银杏达莫注射液对椎基底动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作患者血液流变学的影响

目的比较银杏达莫注射液与复方丹参注射液对椎基底动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA）患者血液流变学的影响。方法68例椎基底动脉系统TIA患者分为治疗组38例和对照组30例。治疗组给予银杏达莫注射液20 mL，对照组给予复方丹参注射液30～50 mL，两药分别加入0.9%氯化钠注射液或5%葡萄糖注射液500 mL中，静脉滴注，qd，连续14 d。检测治疗前及治疗14 d后血液流变学指标。结果治疗组在治疗后低切全血黏度明显降低（P＜0.05），红细胞变形性显著增高，血细胞比容、红细胞聚集指数和血小板聚集率均显著下降，治疗前后比较差异有极显著性 (P＜0.01)。对低切全血黏度的下降和红细胞变形性升高幅度，治疗组显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。对红细胞比容，红细胞聚集指数和血小板聚集率的下降作用，治疗组优于对照组（P＜0.01）。结论银杏达莫注射液可显著地降低椎基底动脉系统TIA患者全血黏度、红细胞比容、红细胞聚集指数、血小板聚集率和增加红细胞变形性，作用明显优于复方丹参注射液。     

银杏达莫对老年慢性脑缺血患者血液流变学的影响

目的观察银杏达莫注射液对老年慢性脑缺血患者血液流变学的影响。方法42例慢性脑缺血患者,采用银杏达莫注射液20ml,加入5％葡萄糖注射液250ml中静脉滴注,1次／d,观察治疗前后血液流变学变化情况。结果银杏达莫治疗后,临床症状明显缓解（P〈0．05）,血液流变学各项指标明显改善（P〈0．05）。结论银杏达莫注射液对慢性脑缺血患者能明显降低血黏度,缓解临床症状。     

银杏达莫注射液治疗急性脑梗死疗效观察

目的 观察评价银杏达莫注射液(杏丁注射液)治疗急性脑梗死的疗效.方法 将80例急性脑梗死患者随机分为银杏达莫观察组和复方丹参对照组各40例.观察组:银杏达莫注射液20ml,加入生理盐水250ml,每日一次,静脉滴注14d,对照组:复方丹参注射液20ml,加入生理盐水250ml,每日一次,静脉滴注14d,治疗前后做神经功能缺损程度评分,查血液流变学指标.结果 观察组较对照组治疗前后总分显著下降(P＜0.05),显效率观察组(67.5%)显著高于对照组(40%)(P＜0.05),血液流变学指标改善.结论 银杏达莫注射液可以改善脑血液流变学及脑梗死症状,疗效优于复方丹参,是治疗急性脑梗死的有效药物.     

清白胶囊对急性血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学及血栓形成的影响

目的:研究清白胶囊对急性血瘀证大鼠血液流变学和体外血栓形成的影响。方法:运用皮下注射大剂量盐酸肾上腺素复加冰水冷浴建立大鼠急性血瘀模型,利用此模型观察清白胶囊对模型大鼠血液流变学指标和体外血栓形成的影响。结果:清白胶囊(6.0,3.0,1.5 g.kg-1)灌胃,连续给药14 d,均能明显降低全血黏度(200,30,5,1 s-1切变率)、全血相对黏度(200,1 s-1切变率)、血浆黏度、血细胞比容、纤维蛋白原含量、血小板黏附值以及黏附率等血液流变指标;显著降低体外血栓的长度和重量(与模型组比较P<0.05或0.01)。结论:清白胶囊能有效改善急性血瘀证大鼠血液流变异常,具有抗血小板黏附和抗血栓形成的作用。     

