小鼠IL-1β在H22细胞的表达及对NK细胞杀伤活性的影响

目的：重组表达小鼠IL-1β全长基因，转染H22肝癌细胞，分析对NK细胞杀伤活性的影响。方法：构建小鼠IL-1β重组表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-mIL-1β，利用jetPEI转染H22肝癌细胞，RT—PCR和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜分析IL-1β重组载体的表达，MTT方法分析转染前后，野生型小鼠脾脏NK细胞对H22细胞杀伤活性的变化。结果：RT—PCR扩增出小鼠IL-1β，长度约843bp。纯化的PCR产物与pIRES2-EGFP同时经Xho I和EcoR I双酶切，在T4连接酶作用下连接，转化大肠杆菌，提取质粒经PCR、限制性酶谱分析（XhoI＋EcoRI）和DNA序列测定后，确认获得重组表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-mIL-1β。将该质粒转染至H22小鼠肝癌细胞中，RT—PCR和荧光观察证实，H22细胞能表达高水平IL-1β重组表达载体，与转染空载体的对照组细胞相比，IL-1β转基因后H22细胞对NK92细胞杀伤抵抗性明显增强，同时野生型小鼠脾脏NK细胞对pIRES2-EGFP-mIL-1β转基因细胞的杀伤活性明显下降，效靶比40：1时下降了约10％。结论：IL-1β能够明显增强H22肝癌细胞对NK细胞杀伤的抵抗性，可能是肝癌细胞借以逃逸天然免疫应答的重要机制。     

人IL-1β重组表达载体在肝癌细胞的表达及对其NK细胞杀伤敏感性的影响

目的：构建全长人IL-1β真核表达载体,转染H7402肝癌细胞,分析对其NK细胞杀伤敏感性的影响。方法：RT-PCR法扩增人IL-1β基因全长编码序列,经T-A克隆,构建pIRES2-EGFP-IL-1β重组表达载体,采用阳离子聚合物jetPEI的方法转染H7402肝癌细胞,G418筛选获得稳定表达的细胞克隆,RT-PCR分析IL-1β的表达水平,MTT方法分析转染前后NK细胞对肝癌细胞杀伤活性的变化。结果：从LPS处理的人外周PBMCs总RNA中扩增出IL-1β（大小约829 bp）,先构建pMD18-IL-1β克隆载体,DNA序列鉴定正确后,利用Pfu DNA聚合酶将IL-1β基因亚克隆到pIRES2-EGFP中,构建真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-IL-1β,经PCR、限制性酶谱分析（BamHⅠ和EcoRⅠ）和DNA序列测定正确后,将其转染H7402肝癌细胞,G418筛选获得稳定表达IL-1β的细胞,与转染空载体的细胞相比,该细胞对NK-92细胞杀伤的敏感性显著降低,效靶比10∶1时下降了约30%。结论：促炎性细胞因子IL-1β能够显著增强肝癌细胞对NK细胞杀伤的抵抗性,可能是导致肝癌细胞发生天然免疫逃逸的重要机制。     

IL-1β反义RNA在HepG2细胞的表达及对NK细胞杀伤活性的影响

目的:构建IL-1β反义RNA真核表达载体,转染HepG2细胞,探讨阻断IL-1β作用后对其NK细胞杀伤敏感性的作用。方法:RT-PCR方法扩增两段基因序列IL-1β1(17-331,315bp)和IL-1β2(246-505,260bp),经T-A克隆后构建反义RNA表达载体pcDNA3.0-antiIL1β1和pcDNA3.0-anti-IL1β2。采用阳离子聚合物(jetPEI)的方法转染HepG2肝癌细胞,RT-PCR方法检测反义RNA的表达水平,胞内因子染色的方法分析IL-1的表达水平,MTT方法分析NK-92细胞对HepG2杀伤活性的变化。结果:以LPS刺激的人PBMC总RNA为模板,RT-PCR扩增得到两个约315bp和260bp的基因片段,先构建克隆载体pMD18T-IL-1β1和pMD18T-IL-1β2,质粒PCR、XhoI酶切和DNA序列分析正确后,利用PfuDNA聚合酶进行PCR,产物纯化后经EcoRI、XhoI双酶切,反向插入pcDNA3.0,获得人IL-1β反义RNA真核表达载体pcDNA3.0-antiIL-1β1和pcDNA3.0-antiIL-1β2。PCR、PstI酶切和DNA序列分析正确后,将其分别转染HepG2细胞,RT-PCR检测显示HepG2细胞能够高水平表达两种反义RNA,胞内因子染色发现IL-1β的表达水平明显下降,同时该细胞对NK-92杀伤的敏感性明显升高,其中IL-1β1反义RNA的作用更为显著,效靶比10∶1时,NK细胞对HepG2的杀伤活性提高了约20%。结论:以促炎性细胞因子IL-1β为靶点进行干预,能够有效地下调肝癌细胞对NK细胞杀伤的抵抗能力。     

