十二指肠乳头肿瘤局部切除术应用解剖

目的：为十二指肠乳头部肿瘤局部切除术提供解剖学资料。方法：50例正常成人腹部标本，解剖观测胆总管、胰管、肝胰壶腹和乳头区长度、宽度，胆总管与胰管的夹角，肝胰壶腹区的血管分布，十二指肠大乳头位置、乳头小孔开口位置、胆胰管开口形式等。结果：肝胰壶腹和十二指肠乳头区的营养动脉平均为2．2支，均来源于胰十二指肠上动脉、下动脉，其中肝胰壶腹和十二指肠乳头区9—12点钟处的营养动脉出现率为45．9％（50支）。胆总管、胰管、壶腹末端的长度分别为（32．1±8．7）mm、（9．9±4．1）mm、（12．6±2．8）mm；宽度分别为（7．3±2．1）mm、（3．2±0．7mm）、（7．3±1．2）mm。胆总管和胰管之间的夹角平均为35．6°。十二指肠大乳头位于十二指肠降部上1／3段占8．45％±4．39％，中1／3段占72．33％±6．72％，下1／3段占19．22％±4．12％；乳头小孔开口于十二指肠纵襞占74．3％±6．68％。有十二指肠小乳头占41．43％±3．65％。胆胰管开口呈V型占37．1％±7．43％，Y型占62．9％±6．32％。结论：本实验结果为临床在十二指肠乳头部肿瘤切除过程中选择切开部位和切开深度等提供了解剖学依据，对防止术后并发症具有重要意义。     

对十二指肠乳头旁憩室形成原因的探讨

目的:探讨十二指肠乳头旁憩室形成的原因.方法:随机选择100例十二指肠-胰标本,发现有乳头旁憩室的标本26例,无乳头旁憩室的标本74例,将26例有乳头旁憩室标本和随机选择的26例无乳头旁憩室标本作为观测对象,对其十二指肠降部、胆总管-胰管汇合部及汇合部穿肠处左侧的胰腺组织进行观测.结果:有乳头旁憩窜标本与无乳头旁憩室标本,在十二指肠大乳头处的肠管周经分别是(110±13.4)、(88.4±8.61)mm,在下曲处的肠管周经分别是(73.3±5.52)、(83.2±6.01)mm;在胆总管-胰管汇合部穿肠处胆总管-胰管汇合部的周经分别是(22.4+1.72)、(16.8±1.32)mm;在胆总管-胰管汇合部的前面,胰腺组织的厚度分别是(4.33±0.82)、(9.13±2.24)mm.结论:十二指肠乳头旁憩室形成的主要原因是十二指肠下曲较细、胆总管-胰管汇合部较粗大及在憩室发生处的左侧胰腺组织较少.     

胰,胆总管插管的应用解剖

在30例成人的标本上,对十二指肠第1环状襞、十二指肠纵襞、十二指肠大乳头、肝胰壶腹及其间隔等进行解剖观测.十二指肠第1环状襞高4.86±0.36mm,厚2.85±0.17 mm,距幽门45.80±2.93mm;十二指肠纵襞出现率为76.7%;十二指肠大乳头距幽门、第1环状襞的距离分别为81.14±2.71和41.76±2.11mm,其开口处上下径和横径分别为2.88±0.17mm和2.31±0.19mm.在20例肝胰壶腹切开的标本上见肝胰壶腹间隔部分分隔(16例)和完全分隔(4例)胰胆管,间隔长度 9.30±0.46mm,共同管长度5.53±0.29mm.结果为临床内镜下顺利进行胰、胆总管造影术寻找十二指肠大乳头和插管提供了形态学依据.     

十二指肠大乳头血供的临床解剖学研究

目的　为内窥镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术( EST) 与内镜乳头气囊扩张术 (EPBD)取结石术提供形态学依据。 方法　(1)20例乳胶动脉血管灌注胰腺十二指肠标本,解剖观测十二指肠大乳头血供的来源、数量,营养血管起始处直径、至Vater壶腹和十二指肠大乳头开口的距离。前、后弓最凸处与十二指肠内缘、肝胰壶腹、十二指肠大乳头的距离。(2)按胰十二指肠正常解剖学位置摆放,以十二指肠大乳头的开口为圆心,十二指肠大乳头背面纵轴为12~6点轴,横轴为9~3点轴,顺时针依次定点,观察动脉分布特点。 结果　(1) 胰十二指肠前、后动脉弓各发出2支营养血管至十二指肠大乳头。前弓2支血管起始处直径分别为（1.3±0.1、1.0±0.2）mm,至Vater壶腹和十二指肠大乳头开口的距离分别为（5.7±0.6、6.0±0.4）mm、（16±0.9、16±1.5）mm。后弓2支血管起始处直径分别为（0.62±0.02、0.98±0.06）mm,至Vater壶腹和十二指肠大乳头开口的距离分别为（20±1.5、16.4±0.4）mm、（25±1.2、19.2±0.6）mm。前、后弓最凸处与十二指肠内缘、肝胰壶腹的距离分别为（4.05±0.1、3.1±0.15）mm、（10.5±1.5、13.2±1.6）mm。(2)十二指肠大乳头前壁第1支血管位于9~10点钟方位,第2支位于2~3点钟方位;后壁第1支动脉血管位于8~9点钟方位,第2支位于4~5点钟方位;8~10点钟方位血管最集中,2~5点钟方位血管次之,11~1、6~7点钟方位血管供应最少。 结论　临床EST Oddi括约肌切开和EPBD取结石时,易损伤十二指肠大乳头血管,需小心保护。EST可在11~1或6~7点钟方位行乳头切开。     