黄芪提取物与红花总黄酮配伍对急性血瘀大鼠血液流变学的改善作用

目的观察黄芪提取物(EAM)与红花总黄酮(ECT)配伍对急性血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学指标的影响。方法大鼠随机分为正常对照、急性血瘀模型、阳性对照阿司匹林100 mg·kg-1,EAM400 mg·kg-1,ECT 200 mg·kg-1,EAM 400 mg·kg-1+ECT 200 mg·kg-1组。每天早晚各给药1次,共7次。第5次给药后,大鼠sc给予肾上腺素加冰浴制备急性血瘀模型。锥板法测定全血黏度和血浆黏度;微量毛细管法测定血细胞比容(Hct);光电比浊法测定二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的血小板聚集;光电电磁法测定凝血参数。结果与正常对照组相比,模型组大鼠全血黏度和血浆黏度升高,红细胞聚集指数和血小板最大聚集率显著增加,Hct显著升高,纤维蛋白原(Fib)含量显著增加,凝血酶时间(TT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)和凝血酶原时间(PT)均显著缩短(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,单独应用EAM和ECT均能显著降低全血黏度及血浆黏度,明显降低Hct、红细胞聚集指数和血小板最大聚集率,其中EAM还能显著降低Fib含量,延长APTT和TT;ECT还能显著延长PT。与单独应用EAM或ECT相比,EAM与ECT配伍能进一步改善血液流变学指标,在延长TT上优于单用ECT(P<0.05),对血小板最大聚集率的抑制作用优于单用EAM或ECT(P<0.05)。与阿司匹林相比,单用EAM或ECT抑制血小板聚集的作用不及阿司匹林,但EAM降低Fib的作用较好,ECT延长PT的作用较好;EAM与ECT配伍对血液流变学的改善作用与阿司匹林相似。结论 EAM和ECT单用能显著改善血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学指数,且二者配伍后能增强对血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学的改善作用。     

蒙药扎冲十三味丸对大鼠急性血瘀模型血液流变学的影响

目的 观察Gi13对大鼠急性血瘀模型血液流变学的影响.方法 采用皮下注射0.1％盐酸肾上腺素复合冰水浴大鼠血瘀模型,各组大鼠用乌拉坦麻醉后腹主动脉取血,测定大鼠血液流变学各参数及血小板聚集功能等指标.结果 Gi13高、中剂量组均能显著降低急性血瘀模型大鼠低切变率(1s-1)全血黏度、中切变率(50 s-1)全血黏度、血浆纤维蛋白原浓度、红细胞压积、血沉、红细胞聚集指数、血小板聚集率等指标(P＜0.05).结论 Gi13对大鼠急性血瘀模型血液流变学及血小板功能的异常变化有明显的改善作用.     

银杏达莫注射液治疗老年慢性脑供血不足48例

目的观察银杏达莫注射液治疗老年慢性脑供血不足（CCCI）的疗效。方法将96例老年CCCI患者随机分为两组各48例,均针对基础疾病行常规治疗,包括控制血压、血糖、血脂及凝血指标等。治疗组给予银杏达莫注射液20 mL加0.9%氯化钠注射液250 mL静脉滴注,qd;对照组给予复方丹参注射液20 mL加0.9%氯化钠注射液250 mL静脉滴注,qd。疗程均为15 d。观察两组患者治疗前后症状,检查血液流变学指标,并行经颅多普勒检测。结果治疗组症状改善好于对照组,治疗组症状有效率（头晕95.5%,头重95.2%,头痛92.9%）均高于对照组（90.7%,92.9%,90.0%）,但差异无统计学意义;除纤维蛋白原外,治疗组血液流变学指标改善值均较对照组明显 （P＜0.05）;经颅多普勒检测显示,两组患者治疗前后血液流变学指标均明显改善（P＜0.05）,除右大脑前动脉、左大脑后动脉外,治疗组均明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论银杏达莫注射液治疗老年CCCI在改善症状、促进血液流变学指标恢复,以及提高脑供血流量方面疗效确切,是治疗CCCI的有效药物。     

