期效果。方法于2006年2月收治1例56岁女性上胸壁乳腺肉瘤样癌患者,行肿瘤切除后缺损约20cm×15cm,钛网覆盖胸壁缺损,重建钢板连接双侧锁骨残端,右侧背阔肌带蒂肌皮瓣约20cm×15cm移位修复软组织缺损。结果患者术后3d脱呼吸机,反常呼吸较明显。2周皮瓣血运稳定后,用胸带固定胸廓,反常呼吸渐消失,皮瓣血供良好。复查胸片,钛网及重建钢板位置良好。术后1个月转入肿瘤科化疗。随访3个月,局部及全身无不适;双肩活动度前屈90°,外展90°;肿瘤未见复发。结论胸壁巨大缺损重建时应选择质地较硬的材料,重建钢板维持双侧锁骨的解剖位置,肩关节功能恢复好,背阔肌带蒂肌皮瓣可适当扩大切取。     

A new flap in the dog containing a vascularized rib graft—The latissimus dorsi myoosteocutaneous flap

A new island flap is described in the dog which is based upon the subscapular vessels and contains latissimus dorsi muscle, overlying skin and a segment of posterior rib. The posterior rib graft is vascularized by perforating vessels which connect the overlying skin and muscle to the posterior intercostal vessels. The rib segment is supplied by the medullary branch off the posterior intercostal artery. This flap was elevated in 10 dogs. Adequate blood supply to the rib was indicated by the observation of blood flow in the posterior intercostal vessels, by bleeding from the medulla of the rib, by routine histologic examination of the rib, and by tetracycline binding to amorphous calcium phosphate. Similar perforating vessels between the latissimus dorsi muscle and the posterior intercostal vessels have been found in primates and humans. This flap may have clinical application when an island or free composite tissue transfer is needed to reconstruct a defect requiring skin, bone, and possibly muscle.     

Radical resection of a giant recurrent chondrosarcoma of the anterior chest wall

A 63-year-old woman presented with a giant anterior chest wall tumor. She had undergone an operation 5 years previously for sternal chondrosarcoma at another medical center. Here, the patient underwent further surgery: a radical en bloc resection of an 18 × 18 cm portion of her anterior chest wall was performed, including the proximal ends of both clavicles, the first three costochondral joints bilaterally, and the tumor mass. The large chest wall defect was reconstructed in two layers: the first with a polypropylene mesh and a pedicled latissimus dorsi muscle flap as the second. She is healthy 20 months postoperatively.