肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的诊断和治疗

肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的诊断和治疗上海医科大学中山医院肝癌研究所（２０００３２）周信达余耀近年来，原发性肝癌的早期发现和肝切除术的进展改善了肝癌的预后和总体疗效，但肝切除术在某些方面仍受到很大限制，如肿瘤巨大、肿瘤多发、局部浸润或转移、合并严重肝硬化等。...     

肝细胞肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的诊断及治疗

肝内播散和远处转移是肝细胞肝癌治疗困难和死亡的主要原因，门静脉癌栓是导致肝细胞肝癌肝内播散，远处转移及术后复发的最重要因素。早期明确诊断肝细胞肝癌合并门静脉癌栓并给予积极有效的治疗交圾利于降低ＨＣＣ患者术后复发转移率，从而提高ＨＣＣ患者的总体生存率。     

原发性肝癌门静脉癌栓生长特征的研究

目的 :探讨肝癌门静脉癌栓的生长特征。方法 :分析 130例肝癌门静脉癌栓的影像学变化 ,观察癌栓的生长方式、生长速度和病人的自然病程。结果 :96 .2 %(12 5 / 130 )的癌栓以主瘤作为基部在肿瘤同侧门静脉内生长 ,3.8%(5 / 130 )的癌栓在肿瘤对侧门静脉内生长。癌栓以门静脉壁作为支架逆血流离心式发展 ,平均生长速度为 (0 .5± 0 .1)cm3 /月。癌栓病人自然病程为 (7.0± 0 .5 )月。结论 :肝癌门静脉癌栓生长具有离心、同侧和快速发展的特征。     

肝内血管外皮瘤并门静脉癌栓一例

一、临床资料患者男 ,47岁因右上腹涨痛不适 1年 ,加重伴尿黄消瘦 1月余 ,于 1999年 5月 11日收入院。即往有“肝炎”“胆囊炎”病史 10年余。入院查体 :消瘦体质 ,右季肋部饱满 ,锁骨中线肋缘下可触及肿大肝脏 ,质硬 ,无压痛 ,有结节感 ,边缘纯 ,不规则 ,肝浊音界增大 ;ＣＴ平扫 :肝右后叶见大片低密度灶 ,边界不清 ,密度不均 ,ＣＴ值 33Ｈｕ ;门静脉右侧支增粗 ,密度不均。增强扫描 :肝内低密度灶区强化不均 ,边界仍示不清 ,病灶约 7ｃｍ× 10ｃｍ ,ＣＴ值 5 3Ｈｕ ,门静脉左右支见无强化低密度影 (图 1,2 )。肝功能 :ＳＧＰＴ(谷丙转氨酶…     

超声消融术治疗肝癌门静脉癌栓的实验研究

目的 探索超声消融术治疗肝癌门静脉癌栓的可行性。方法 建立兔异种门静脉癌栓模型，观察超声消融术体内消融效果和对体外Ｗａｌｋｅｒ－２５６和ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１细胞杀伤作用。结果 消融前后，门静脉通畅度由０恢复到１００％，门静脉压力由２３．２ｃｍ Ｈ２Ｏ２降至１４．３ｃｍＨ２Ｏ。兔存活时间由１．８ｈ延至８．０ｈ。体外实验发现超声消融对癌细胞的杀伤作用很强。     

原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的治疗策略

门静脉癌栓（portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT）是原发性肝癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）的常见并发症,目前的治疗方法有外科手术切除、经肝动脉介入治疗、经门静脉介入治疗、经肝动脉和门静脉双途径介入治疗、放射治疗、消融治疗、肝移植、分子靶向治疗、综合治疗等,本文对上述各种治疗方法的近况进行了评价,以期进一步提高其治疗效果。     