姜精油对急性血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学的影响

目的:研究姜精油对急性血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学的影响。方法:以静脉注射高分子右旋糖酐复制急性血瘀大鼠模型。实验分为6组,即正常对照(0.05%吐温80)、模型(0.05%吐温80)、复方丹参片(1500mg·kg-1)和姜精油高、中、低剂量(80、20、5mg·kg-1)组。检测大鼠血液流变学各项指标。结果:低、中、高剂量姜精油可显著降低血瘀大鼠的全血低、中、高切黏度,血浆黏度,全血还原黏度,红细胞压积值和红细胞聚集指数,并能升高红细胞变形指数。结论:姜精油可明显改善急性血瘀模型大鼠的血液流变性,能改善血液的高黏状态,防止血液黏度增加。     

银杏达莫注射液联合西药对脑外伤康复患者血液流变学指标、血清Hcy和hs-CRP水平的影响

目的 分析银杏达莫注射液联合西药对脑外伤康复患者血液流变学指标、血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平的影响.方法 纳入的68例脑外伤康复期患者随机分为对照组与研究组,每组34例.两组患者均给予常规治疗和康复训练.对照组口服吡拉西坦,研究组结合银杏达莫注射液.两组患者疗程均为12周.对比分析两组患者治疗前和治疗12周后Fugl-Meyer评分、血液流变学指标、Hcy和hs-CRP水平变化,药物副反应情况.结果 两组患者治疗12周后Fugl-Meyer评分较治疗前均显著增加(P＜0.05);研究组治疗12周后Fugl-Meyer评分高于对照组(P＜0.05).两组患者治疗12周后血浆黏度、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数较治疗前均显著下降(P＜0.05);研究组治疗12周后血浆黏度、红细胞压积、红细胞聚集指数低于对照组(P＜0.05).两组患者治疗12周后血清Hcy和hs-CRP水平较治疗前均显著下降(P＜0.05);研究组治疗12周后血清Hcy和hs-CRP水平低于对照组(P＜0.05).研究组总有效率高于对照组(94.12％ vs.67.65％,P＜0.05).结论 银杏达莫注射液联合西药可改善脑外伤康复患者血液流变学,降低Hcy和hs-CRP,且治疗效果明显,值得临床进一步研究.     

三七总皂苷和红花总黄酮配伍对急性血瘀大鼠血液流变学的改善作用

目的观察三七总皂苷(PNS)和红花总黄酮(ECT)配伍对急性血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学指标的影响。方法大鼠按分组分别ig给予PNS 50 mg.kg-1、ECT 200 mg.kg-1、PNS+ECT及阿司匹林100mg.kg-1。每日早晚ig给药各1次,共7次。第5次给药后,sc给予肾上腺素加冰浴造成急性血瘀模型。锥板法测定全血黏度和血浆黏度;微量毛细管法测定血细胞比容(Hct);光电比浊法测定二磷酸腺苷(ADP)诱导的血小板聚集;光电电磁法测定凝血参数。结果与正常对照组相比,模型组大鼠全血黏度和血浆黏度升高,红细胞聚集指数和血小板最大聚集率显著增加,Hct显著升高,纤维蛋白原(Fib)含量显著增加,凝血酶时间(TT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间和凝血酶原时间(PT)均显著缩短(P<0.01)。与模型组相比,单独应用PNS和ECT均能显著降低全血黏度及血浆黏度,明显降低Hct、红细胞聚集指数和血小板最大聚集率,显著延长PT,其中PNS还能显著降低Fib含量,延长TT。与单独应用PNS或ECT相比,PNS+ECT配伍能进一步改善血液流变学指标,在降低Hct上优于单用PNS(P<0.05),对血小板最大聚集率的抑制作用则优于单用PNS或ECT(P<0.05)。与阳性对照阿司匹林相比,单用PNS或ECT抑制血小板聚集的作用不及阿司匹林,但PNS降低Fib的作用较好;PNS+ECT配伍对血液流变学的改善作用与阿司匹林相似,但在抑制红细胞聚集和血小板聚集,降低Fib含量,延长TT和PT等指标上无统计学差异,但有优于阿司匹林的趋势。结论 PNS和ECT单用能显著改善血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学的异常,且二者配伍后能增强对血瘀模型大鼠血液流变学的改善作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.