慢性胃炎胃粘膜细胞凋亡的检测及意义

目的：检测慢性胃炎各阶段粘膜细胞凋亡状况并探讨其意义。方法：用TUNEL法检测6例正常胃粘膜、54例慢性浅表性胃炎（CSG）及28例慢性萎缩性胃炎（CAG）患者胃粘膜上皮细胞凋亡状况。结果：凋亡指数9AI）CSG＞CAG＞正常胃粘膜（P＜0．05）,而且炎症粘膜凋亡细胞分布与正常有所不同;在CAG,AI在肠化区＜非肠化区。结论：细胞凋亡在CAG粘膜萎缩及肠化发生中起重要作用。CAG粘膜AI下降可能与胃癌发生有关。     

幽门螺杆菌相关胃炎中TNF-α分泌和凋亡的原位关系研究

幽门螺杆菌（H．pylori）被认为是慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃淋巴瘤和胃癌的主要致病因子。H．pylori侵袭、定居于胃黏膜，刺激机体产生细胞和体液免疫反应，可以造成局部炎症微环境，影响胃黏膜组织结构。本研究中，我们旨在观察H．pylori感染的胃黏膜标本局部细胞因子的产生，以及在相同活检标本组织切片中细胞因子TNF—α．和Fas抗原的表达以及胃黏膜细胞凋亡的关系，进一步证实麒pylori感染在胃黏膜局部通过免疫介导的凋亡反应导致胃上皮的损伤作用。     

智能电子分光技术在判断幽门螺杆菌感染胃黏膜病变中的研究

目的通过智能电子分光技术（FICE）结合高分辨率放大内镜,描述正常及胃黏膜病变的特征性改变,并探讨其与幽门螺杆菌（H.pylori）及组织病理学的相关性。方法选择32例消化不良患者及5例正常志愿者,在内镜检查中分别于胃窦及胃体部行放大内镜及FICE观察,对胃黏膜按胃小凹形态做出相应分型（Ⅰ～Ⅲ型）,并行快速尿素酶^13C-尿素呼气试验及组织病理学检查。分析胃窦及胃体FICE下的分型对诊断H.pylori的价值,并对FICE观察部位的组织病理学改变（活动性、炎症度、萎缩、肠化）进行分级评估。结果对照组5例胃窦及胃体黏膜的FICE分型均为Ⅰ型,提示无H.pylori感染。研究组32例中,胃窦黏膜FICE分型为Ⅰ型14例,其中1例H.pylori感染（7．1％）;Ⅱ型13例中10例H.pylori感染（76．9％）,且9例同时有萎缩改变;Ⅲ型5例,均H.pylori感染,且3例同时有萎缩及肠化。胃窦黏膜各FICE分型间H.pylori感染情况的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;Ⅲ型结构与组织病理学诊断的一致性较好（kappa=0．890）。胃体黏膜FICE分型为Ⅰ型15例,其中1例H.pylori感染（6．7％）;Ⅱ型13例中11例（84．6％）H.pylori感染;Ⅲ型4例均存在H.pylori感染。胃体黏膜各FICE分型间H.pylori感染情况的差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。组织病理学改变（炎症性、活动度、萎缩及肠化）的分级在无H.pylori感染组中显著低于H．pylori感染组（P〈0．01）。结论H.pylori感染与胃黏膜的炎症程度及萎缩、肠化生有明显相关性;FICE技术结合高分辨率放大内镜对预测H.pylori的存在及判断胃黏膜的病变具有一定临床价值。     

幽门螺杆菌相关性胃炎和胃癌前期病变的发病机制

幽门螺杆菌（H．pylori）感染诱发胃黏膜的炎症反应是引起一切病变的基础，并且它在慢性胃炎→萎缩性胃炎→胃黏膜肠上皮化生→不典型增生→胃癌的演变过程中至始至终起作用，因此H．priori相关性胃炎是H．priori致病的启动因子。H．priori感染可引起胃黏膜局部固有和获得性免疫异常，炎症介质的释放、ROS和NO含量的异常，胃上皮细胞增殖与凋亡失衡，端粒酶及相关基因表达异常。这些因素综合作用引起胃黏膜炎症，并且由其发展为胃癌前病变，最终导致胃癌发生。     