三维动态增强磁共振血管造影对诊断肾和肾上腺肿瘤的意义

对肾、肾上腺肿瘤患者而言，术前充分了解患肾血管情况及肿瘤供应血管情况，明确肾静脉、下腔静脉内有无癌栓形成，肿瘤与周围脏器、大血管、以及脏器供应血管间的关系，对选择手术径路、确定手术方案、提高手术安全性十分重要。既往采用超声、CT、数字减影血管造影术(DSA)、MRI等影像学手段，了解肿瘤与其周围毗邻间的关系，但这些检查均存在一定的局限性。     

肝癌切除病人门静脉癌栓的分布状况

目的初步探讨分析肝癌切除病人门静脉癌栓的分布状况。方法对本组917例肝癌手术其门静脉癌栓的诊断,门静脉癌栓与原发肿瘤部位及肝癌病理的关系进行系统分析。结果本组资料中合并大体癌栓者139例(15.2%),仅病理镜下发现癌栓者540例(58.9%),无癌栓病人238例(25.9%)。合并大体癌栓139例中经术前各种影像学检查发现癌栓者92例(66.2%),至术中发现者32例(23.0%),至术后病理方发现者15例(10.8%)。肝癌位于左半肝者,大体癌栓的合并率为15.9%,位于右半肝者为13.8%,全肝多发肿瘤者为17.5%。各部位肿瘤合并大体癌栓侵犯同侧门静脉分支者占83.5%,大体癌栓同时侵犯左、右门静脉分支者占12.9%,侵犯病肝对侧门静脉分支者占3.6%。发生于右半肝的肝癌其大体癌栓侵犯门静脉主干者为26.7%,发生于左半肝者为8.6%,左、右半肝多发性肿瘤者为33.3%。肿瘤直径>5cm者大体PVTT合并率显著增高(P=0.003);包膜不完整者大体PVTT的合并率显著升高(P=0.000);组织分化低于III级的肝癌,其大体PVTT的合并率显著增高(P=0.009)。结论PVTT在肝癌中合并率高,肿瘤原发位置与大体PVTT侵犯的部位有显著相关性,右半肝和多发于全肝的肿瘤比左半肝肿瘤更易侵犯门静脉主干形成癌栓;大体PVTT的发生与肿瘤大小、包膜完整与否、组织分化程度有显著相关性,     

肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的治疗进展

肝癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,病死率很高,而门静脉癌栓的出现表明肝癌已近中晚期,预后很差。随着对门静脉癌栓认识的深入和手术技术的改进,肝癌伴门静脉癌栓患者临床疗效有了较大幅度的提高。本文就近年来临床常用的手术治疗,肝动脉、门静脉置泵术,肝动脉栓塞化疗,肝动脉、门静脉双插管灌注栓塞化疗术,癌栓内无水酒精注射,门脉血管支架放置,超声消融术,放射疗法等治疗方法的进展及疗效等作一阐述。     

钆塞酸二钠增强MRI检查在肝癌术前评估中的应用

Hepatic tumor-specific magnetic resonance (MR) enhancement with Gd-EOB-DTPA can detect and distinguish small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with greater sensitivity than conventional magnetic resonance...     

磁共振血管造影和胰胆管造影在胰头癌外科中的价值

目的探讨磁共振成像（MRI）联合磁共振血管造影（MRA）和胰胆管造影（MRCP）对胰头癌诊断的价值。方法对42例胰头癌患者进行MRI、MRA和MRCP检查,并与术中探查结果及手术方式行对比分析。结果42例胰头癌患者中MRCP和MRA显示癌肿未侵犯邻近组织、血管者24例,癌肿压迫邻近门静脉、肠系膜上静脉者5例,侵犯或浸润邻近血管者10例,远处器官转移者3例。与术中探查结果相符者35例,准确率达89．7％（35／39）。行胰十二指肠切除术者28例,行内引流术者11例,3例行介入治疗,手术切除率为66．7％（28／42）。结论MRCP和MRA对胰头癌患者术前肿瘤转移和周围组织浸润,尤其是对肿瘤血管浸润可明确显示,其影像学结果对病变程度的估计及指导临床治疗决策有重要价值。     