人早孕期蜕膜基质细胞对蜕膜NK细胞分泌IL-22的调节作用

目的:探讨蜕膜基质细胞(Decidual stromal cells,DSCs)与蜕膜NK细胞(dNK)共培养后IL-22的分泌水平。方法:收集早孕蜕膜组织,分离蜕膜基质细胞(DSCs)及蜕膜免疫活性细胞(Decidual immunocytes,DICs),磁珠分选蜕膜CD56brightCD3-NK细胞,再与DSC按不同比例直接接触共培养(dNK∶DSC为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3)24小时,收集上清。ELISA检测上清中IL-22的表达。结果:与对照组相比,DSC能上调dNK分泌IL-22。结论:蜕膜基质细胞可以促进蜕膜NK细胞分泌IL-22。     

Expression and characterization of recombinant mouse beta 2-microglobulin type a in insect cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses.

The murine beta 2-microglobulina cDNA was cloned into pAc373 and pVL941 transfer vectors and introduced via homologous recombination into the genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus downstream of the polyhedrin promoter. Both types of recombinant baculoviruses were isolated and used to infect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) lepidopteran cells. beta 2m was synthesized at a substantially higher rate in cells infected with the pVL941-derived virus than when the pAc373-based virus was used. beta 2m was secreted into the culture medium where it accumulated and, under the best conditions, reached an approximate level of 10 micrograms/10(6) cells. Pulse-chase experiments after metabolic labelling with 35S-methionine followed by immunoprecipitation showed that beta 2m was stable, but that the secretion process in infected cells was relatively slow. Recombinant beta 2m was endowed with biological activity and was indistinguishable from that produced by mouse cells in 2D gel analysis. beta 2m was purified to near homogeneity from serum-free culture medium conditioned by recombinant baculovirus-infected cells by using an immunoaffinity column. The use of the insect cell/baculovirus expression system should constitute a suitable source of mouse beta 2m and should aid experiments aimed at unraveling its interactions with mouse class I histocompatibility molecules.     

Adhesion mediated by LFA-1 is required for efficient IL-12-induced NK and NKT cell cytotoxicity

Interleukin 12 (IL-12)-activated NK1.1+TCRalpha beta+ (NKT2) and NK1.1+TCRalpha beta- (NK) cells exhibit cytotoxic activity against a wide variety of tumor cells in the absence of prior sensitization. Here we demonstrate that the integrin adhesion receptor LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) regulates the cytotoxic activity of IL-12-activated NKT and NK cells against YAC-1 and EL-4 tumor cells. Differentiation in vivo and the expression of the cytolytic effector molecules perforin and Fas-L were comparable in both IL-12-activated NKT and NK cells from LFA-1-/ - and LFA-1+/+ mice. However, LFA-1-/-IL-12-activated NKT and NK cells showed impaired conjugate formation with target cells. These results provide the first genetic evidence for a role for an adhesion receptor in killing by IL-12-activated NK cells.     

表达HLA—G1的K562细胞抵抗外周血NK细胞杀伤作用的研究

目的 研究HLA－G1分子对NK细胞杀伤活性的影响。方法 供助脂质体介导的DNA转染技术,将本室构建的真核南闰pcDNA3-HLA-G1转染人K562细胞;通过G418筛选,获得克隆化细胞株K562－G1;应用RT－PCR及流式细胞术分别在RNA水平和蛋白质水平检测HLA－G1的表达;最后,应用MTT比色法检测转染细胞对不同个体外周血NK细胞杀伤活性的抑制效应。结果 与转染了空质粒的对照组相比,外周血NK细胞对K562－G1的杀伤率降低32.43%（P＜0.01）。结论 靶细胞表达HLA－G2分子可明显抑制NK细胞的杀伤效应。     

IL-22 secreted by decidual stromal cells and NK cells promotes the survival of human trophoblasts

