非诺贝特对脂肪变性肝细胞甘油三酯代谢及氧化应激水平的影响

目的探讨非诺贝特（fenofibrate,FF）对脂肪变性肝细胞甘油三酯代谢及氧化应激水平的影响。方法以油酸（OA）诱导人肝癌HepG2细胞脂肪变性为模型,采用不同浓度的FF（0、5、10、50μmol/L）干预HepG2细胞24h,油红O染色观察HepG2细胞内脂滴,甘油-3-磷酸氧化酶法检测细胞内甘油三酯（TG）含量,硫代巴比妥酸比色法、黄嘌呤氧化酶法分别测定细胞培养上清液中的丙二醛（MDA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果 OA诱导HepG2细胞脂肪变性,细胞内TG含量明显增加,同时细胞培养上清液中MDA含量增加,SOD活性降低;FF能明显减轻油酸诱导的HepG2细胞脂肪变性,降低细胞内TG水平及细胞培养上清液中MDA含量,提高SOD活性。结论非诺贝特抑制油酸诱导的HepG2细胞脂肪变性,其可能与提高HepG2细胞的抗氧化能力、减轻细胞氧化应激损害有关。     

一种新型脂肪变性 HepG2细胞模型及线粒体能量代谢障碍评价?

目的：探讨建立一种新型的脂肪变性HepG2细胞模型的方法,并对细胞线粒体能量代谢障碍程度进行评价。方法予25%的胎牛血清和0．1%的医用脂肪乳DMEM培养基初步诱导12 h后,进一步予油酸和棕榈酸组成的0．1 mmol/L游离脂肪酸( FFA) DMEM培养基再次诱导12 h,建立脂肪变性HepG2细胞模型,并以无血清DMEM培养基作为对照比较。诱导成功后,采用油红O染色观察细胞内脂滴沉积状况,并用全自动生化仪检测细胞上清液丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶含量和细胞内三酰甘油( TG)含量;采用流式细胞仪测定细胞内活性氧( ROS)和线粒体膜电位的变化,采用磷钼酸比色法测定细胞内三磷酸腺苷( ATP)含量,综合评测脂肪变性细胞线粒体能量代谢障碍的程度。结果与对照组比较,模型组细胞内橘红色脂滴大量形成,且TG和ROS含量明显增高(P<0．01),而线粒体膜电位及细胞内ATP含量显著降低(P<0．01)。结论采用25%胎牛血清、0．1%中/长链脂肪乳和0．1 mmol/L FFA分阶段诱导HepG2细胞,可以成功在体外建立脂肪变性细胞模型,该模型会引起细胞线粒体能量代谢紊乱,与非酒精性脂肪性肝病临床发病机制存在相似性。     

水通道蛋白9在培养肝细胞脂肪变性模型中的表达及意义

目的:探讨油酸诱导的脂肪变性肝细胞模型中水通道蛋白9(Aquaporin-9,AQP9)的表达及意义.方法:用油酸诱导正常肝细胞株L-02建立肝细胞脂肪变模型.采用油红O染色观察细胞内的脂滴,并检测细胞内甘油三脂,游离脂肪酸.甘油含量,RT-PCR法和Western blotting法分别检测AQP9 mRNA和蛋白的表达.结果:油红O染色显示24h开始出现脂肪变性,72h脂肪变性最重;模型组TG、FFA、甘油含量均在各时相点较对照组显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);模型组AQP9 mRNA的表达上调,于24h开始增高,72h表达最强,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P相似文献   

HPLC法测定apoA-1介导的泡沫细胞胆固醇流出的实验研究

目的：建立用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定载脂蛋白A‐1（apoA‐1）介导的泡沫细胞内胆固醇流出率的实验方法。方法人单核细胞THP‐1用160 nmol／L佛波酯（PMA）诱导24 h分化为贴壁巨噬细胞（PMA组）,再用50μg／mL乙酰化低密度脂蛋白（ac‐LDL）处理48 h ,诱导巨噬细胞变成泡沫细胞（ac‐LDL组）;加入含apoA‐1的1640培养基培养24 h（apoA‐1组）。油红O染色和HPLC法测定细胞内胆固醇水平,鉴定巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞模型。采用 HPLC分析和液体闪烁计数法测定apoA‐1介导的泡沫细胞内胆固醇流出率。结果 T HP‐1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞经油红O染色后,细胞内可明显观察到大量红色脂滴存在。胆固醇水平测定显示,ac‐LDL组内游离胆固醇、总胆固醇和胆固醇酯的水平明显高于 PMA组（P＜0．01）。ac‐LDL处理细胞48 h后,ac‐LDL 组内总胆固醇水平为80．25μg／mg 细胞蛋白,胆固醇酯水平为47．65μg／mg 细胞蛋白,占总胆固醇的59．38％,与PMA组相比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．01）。 HPLC分析和液体闪烁计数法结果表明,apoA‐1介导泡沫细胞内apoA‐1组胆固醇流出率分别为5．63％和7．08％（P＜0．01）。结论本研究成功建立了酶促反应结合 HPLC测定泡沫细胞内胆固醇流出的方法,为后续研究细胞脂质代谢提供了实验基础。     