幽门螺杆菌感染与环氧化酶-2诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达关系的研究

目的研究幽门螺杆菌（H、pylori，Hp）感染与环氧化酶-2（COX-2）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）表达之间的关系，以探讨Hp的致病及可能致癌机制。方法2005年6月至2006年5月，南昌大学第一附属医院消化内科采用免疫组化法检测294例胃黏膜标本中COX-2、iNOS的表达。结果（1）各研究组和对照组间炎症细胞和腺细胞中COX-2阳性积分差异均有显著性（P〈0.01），其中以肠上皮化生与异性增生（IM＋DYS）组最高；且浅表性胃炎（CSG）和IM＋DYS组Hp阳性者炎症细胞中COX-2表达明显高于Hp阴性（P〈0．05）。（2）各研究组和对照组间炎症细胞中iNOS的阳性积分差异有显著性（P〈0．05），其中以CSG组最高，IM＋DYS组次之；在CSG和IM＋DYS组Hp阳性者炎症细胞中iNOS表达明显高于Hp阴性（P〈0．05）。（3）中重度CSG炎症细胞中iNOS表达高于轻度CSG（P〈0．05）。（4）各研究组胃黏膜中COX-2和iNOS的表达呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。结论（1）Hp感染可能通过诱导COX-2、iNOS的过度表达参与Hp的致病过程，并且Hp可能通过上调COX-2的过度表达参与胃癌发生的早期进程。（2）COX-2、iNOS的表达在Hp的致病过程中相互作用，相互影响。     

早期胃癌和进展期胃癌患者幽门螺杆菌感染与胃黏膜组织学特点的关系

背景幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)感染已被确认为慢性胃炎的主要病因,由慢性非萎缩性胃炎、慢性萎缩性胃炎至肠化生,经过数十年最终可能导致胃癌发生。目的评价H.pylori感染与胃镜检查正常者、慢性胃炎、早期胃癌和进展期胃癌患者胃黏膜组织学特点的关系。方法在受检者胃窦大弯侧、胃体大弯侧和胃角处各取一块黏膜活检标本,以Giemsa染色和免疫组化染色检测H.pylori感染情况;以HE染色评价胃黏膜炎症、活动性、萎缩和肠化生情况。结果慢性胃炎、早期胃癌和进展期胃癌患者的总体H.pylori感染率均显著高于胃镜检查正常者(52.4%、52.4%和81.2%对44.9%,P<0.05),慢性胃炎与早期胃癌患者的感染率无显著差异,但均显著低于进展期胃癌患者(P<0.05)。胃镜检查正常和慢性胃炎组H.pylori感染者的胃黏膜炎症、活动性、萎缩和肠化生检出率均显著高于无感染者(P<0.05);早期胃癌和进展期胃癌组H.pylori感染者的炎症活动性检出率显著高于无感染者(P<0.05),而炎症、萎缩和肠化生检出率与无感染者无显著差异。结论由H.pylori感染引起的胃黏膜慢性炎症、萎缩和肠化生可能在胃癌的发生、发展过程中起直接或间接作用。     

幽门螺杆菌致癌作用的研究

摘要幽门螺杆菌（H. pylori）感染，特别是CagA^＋株感染，与胃癌的发生密切相关，但其分子机制仍不清楚。对H．pylori致胃黏膜癌变的分子机制进行深入研究，结果显示胃黏膜H．pylori感染可增加胃癌的易感性，导致线粒体DNA微卫星不稳（mtMSI）和线粒体DNA核内整合，使线粒体细胞色素氧化酶（COX）Ⅰ、COXⅡ、COXIImRNA表达下调，Bid和Bax表达上调。提示H．pylori通过线粒体途径影响细胞凋亡，导致细胞增殖和凋亡的失衡，从分子水平揭示了H．pvlori诱导胃癌发生的机制。     