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) has been implicated as an important immune regulator in many physiologic and pathological processes, but little is known about the IL-22 in the fetal-maternal interface. In this study, we demonstrated that co-culture of decidual stromal cells (DSCs) and decidual natural killer (dNK) cells resulted in increased secretion of IL-22, compared to culture of DSCs or dNK cells alone. The trophoblast cell line, HTR8/SVneo, expresses IL-22 receptor α1 (IL-22R1). Combinant human (rh) IL-22 significantly promoted the proliferation and viability, and inhibited the apoptosis of HTR8/SVneo cells. By Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we confirmed that villi expressed IL-22R1, and the villi from unexplained spontaneous miscarriage patients expressed reduced levels of IL-22R1 than those from normal early pregnancy. These findings indicate that the IL-22 secreted by DSCs and dNK might promote the survival of trophoblasts and participate in the maintenance of pregnancy by binding to the IL-22R1. The reduced level of IL-22/IL-22R1 in villi might be involved in the occurrence of spontaneous miscarriage.     

IL-12依赖于TRAIL途径增强NK细胞对Jurkat细胞的杀伤功能

目的:探讨IL-12增强正常人NK细胞对Jurkat细胞杀伤功能的相关机制。方法:纯化正常人NK细胞,分为加或不加IL-12两个刺激组,通过基因芯片筛选差异基因,并通过流式细胞术在单个细胞水平检测相关杀伤分子的表达。结果:基因芯片系统结果显示IL-12刺激组和未刺激组相比,17种基因具有显著性差异(fold change≥10),其中5种基因上调,12种基因下调。在IL-12的刺激作用下,TRAIL的表达在CD56+CD16+和CD56-CD16+NK细胞上显著增加。同时,Jurkat细胞亦高表达TRAIL受体TRAIL-R2(DR5)。TRAIL中和抗体RIK-2可以阻断IL-12诱导的NK细胞对Jurkat细胞的杀伤功能。结论:TRAIL是IL-12增强正常人NK细胞对Jurkat细胞杀伤功能的主要途径之一。     

分泌IL-22的NK样细胞新亚群:NK-22

粘膜组织位于外界环境与机体环境的交界处,天然免疫细胞及其分子是粘膜免疫的重要组成部分,对粘膜稳态的维持至关重要.最近,在人和小鼠的粘膜组织(扁桃腺和肠道)中发现了一个分泌IL-22的NK样细胞群体,被命名为NK-22.NK-22细胞与NK细胞,LTi细胞(lymph tissue inducer)有许多共同之处.NK-22细胞表达多种NK细胞受体,其表型类似于不成熟的NK细胞.但是,NK-22细胞在功能与发育路径方面与NK细胞差异明显.NK-22细胞并不具有传统NK细胞的杀伤功能,在刺激后主要分泌IL-22而不是IFN-γ.目前的观点认为NK-22细胞并不是NK细胞的亚群,而是由LTi细胞发育而来,且发育过程依赖于转录因子RORγt和肠道菌群信号.NK-22细胞参与了抗鼠柠檬酸杆菌感染的免疫保护过程,其分泌的IL-22对上皮细胞在细菌感染后的抗损伤和组织修复中发挥重要作用.     

Electrophoretic motility of mouse hepatoma 22 cells and normal mouse liver cells subsequent to the action of dispersing agents

Summary Electrophoretic motility of hepatic cells and of hepatoma 22 cells was studied after treating these cells with trypsin and disodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid and after changing pH of the medium. As demonstrated, at pH of the medium 7.3 electrophoretic motility of the hepatoma 22 cells is 20% higher than of hepatic cells. Electrophoretic motility of hepatic cells increases in treating them with trypsin and disodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid, as well as with the rise of pH of the medium from 7.3 to 8.0. There was no increase of hepatoma cells motility after the same treatment.A conclusion was drawn that the rise of the negative electric charge of the hepatoma 22 cells (as compared with hepatic cells) was connected with changed capacity to absorb positive ions.Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology (Dir.-Active Member of the Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR Prof. N. N. Blokhin)(Presented by Active Member of the Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR L. M. Shabad) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny. Vol. 56, No. 9, pp. 93–95, September, 1963     