青钱柳多糖对体外诱导肝细胞脂肪变性的影响

目的探讨青钱柳多糖对体外诱导肝细胞脂肪变性的影响。方法以人肝L-02细胞作为研究对象,用四环素建立肝细胞脂肪变性模型。将实验分为诱导组、继续诱导组及脱离诱导组,用油红0染色观察细胞形态和细胞内脂滴的形成情况,并测定细胞内三酰甘油（TG）含量的变化。结果青钱柳多糖（40～120μg/mL）可明显降低细胞内TG值,并呈剂量依赖性。结论青钱柳多糖可能通过减少细胞内TG的生成阻止肝细胞脂肪变性。     

Expression of aquaglyceroporins in nonalcoholic hepatocyte steatosis and its significance

目的 研究水甘油通道蛋白(aquaglyceroporins)AQP3、AQP7、AQP9基因在油酸钠诱导的脂肪变性肝细胞模型中的表达变化及其意义.方法 以常规培养的人肝癌HepG2细胞为对照,采用油酸钠诱导HepG2细胞脂肪变性,建立非酒精性脂肪变性肝细胞模型,利用油红O染色及细胞内甘油三酯含量测定检测肝细胞脂肪变性程度,并分别于0、12、24、48 h采用实时荧光定量PCR与Western blot方法检测水甘油通道蛋白AQP3、AQP7、AQP9基因的表达.结果 油红O染色观察及肝细胞内甘油三酯含量测定显示HepG2细胞在油酸钠处理12 h后即开始出现脂肪变性,随着刺激时间延长,脂肪变性程度逐渐加重,肝细胞内甘油三酯含量在48 h组(79.76±0.75)较0h组明显升高(P＜0.05).模型组中,AQP3mRNA水平12h时表达开始减低,48 h时(0.39±0.08)表达最低,与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);AQP7mRNA表达与对照组相比略有升高,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而AQP9 mRNA表达水平自12 h(1.59±0.11)即开始增加,与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).模型组中,AQP3蛋白水平12 h时表达开始减低,24、48 h组[ (0.016±0.002),(0.012±0.001)]与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P ＜0.05);AQP7蛋白表达与对照组相比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);AQP9蛋白水平12 h表达开始增高,24、48 h[(0.050 ±0.002)、(0.079 ±0.002)]组与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 肝细胞脂肪变性模型中水甘油通道蛋白AQP3表达下调、AQP9表达上调、AQP7表达无明显差异,提示不同亚型的水甘油通道蛋白可能通过不同的机制参与了肝细胞非酒精性脂肪变性.     

蓝莓花青素对油酸诱导肝细胞脂肪变性小鼠Plin5蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察蓝莓花青素对油酸诱导AML12小鼠肝细胞脂肪变性过程中Plin5蛋白表达的影响，探讨其可能的机制。方法 培养AML12小鼠肝细胞，取对数生长期细胞分为对照组、油酸诱导组、维生素C组和蓝莓花青素组，每组设置3个复孔。对照组用DMEM/F12培养基培养；油酸诱导组、维生素C组及蓝莓花青素组用含0.75 mmol/L油酸的培养基处理24 h，复制小鼠肝细胞脂肪变性模型。模型复制成功后，采用具有抗氧化活性的水溶性维生素C作为阳性对照，维生素C组及蓝莓花青素组分别更换含50 μg/ml维生素C及50 μg/ml蓝莓花青素的培养基培养24 h。采用微板法测定各组细胞培养液上清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）水平及细胞内甘油三酯（TG）含量；油红O染色观察细胞内脂滴沉积情况；Western blotting检测AML12细胞Plin5、PI3K、P-Akt蛋白的表达。结果 100 μg/ml、150 μg/ml、200 μg/ml组细胞指数较0 μg/ml组下降（P <0.05）。蓝莓花青素处理24 h后100 μg/ml组抑制率为14.4%，而50 μg/ml组未显示。油酸诱导组ALT、AST、TG水平较对照组升高（P <0.05），维生素C组、蓝莓花青素组较油酸诱导组降低（P <0.05），蓝莓花青素组较维生素C组降低（P <0.05）。油酸诱导组积分光密度值较对照组升高（P <0.05），维生素C组、蓝莓花青素组较油酸诱导组降低（P <0.05），蓝莓花青素组较维生素C组降低（P <0.05）。油酸诱导组Plin5、PI3K、P-Akt蛋白相对表达量较对照组升高（P <0.05），维生素C组、蓝莓花青素组细胞较油酸诱导组降低（P <0.05），蓝莓花青素组细胞较维生素C组降低（P <0.05）。结论 蓝莓花青素对油酸所致小鼠肝细胞脂肪变性有一定的改善作用，该机制可能与抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路调控的Plin5蛋白表达、减少了油酸诱导的肝细胞脂滴形成有关。     