幽门螺杆菌感染对胃黏膜病理变化的影响

背景：幽门螺杆菌(H．pylori)感染已被公认为慢性胃炎和消化性溃疡的重要危险因素，根除H．pylori能加速消化性溃疡的愈合，但其对胃黏膜病理变化的影响尚有待进一步探索。目的：了解根除H．pylori对慢性胃炎胃黏膜病理变化和癌前状态的影响。方法：采用多中心随机对照临床试验和回顾性队列研究，样本选自胃癌高发区：上海郊区的金山区和奉贤区。共纳入360例经内镜检查证实有H．pylori感染的慢性胃炎伴或不伴十二指肠溃疡患者，随机分为两组。治疗组用三联疗法(质子泵抑制剂或Hz受体阻滞剂加两种抗生素)治疗，对照组单纯慢性胃炎患者予西沙必利、十二指肠溃疡患者予西米替丁治疗。在第1年和第4年末随访胃镜，根据H．pylori是否根除将患者分为两组：H．pylori阳性组和H．pylori阴性组。所有胃黏膜活检标本由两位病理科医师统一复读。结果：至第4年末，有120例患者完成全部随访，其中H．pylori持续根除组54例，阳转组5例；H．pylori持续未根除组45例，阴转组16例。持续根除组第1年随访时，活动性炎症比例减少(P＜O．05)；第4年随访时，慢性炎症和肠化程度以及活动性炎症比例减少(P＜O．05)。持续未根除组第1年随访时，慢性炎症程度增加(P＜O．05)；第4年随访时，慢性炎症和肠化程度以及活动性炎症比例增加(P＜O．05)，萎缩程度较第1年随访时增加(P＜O．05)。结论：根除H．pylori可以减轻慢性胃炎的炎症程度，防止肠化的发生和发展。     

抗胆汁反流治疗对胃内幽门螺杆菌感染的影响

体外研究发现胆汁可抑制幽门螺杆菌（H.pylori)的生长，但人体内胆汁反流对H.pylori的作用尚不清楚。目的：探讨抗胆汁反流治疗对胃内H.pylori感染的影响。方法：50例经胃镜检查确诊有胆汁反流的慢性胃炎患者纳入本研究。取胃窦黏膜活检标本行组织病理学检查和快速尿素酶试验（RUT），用改良Giemsa染色、RUT或血清H.pylori-IgG检测H.pylori感染情况。患者接受铝碳酸镁治疗（1000mg.tid,4周），治疗结束后复查胃镜和H.pylori感染情况。结果：治疗前患者的H.pylori感染率为66．0％，H.pylori感染者在I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级胆汁反流性胃炎中的分布无显著差异。治疗后共有48例患者接受胃镜复查，结果显示胃内胆汗反流程度较治疗前明显减轻，H.pylori感染率为64．6％，与治疗前相比无显著差异。合并H.pylori感染者的胃黏膜炎症细胞浸润较非H.pylori感染者为重，且肠化发生率（39．4％）与非H.pylori感染者（11．8％）相比有显著差异（P＜0．05）。结论：合并H.pylori感染胆汁反流患者的胃炎和肠化均较单纯胆汁反流者为重。抗胆汁反流治疗可有效缓解胆汁反流性胃炎，但未能改善胃黏膜的H.pylori感染情况。     

幽门螺杆菌相关胃黏膜疾病炎症、凋亡与乳酸杆菌的关系

幽门螺杆菌与慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌及胃黏膜相关淋巴样组织淋巴瘤(MALT)等疾病的发生密切相关,后者是炎症发展以及凋亡-增殖失衡的渐进过程中不同阶段的表现形式．乳酸杆菌具有较好的抗H pylori的应用前景,能降低因以抗生素为主根治H pylori疗法引起的副作用,提高患者的依从性,调节菌群失调,其在H pylori诱导的胃黏膜炎症中具有抗炎作用．     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.