磁共振成像扩散加权成像技术在鉴别原发性胆囊癌和肝细胞癌中的价值

目的 探讨MRI扩散加权成像(DWI)技术对侵犯肝脏的原发性胆囊癌和侵犯胆囊的原发性肝细胞癌进行鉴别诊断的价值.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2010年10月解放军总医院收治的11例原发性胆囊癌和19例原发性肝细胞癌患者的临床资料.采用MRI DWI技术对两种疾病进行鉴别诊断.选择扩散敏感梯度场参数(b值)为800 s/mm2时进行扫描,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),比较原发性肝细胞癌和原发性胆囊癌的表观弥散系数(ADC)阈值.利用独立样本t检验比较两组ADC值之间的差异.结果 30例患者共30个肿瘤,所有肿瘤在DWI图像上呈高信号,T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,原发性胆囊癌累及肝脏的边界欠清楚.11例原发性胆囊癌患者的肿瘤主要位于胆囊窝区,其中10例累及肝脏,平均ADC值为(0.89±0.14)mm2/s;19例原发性肝细胞癌患者中,15例肿瘤位于肝右叶,4例肿瘤位于肝左叶,平均ADC值为(1.04±0.18)mm2/s,两者ADC值比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.425,P＜0.05).ROC曲线下面积为0.756(95%CI:0.577～0.935),当阈值为0.96 mm2/s时,敏感性为68.4%,特异性为81.8%.结论 b值为800 s/mm2时,原发性胆囊癌的ADC值低于原发性肝细胞癌,有利于两种疾病的鉴别诊断.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the differential diagnosis of primary gallbladder cancer with liver invasion and primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with gallbladder invasion. Methods From January 2009 to October 2010, 11 patients with primary gallbladder cancer and 19 patients with primary HCC were admitted to the PLA General Hospital. The clinical data of the 30 patients were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with b value of 800 s/mm2, and the receiver operating curve (ROC) was drawn. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the patients with gallbladder cancer and HCC were compared by independent sample t test. Results Thirty tumors were detected in the 30 patients. All tumors showed high signal on DWI, slightly low signal on T1 WI and slightly high signal on T2 WI. The foci of 11 patients with primary gallbladder cancer were at the gallbladder fossa, and 10 of them had liver involvement. The mean ADC value of the 11 patients was (0.89 ±0. 14)mm2/s. Of the 19 patients with primary HCC, the foci of 15 patients were at the right lobe of liver, and 4were at the left lobe. The mean ADC value of the 19 patients was (1.04 ±0.18)mm2/s. There was a significant difference in the ADC value between patients with primary gallbladder cancer and those with primary HCC ( t =2.425, P＜0. 05). The area under the ROC was 0. 756 (95% confidence interval: 0.577-0. 935), and the sensitivity and specificity were 68.4% and 81.8%, respectively, when the threshold value was 0.96 mm2/s.Conclusion The ADC value of patients with primary gallbladder cancer is lower than those with primary HCC when the b value is 800 s/mm2, which is helpful in the differential diagnosis of primary gallbladder cancer and primary HCC.     

Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging ablation of hepatic tumors

BACKGROUND: The use of hepatic ablation of tumors for both primary and secondary cancers has continued to increase at a significant rate. The most significant increase in the use of hepatic ablation has come from image-guided techniques with computed axial tomography and ultrasound. Limitations to targeting hepatic lesions by these techniques remain morbid obesity, abnormal hepatic parenchyma, and inability to visualize lesions without the use of intravenous contrast. In contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has continued to provide a high contrast of soft tissue-to-lesion conspicuity without the need for intravenous dye. The recent development of open-configuration magnetic resonance scanners--which have allowed improved patient access, near real-time imaging, and more available MRI-compatible equipment--has opened up an entire new area of image-guided surgical and interventional procedures. METHODS: The principles and indications for all types of image-guided hepatic ablations are described. RESULTS: The success and limitations of image-guided ablation techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Image-guided hepatic ablation represents a useful technique in managing hepatic tumors. Intraoperative MRI represents a new technique with initial success that has been limited to European centers. Further evaluation in United States centers has demonstrated intraoperative MRI to be useful for certain hepatic tumors that cannot be adequately visualized by ultrasound or computed axial tomography. A multidisciplinary approach involving a surgical oncologist and interventional radiologist remains integral to the short- and long-term success of image-guided ablation.     