十二指肠大乳头异位一例

成年女尸,其十二指肠的形态、位置均属正常。解剖发现胰管在胰头部走行与胰头长轴并非平行,而是距胰头右缘30毫米处以135度角走向右下,达十二指肠水平部后上方,在距肠壁5毫米处与沿胰头后方垂直下降的胆总管又以25度夹角合成肝胰壶腹,穿十二指肠水平部后上壁,开口于十二指肠大乳头。大乳头的位置,距十二指肠降部与水平部所形成的夹角处12毫米,在肠系膜上血管右侧9毫米。未发现副胰管及十二指肠小乳头。其中胰头部的胰管直径6毫米,胆总管未端直径5毫米,长9厘米,肝胰壶腹直径7毫     

副胰管的解剖学观察、测量及临床意义

为积累国人体质资料及临床应用,观察并直接测量国人42例成人的副胰管,并探查其开口。副胰管全长28.8±2.4 mm,直径2.05±0.73 mm,与主胰管汇合的角度34.0±5.4度。头侧为盲端者占11.90%。主、副胰管分离占4.76%。无副胰管占2.38%。副胰管异常是引起胰腺炎性病变的形态学基础之一。     

十二指肠和胰胆管汇合的应用解剖

作者在12具成尸、13具童尸标本上对十二指肠和胰胆管汇合进行了解剖观测。25例十二指肠上曲为83.4°±11.5°;十二指肠降部长:成人为68.2±12.6mm,2～10岁为41.8±9.1mm;24例胰胆共同管长为5.6±1.5mm。胆总管和胰管壁汇合后,被公共管壁分隔伴行,在十二指肠大乳头内两管开口汇合处有“锯齿状瓣膜”。文中探讨了公共管壁和锯齿状瓣膜的功能及临床意义。     

内窥镜十二指肠乳头切开术的应用解剖

目的：为临床经内窥镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术（Ｅｎｄｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｓｐｈｉｎｃｔｅｒｏｔｏｍｙ,ＥＳＴ）提供形态学的依据。方法：３０例正常成人腹部标本,解剖观测胆总管、胰管、肝胰壶腹和乳头区长度、宽度,胆总管与胰管的夹角,肝胰壶腹区的血管分布。结果：肝胰壶腹及十二指肠乳头区的营养动脉平均为２．１支,均来源于胰十二指肠上动脉、胰十二指肠下动脉,其中肝胰壶腹区及十二指肠乳头区９～１２点钟处营养动脉的出现率为４６．１％（２９支）。测量胆总管、胰管、壶腹末端的长度分别为３２．１±８．９ｍｍ、９．９±３．９ｍｍ、１２．８±２．９ｍｍ;宽度分别为７．２±２．２ｍｍ、３．１±０．６ｍｍ、７．１±１．４ｍｍ。胆总管和胰管间的夹角７０％为２０°至４５°,平均３５．４°。结论：本实验的结果为临床在ＥＳＴ中选择切开部位和切开的深度等提供了理论依据,对防止术后并发症具有重要的临床意义。     

十二指肠降部的解剖学特点及临床意义

目的　为内镜诊治十二指肠降部疾病及减少医源性损伤提供应用解剖学。 方法　40例福尔马林固定成人尸体标本，解剖观测十二指肠降部的外形、长度，大乳头的形状、位置以及上曲、下曲、大乳头处的内周径、外周径、肠壁厚度。 结果　十二指肠降部的外形有竖直形、弧形和不规则形，多为上细下粗，且大部分标本有狭窄，狭窄处肠腔内黏膜为纵形皱襞、稀疏低矮环形皱襞或平坦无皱襞。十二指肠降部长度为(8.2±1.9)cm；上曲、下曲、大乳头处的肠腔内周径分别为(4.8±1.7)cm、(5.8±1.3)cm、(6.9±2.3)cm；肠管外周径分别为(7.0±1.3)cm、(8.8±1.2)cm、(9.2±1.6)cm；内侧肠壁厚度分别为(2.29±0.63)mm、(1.91±0.49) mm、(1.75±0.73)mm；外侧肠壁厚度分别为(1.63±0.53) mm、(1.42±0.37)mm、(1.54±0.40) mm。十二指肠大乳头的形状多变，与上曲的距离为(4.3±1.9)cm。 结论　行内镜检查和治疗十二指肠降部疾病时，掌握和认真观察其解剖学特点，对寻找病变部位及减少医源性损伤有重要意义。     

十二指肠的某些资料

对50例成年尸体的十二指肠进行了观测。十二指肠平均长209mm,外径在29.2—34.7mm之间。十二指肠乳头、副乳头和十二指肠纵襞的出现率分别为100％,48％和96％。十二指肠乳头与幽门的平均距85.5mm,副乳头与乳头的垂直间距平均16.5mm。十二指肠乳头与纵襞的关系,除已有的记载外,乳头还可位于纵襞的左侧或右侧。十二指肠乳头上方纵行隆起的基质有26％是胆总管,而在更多的标本中无胆管样结构。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.