不同剂量IFN-γ体内对小鼠H22肝癌发生发展的作用研究

目的 探讨不同剂量尤其是低剂量的γ干扰素(IFN-γ)体内表达对小鼠H22肝癌发生发展的影响。方法 利用小鼠H22肝癌体内发生和进展的模型，以不同剂量IFN-γ表达质粒(mIFNG)进行长期和短期直接肌肉转染，检测H22肝癌的发生率及生长速率；半定量RT-PCR、ELISA及实时定量PCR检测IFN-γ的表达情况；肌肉转染表达IFN-γ阻断剂，检测其对IFN-γ作用的影响。结果 注射低剂量(10μg)的mIFNG质粒局部持续表达IFN-γ可明显促进小鼠H22肝癌的发生和发展，然而短暂的表达则没有这种促进作用。IFN-γ拮抗剂则可对抗低剂量表达IFN-γ对肿瘤的促进作用。另一方面，注射高剂量(100μg)的mIFNG质粒局部持续表达IFN-γ则能够介导明显的抗肿瘤效应。结论 IFN-γ对小鼠H22肝癌具有双重作用，也可能是联系慢性炎症与肿瘤发生发展之间的一个十分重要的衔接者。     

利用Psm220α-EGFP-1质粒重组体从小鼠间充质干细胞中分选平滑肌祖细胞

OBJECTIVE: To identify and select smooth muscle progenitor cells from mouse bone marrow mesenchyme stem cell population and to characterize smooth muscle progenitor cells in peripheral blood. METHODS: Recombinant expression vector with the promoter of sm22alpha was constructed to have an enhancement type green fluorescent protein expression plasmid (EGFP-1). The construct was transfected into mouse bone marrow mesenchyme stem cells using Lipofectamine 2000. Morphological assessment was performed and the expressions of myocardin at protein and mRNA levels by fluorescence microscope and RT-PCR were evaluated at 3, 5, 7, and 10 d targeting CD34 positive bone mesenchyme stem cells. RESULTS: The transfection efficiency of the positive control group was 70% +/- 1.5% (P > 0.05). Expected green fluorescent proteins expressed at 3rd day. The numbers of green fluorescent cells in experimental groups increased with the time and reached the peak at the 7th day, and declined thereafter. The shapes of the green fluorescent cells were also different from each others. The positive ratios of green fluorescent cells at different time points: 3 d: 7% +/- 0.13%, 5 d: 10% +/- 0.32%, 7 d: 20% +/- 0.26%, 10 d: 12% +/- 0.18%, P < 0.05. Myocardin mRNA expression roughly correlated with green fluorescent expressions. CD34 was expressed on the 5th day in transfected bone mesenchyme stem cells. The CD34 positive ratio was 5.2% +/- 0.21% (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There are smooth muscle progenitor cells among mouse bone marrow mesenchyme stem cell population. Smooth muscle progenitor cells can be selected using a Psm22alpha-EGFP-1 recombinant expression approach.     

Overnight incubation of mouse spleen cells in recombinant IL-2 generates cytotoxic cells with NK characteristics from precursors enriched with or devoid of LGL.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) augments natural killer (NK) activity as well as generating effector cells named lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK) which are capable of lysing a wide spectrum of target cells. A large body of evidence has been accumulated to evaluate the relationship between NK and LAK cells and conflicting results have been reported. Our study was addressed to further analyse this relationship and in particular to investigate whether in a short incubation IL-2 is merely capable of augmenting the activity of pre-existing killer cells, or whether it can also promote the differentiation of precursor cells. Eighteen-hour culture of mouse spleen cells in human recombinant IL-2 induced a DNA-synthesis-independent generation of cytotoxic cells bearing an NK phenotype (aGM-1+, Thy1.2+/-, CD8-, CD4-). These were generated from precursor cells also bearing an NK phenotype, recovered either from low density Percoll fractions enriched in lytic cells with LGL morphology as well as from high density fractions devoid of LGL and cytotoxic activity.     