磁共振血管造影在门静脉高压症外科中的临床应用

目的 将磁共振血管造影（MRA）与多普勒超声对门静脉系统解剖影像及血流动力学的检查结果作对比,评价MRA在门静脉高压症外科中的应用价值。方法 对肝硬变门静脉高压症组病人包括行手术者和非肝硬变对照组进行3D－DCE MRA（三维动态对比增强磁共振血管造影）和2D－PC MR（二维相位对比磁共振）检查,检测门静脉系统解剖显像和血流量,后者与多普勒超声（DUS）进行比较。结果 3D－DEC MRA能较好显示PV、SV、SMV和头向侧支以及分流术的吻合口。2D－PC MR对门脉系统血流量的测定与DUS无显著差别。结论 MRA为创性检查,能较好地显示门静脉系统的解剖影像,可与传统X线血管造影媲美,并可测得血流动力学资料,在门静脉高压症外科中具有应用价值。     

3.0T磁共振3DF AME动态增强序列对肝脏局灶性病变的诊断价值

目的：探讨3.0T磁共振3D FAME动态增强序列对肝脏局灶性病变的诊断价值。方法：对65例肝脏局灶性病变（原发性肝细胞癌30例,胆管癌4例,转移瘤8例,肝血管瘤12例,肝囊肿11例）相继进行MR常规平扫及3D FAME序列多期动态增强扫描,包括肝动脉期、门静脉期、平衡期及延迟期,观察病灶各期的强化特征,并利用动态强化自动分析软件及时间-信号强度曲线分析各种病变的曲线类型。结果：不同的肝脏局灶性病变具有特征性的强化方式,时间-信号强度曲线较客观反映不同病变的血流动力学特性。肝细胞癌的时间-信号强度曲线分为3种类型：Ⅰ型（速升速降）、Ⅱ型（速升缓降）、Ⅲ型（缓升缓降）,30例肝细胞癌中60.0%（18/30）表现为Ⅰ型曲线类型,26.7%（8/30）表现Ⅱ型曲线类型,13.3%（4/30）表现Ⅲ型曲线类型。肝血管瘤的动态增强曲线分为2种类型：Ⅰ型（缓升平坦型）、Ⅱ型（速升平坦型）,12例血管瘤中66.7%（8/12）表现为Ⅰ型曲线类型,33.3%（4/12）表现Ⅱ型曲线类型。4例胆管癌动态增强曲线为缓慢上升型。转移瘤表现为2种强化方式,2例（25.0%）表现为早期周边环状强化,6例（75.0%）表现为轻度强化。11例肝囊肿增强扫描各期均无强化。结论：3D FAME动态增强序列有助于肝脏局灶性病变的定性诊断。     

增强磁共振门静脉造影在肝硬化门静脉高压症的应用价值

目的探讨三维动态对比增强磁共振门脉血管造影（3D DCE MRP）在肝硬化门脉高压症门静脉系统及门体侧支循环显像中的应用价值.方法对19例肝硬化门脉高压症组病人及51例非肝硬化对照组行3DDCEMRP检查,测量门脉系统各主要干支的径线并比较两者差异;于3DDCEMRP检查前后10 d内,对所有肝硬化症组病人行门脉间接造影,以其结果为标准,分析侧支循环发生的部位和分布范围,评价两者的符合情况.结果肝硬化门脉高压症组MPV、SPV及SMV直径明显大于对照组（P＜0.05）,门脉分支级数明显减少;但Child A、B级病人间MPV直径及门脉分支级数的减少无明显差别（P＞0.05）.同时,3D DCE MRP显示2例门脉主干海绵样变并检出48条肝外侧支血管,与DSA结果相对照,除1例脐静脉开放及1例自发性脾肾分流未见显示外,其余侧支循环在3D DCE MRP上均清楚显影,总符合率为96.0%（48/50）.结论3D DCE MRP能较好显示门脉系统的解剖影像,并对曲张静脉、侧支循环显影良好,也是诊断门脉海绵样变的有效方法,对于门脉高压症的诊断及手术治疗有重要指导意义.     