骨化三醇对脂肪变性肝细胞三酰甘油代谢及细胞因子信号转导抑制因子-3 基因表达的影响

目的 研究骨化三醇对脂肪变肝细胞三酰甘油代谢及细胞因子信号转导抑制因子-3（SOCS-3）基因表达的影响.方法 以油酸（OA）诱导正常人肝细胞LO2脂肪变为模型,按加入骨化三醇浓度的不同（10-8、10-7、10-6 mol/L）分为三个干预组,设空白对照组.干预组先加入不同浓度骨化三醇干预24h,之后加0.2 mmol/L的OA24h.检测细胞内三酰甘油（TG）、上清液谷草转氨酶（AST）含量,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测各组细胞SOCS-3 mRNA的表达,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析进行数据分析.结果 模型组TG[（362.43±22.20）mg/dL]、AST[（5.550.46）U/L]、SOCS-3 mRNA表达（4.61±0.39）均较对照组[（175.78±7.69）mg/dL、（0.63±0.33）U/L、（1.00±0.00）]明显增高（P＜0.01）;干预组TG分别为（286.87±16.01）、（257.16±11.73）、（209.43±27.79）mg/dL,AST分别为（4.98±0.50）、（4.23±0.36）、（3.50±0.48）U/L,SOCS-3 mRNA表达分别为（3.71±0.69）、（2.67±0.70）、（1.31±0.42）,较模型组均有所下降,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜ 0.05）.结论 骨化三醇可抑制肝细胞脂肪变,其作用机制可能与骨化三醇抑制SOCS-3的表达有关.     

体外丹酚酸B改善四环素致脂肪肝的作用及机制初探

目的 建立四环素诱导HepG2细胞药物性脂肪肝模型,研究丹酚酸R对此模型的作用,并初步探讨其机制.方法 采用油红O染色观察细胞内脂质积聚情况,采用GPO＆#183;PAP法三酰甘油试剂盒定量检测细胞内三酰甘油的变化及Real-time PCR检测CD36 mRNA的表达.结果 四环素处理后能够明显增强油酸诱导的HepG2细胞脂肪变性（P＜0.05）,同时75 μmol/L四环素处理后显著提高CD36 mRNA的表达（p＜0.05）.丹酚酸B能明显改善四环素油酸诱导的HepG2细胞脂肪积聚,且呈剂量依赖性（P＜0.01）;丹酚酸B高剂量组与造模组相比能显著降低CD36 mRNA的表达（p＜0.05）.结论 丹酚酸B能够改善四环素油酸诱导的HepG2细胞脂肪变性,其作用可能与抑制CD36的表达、影响脂肪酸转运有关.     

SCAP在培养肝细胞脂肪变性模型中的表达及意义

目的 探讨油酸诱导的脂肪变性肝细胞模型固醇调节元件结合蛋白裂解激活蛋白(srebp cleavage activating protein, SCAP)的表达及意义.方法 以正常肝细胞株L-02进行细胞培养,用油酸诱导建立肝细胞脂肪变性模型.采用油红O染色观察细胞内的脂滴,并检测细胞内甘油三酯含量,RT-PCR法检测SCAP mRNA的表达,Weston blot检测SCAP蛋白的表达.结果 油红O染色显示24h开始出现脂肪变性,120h脂肪变性最重;模型组肝细胞内甘油三酯(TG)含量在各时相点较对照组显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),120h增高最明显;模型组SCAP mRNA的表达上调,于24h开始增高,72h表达最强,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);SCAP蛋白的表达24h开始增高,120h最强,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 油酸诱导的脂肪变性肝细胞模型SCAP的表达增强,细胞内TG的合成增加,SCAP可能参与了肝细胞的脂代谢及脂肪变性的形成.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.