利用Psm22α-EGFP-1质粒重组体从小鼠间充质干细胞中分选平滑肌祖细胞

目的 为了从骨髓间充质干细胞中分离纯化出平滑肌祖细胞,探讨骨髓来源的平滑肌祖细胞(SMPC)向平滑肌方向分化的机制和特点.方法 构建了含有sm22α启动子序列和增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)编码序列的质粒重组体后用脂质体转染的方法,将Psm22α-EGFP-1重组体转入体外原代培养一周的小鼠间充质干细胞中.在转染后的3、5、7、10 d分别观察平滑肌特异性蛋白sm22α启动子控制下绿色荧光蛋白表达量的变化和转入重组体后间充质细胞形态的变化,用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法观测转染后的骨髓间充质干细胞中myocardin mRNA表达水平的变化,并以免疫荧光法检测转染后第5天骨髓间充质干细胞CD34的表达.结果 转入Psm22α-EGFP-1重组体后的第3天,在荧光显微镜下观察到有绿色荧光蛋白表达的细胞.此后随着时间的推移,表达绿色荧光蛋白的细胞数目持续增加,在第7天时达到高峰,以后逐渐减弱.在不同时间点的绿色荧光蛋白阳性细胞百分率分别为:3 d:7%±0.13%,5 d:10%±0.32%,7 d:20%±0.26%,10 d:12%±0.18%,t=3.45,P＜0.05.在相应的时间点的转染后的骨髓间充质干细胞,myocardin mRNA表达变化的趋势与绿色荧光表达的变化趋势大致相符.阳性对照组的脂质体的转染效率每个组均控制在70%±1.5%(P＞0.05).在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察可见,发绿色荧光的细胞形态呈多态性,动态观察发现绿色荧光蛋白的分布趋势是从胞核逐步分布至胞质.免疫荧光显示在转染后第5天的细胞中CD34的阳性率为5.2%±0.21%(P＞0.05).结论 在小鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞中存在着具有向平滑肌细胞方向分化潜能的祖细胞,即所谓的平滑肌祖细胞.利用Psm22α-EGFP-1质粒重组体可以从小鼠间充质干细胞中分选出平滑肌祖细胞.     

Synthesis of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta by arterial cells in atherosclerosis.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been implicated as a regulatory protein in the development and clinical sequelae of atherosclerosis. To determine which cells in the atherosclerotic plaque synthesize IL-1 in situ, the authors evaluated histologic sections of iliac arteries from cynomolgus monkeys using probes for IL-1 alpha and beta. A polyclonal antibody to IL-1 alpha and beta was used to determine if proteins were concomitantly produced. The predominant cells expressing IL-1 alpha and beta mRNA were foam cells in the intima. Adherent leukocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) expressed mRNA for IL-1 alpha. Microvascular endothelium expressed mRNA for both IL-1 alpha and beta. IL-1 proteins were located frequently in cells expressing IL-1 mRNA. These results indicate that endothelium and VSMCs, in conjunction with macrophages, serve as localized sources of IL-1 protein synthesis. These findings suggest that vascular cells may contribute directly to the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular disease by actively secreting potent biologic mediators that modify vascular and immune cell function.     

IL-21-dependent expansion of memory-like NK cells enhances protective immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Natural killer (NK) cells are traditionally considered as innate cells, but recent studies suggest that NK cells can distinguish antigens, and that memory NK cells expand and protect against viral pathogens. Limited information is available about the mechanisms involved in memory-like NK cell expansion, and their role in bacterial infections and vaccine-induced protective immune responses. In the current study, using a mouse model of tuberculosis (TB) infection, we found that interferon-gamma producing CD3−NKp46+CD27+KLRG1+ memory-like NK cells develop during Bacille Calmette–Guérin vaccination, expand, and provide protection against challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Using antibodies, short interfering RNA and gene-deleted mice, we found that expansion of memory-like NK cells depends on interleukin 21 (IL-21). NKp46+CD27+KLRG1+ NK cells expanded in healthy individuals with latent TB infection in an IL-21-dependent manner. Our study provides first evidence that memory-like NK cells survive long term, expansion depends on IL-21, and involved in vaccine-induced protective immunity against a bacterial pathogen.     

Immunohistochemical staining of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 receptor antagonist but not IL-1 beta in cultures of sertoli cells

The interleukin-1 (IL-1) system has been suggested to be involved in the cell cell cross talk within the testis. To identify a testicular cell source of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), immature mouse Sertoli cells were isolated, purified, cultured and examined for the cellular compartment localization of these cytokines by immunohistochemical staining. Our results show that both Germ cells and Sertoli cells in unpurified Sertoli cell cultures (before hypotonic shock) and purified culture of Sertoli cells (after hypotonic shock) were stained for IL-1 alpha. The levels of this cytokine were increased in Sertoli cells when the purified cultures were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 microg/mL). However, we could not identify a positive staining for IL-1 beta when Sertoli cell cultures were stained for this cytokine, even after stimulation with various concentrations of LPS (0.1-10 microg/mL). On the other hand, immunohistochemical staining of isolated Sertoli cells without treatment with hypotonic shock (cultures containing Sertoli cells and Germ cells) for IL-1ra showed constitutive positive staining of both cell types (Sertoli cells and Germ cells). Our results, using immunohistochemical staining, may indicate the different expression of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1ra in Sertoli cells. These results may suggest the involvement of IL-1 system in the autocrine and paracrine regulation of testicular cell functions.