经肝动脉化疗栓塞联合门静脉化疗对肝癌伴门静脉瘤栓的治疗价值

目的 探讨肝癌伴门静脉瘤栓患者术后经肝动脉化疗栓塞联合门静脉化疗对患者生存率的影响。方法 111例肝癌伴门静脉瘤栓患者随机分成3组，分别行单纯手术（A组）、术后肝动脉化疗栓塞（B组）和术后肝动脉化疗栓塞联合门静脉化疗（C组），分析各组患者复发率和生存率的差别。结果 ①B组的0．5和1年的复发率低于A组，其0．5年的生存率高于A组（均P〈0．05）；②C组的0．5、1、2和3年复发率均低于A组，生存率均高于A组（均P〈0．05）；③C组在第2年的复发率低于B组，在1和2年的生存率高于B组（均P〈0．05）；④3个组术后5年的复发率和生存率比较差异无统计学意义；⑤治疗方式、肿瘤大小和瘤栓位置是影响患者预后的独立因素（x2^=20．43，P〈0．01），结论 肝癌伴门静脉瘤栓患者，术后辅以肝动脉化疗栓塞联合门静脉化疗有助于提高近期疗效，但远期效果尚不肯定。     

动态磁共振减影技术对胃癌术前TNM分期的诊断价值

目的 探讨动态磁共振(MRI)减影技术在胃癌术前TNM分期评估中的临床应用价值.方法 运用动态MRI减影技术,对39例胃癌患者进行术前TNM分期诊断.患者术后经病理确诊.将MRI结果与术后病理结果对比.结果 动态MRI对本组胃癌浸润深度(T)的总体诊断准确率为82.1%;对淋巴结转移状况(N)的总体诊断准确率为71.8%;对远处转移(M)的总体诊断准确率为84.6%:TNM分期诊断总的准确率为71.8%.MRI对胃癌术前TNM分期的诊断与术后病理结果有着较高的一致性(Kappa值为0.671～0.763,P<0.05).结论 MRI在显示胃癌侵犯胃壁的深度、淋巴结转移及远处脏器转移方面起着重要的作用,对于胃癌术前临床分期的评估有其独特的优越性.     

肝癌肝动脉栓塞化疗后磁共振成像检查特征

Hepatocelular carcinoma ( HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. Although surgical resection offers a better curative option than nonsurgical treatments, it is not an option for the majority of patients with poor hepatic function or at an advanced stage when diagnosed.Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is an alternative and effective nonsurgical treatment for HCC. Evaluation of the effect of TACE is important to develop a best therapeutic strategy. From January 2009 to December 2010, 28 patients with HCC received TACE at the PLA General Hospital, and the results of magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) were analyzed. Fifty-one lesions were detected and the maximum diameter of the lesions was 14.7 cm. Twenty-eight lesions in 16 patients which showed variable signal intensity on T1- and T2 -weighted images and iso- or hypointensity on diffusion-weighted image ( DWI) had no enhancement. Five lesions of 10 tumors in four patients had focal enhancement in the first MRI after TACE that displayed hyperintensity on DWI. Eight patients had been found with tumor recurrence or metastasis when they received MRI for the second time. The recurrent, residual and intrahepatic metastatic tumors enhanced rapidly at dynamic early phase scanning and demonstrated hyperintensity on T2 -weighted images.